2003.07a
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본 논문은 DVR과 DSTATCOM 같은 수 MVA급 용량의 CPD (Custom Power Device)를 평가하기 위한 Sag 및 Swell 전압 발생 장치에 사용될 두 가지 형태의 새로운 회로 방식에 관한 것이다. 제안된 Sag 및 Swell 전압 발생 장치는 계통선로에 직렬로 연결된 직렬 변압기를 통해 다양한 형태로 전압을 발생 시킬 수 있으며, 전격회로는 Solid-State Switched Tap Changer와 AC-Chopper 두 가지 방식을 이용하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 제안된 각각의 방식에 대한 고조파 분석을 하였고, 또한 시뮬레이션을 통해서 제안된 Sag 및 Swell 전압 발생장치를 통해서 원하는 형태의 전압을 얻을 수 있음을 확인하였다.
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합1성단락시험에서 차단기의 정확한 아크시간을 검증하기 위해서는 재점호 회로가 필요하게 된다. 재점호장치는 전류원회로의 전류영점 직전에 기울기가 매우 큰 전류를 주입하여 차단기가 시험전류를 차단할 수 없게 하여 차단기의 아크시간을 직접시험과 동일하게 유지시키는 장치로서 본 장치를 구동하는 핵심장치는 고속도로 고전압 및 대전류를 투입하는 스파크 갭 스위치이다. 현재까지 이러한 용도의 스파크 갭 스위치가 개발되어 사용되고 있지만 본 논문에서는 고속 투입스위치로 진공차단기의 인터럽터를 사용하고, 시동용 전원으로 직류 12V만을 사용하여 정확하고 신뢰성 있는 재점호 장치용 스파크 갭 스위치의 설계, 제작 및 시운전 결과 등에 관해 기술 하였다.
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In power system planing and operation, voltage and reactive power control are very important. The voltage deviation and system losses can be reduced through control of reactive power sources. In general, there are several different reactive power sources, we used UPFC and switched shunt capacitor to improve the voltage profile and to reduce system losses in this study. Since there are many switched shunt capacitors in power system, so it is necessary to coordinate these switched shunt capacitors. In this study, Genetic Algorithm(GA) is used to find optimal coordination of UPFC and switched shunt capacitors in a local area of power system. In case study, the effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated in KEPCO's power system. The simulation is performed by PSS/E.
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This paper describes 'XML Web Service' and we consider how it is applied to electrical power systems. Web is an interaction between users and web. But we must know that XML Web Service is an interaction between applications.
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This paper provides the procedure to derive model parameters from the field tests. Since the accuracy of power system analysis depends on the accuracy of models used to represent the generation units, the reliability of power system analysis could be affected by parameters used in those models. The objective of this paper is to validate and update the models. So the field test had performed for thermal units and adjusting the variables to match with the measured values derived their model parameters. And the model parameters are verified by comparing the variables between models.
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This paper presents a new concept of reactive reserve based contingency constrained optimal power flow (RCCOPF) for voltage stability enhancement. This concept is based on the fact that increase in reactive reserves is effective for enhancement of voltage stability margins of post-contingent states, in this paper, the proposed algorithm is applied to voltage stability margin of interface flow. Interface flow limit, in the open access environment, can be a main drawback. RCCOPF for enhancement of interface flow margin is composed of two modules, modified continuation power flow (MCPF) and optimal power flow (OPF). These modules art recursively perform ed until satisfying the required margin of interface flow in the given voltage stability criteria.
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본 논문에서는 경험적 최적화 알고리즘인 타부 탐색법을 이용한 배전계통 선로 재구성 시스템을 개발하였다. 제안한 알고리즘은 PC Clustering으로 병렬 처리하여 배전계통 선로 재구성 문제의 최적해 탐색에 소요되는 계산시간을 단축하고, 배전자동화 시스템의 성능개선을 도모하고자 한다. 개발한 PC Cluster System은 이용자의 편의를 위해서 MS Windows환경에서 구축하였고, Visual C++환경에서 개발하였다. 제안한 방법의 유용성을 입증하기 위해 참고 문헌의 예제 계통에 적용한 후 종래의 방법에 의해 구한 재구성 방안과 비교함으로써 제안한 방법의 유용성을 입증하였다.
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Lee, Eun-Mi;Rho, Dae-Seok;Kim, Mi-Young;Kim, Jae-On;Choi, Jae-Seok;Park, Chang-Ho;Kim, Eung-Sang 27
최근, 배전계통의 고압 배전선로의 전압강하가 5%를 초과하는 장거리 선로에 대한 효율적인 전압관리가 미흡한 상태이며, 배전선로의 전압을 제어하기 설치하는 선로 전압조정장치(Step Voltage Regulator : SVR)의 잦은 고장 및 설치공간 과다점유로 전압조정장치의 설치 사용실적이 미진하고, 동 기기의 운용 및 설치기준에 정립이 시급한 실정이다. 따라서 전압강하 5% 초과 지역에 대한 효율적인 전압관리 개선방안을 강구하기 위하여, 현재 배전사업소에 도입, 설치되고 있는 전압조정 장치(SVR)의 운용기준 제정은 물론, 적정용량 및 최적 위치선정에 대한 방안을 제시하는 연구가 필요하다. -
This paper presents the determination procedure for planning levels of harmonics in distribution systems. Planning levels should be determinated by considering the system property, operation codition, and others based on compatibility levels. In this paper international standards for harmonics are studied and the determination procedure for planning levels is deduced.
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Capacitor switching is essential for the economic operation, and proper voltage control of KOREA electric utility distribution system. Voltage transients produced by capacitor switching (around 2.0 per unit at substation and 2.5 or less per unit at customer site, and lasting less then 1ms) do not have the magnitude or duration to interfere with the operation of computers, but they do disrupt the operation of adjustable speed drivers. The result of our research, ASD manufacturers should team from the computer industry and design products that will operate satisfactory in the electrical envelopment in which they will be placed. In this case history, the inductors on the input to ADSs in order to prevent nuisance tripping from capacitor switching(and other causes within the apartment) proved to be an effective, low-cost solution.
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In this paper, It was evaluated that the customer's effects of momentary voltage sag in power distribution system considering reclosing interval. Above all, power quality problems were discussed widely, various international standards about power quality were compared to each other. after the continuous voltage sag waves of power distribution system on fault were induced, the experimentation about voltage sag for critical load was performed using source simulator. The results of experimentation were displayed as the form of 2 and 3-dimensional CBEMA Curve.
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In this paper, we examine theory of literature announced recently. At the same time. analysis a special quality of the Grounding Plate Electrodes that is laid under the ground to homogeneity earth by Dwight way that is announced in existing and then examined through analysis of theory Value and resistance Value of water tank model experiment Value.
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This paper presents a method for assessing reliability indices of transmission system. Because successful operation of electric power under the deregulated electricity market depends on transmission system reliability management, quantity evaluation of transmission system reliability is very important. The key point idea is based on that the reliability level of transmission system is equal to reliability level difference of between composite power system(HLII) and generation system(HLI). It is the reason that composite power system includes uncertainties and capacity limit of transmission lines. The practicality and effectiveness of this methodology are illustrated by the case study using the KEPCO size system.
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This paper proposes a method to solve expansion problem for a transmission network, given future generation and load strategy, and alternative types of lines available, subject to load, reliability and right of way constraints, the problem is formulated as a series of zero one integer programs which are solved by an efficient branch and bound algorithm A study test result on the 63-buses test system shows that the proposed method is practical and efficiently applicable to the transmission expansion planning.
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전력계통의 연계 및 대단위발전단지의 증가로 지락고장용량이 단락용량을 초과하는 개소가 발생함에 따라 이에 대한 대책수립이 필요한 실정이다. 우리계통은 유효접지권을 유지하기 위해 345kV급 변압기는 주로 직접접지를 시행하고 154kV급 변압기는 일부 비접지 및 직접접지를 시행하고 있으나 지락고장전류 감소를 위하여 대단위 발전단지의 승압변압기를 비접지로 운전할 경우 중성선 전위상승으로 절연협조에 문제가 발생할 우려가 있다. 이에 따라 본 논문에서는 2003년 계통에서의 삼천포화력 차단기 차단용량 대비 지락고장용량 초과 해소 대책으로 관련기기의 BIL범위 내에서의 주변압기 비접지 운전 가능 대수와 비접지 운전시 차단기 결상으로 인한 변압기의 중성선 전위상승 방지 대책으로 중성선에 직렬로 NGR 설치시 전위저감 효과 및 지락고장전류 감소효과 둥의 결과를 검토함으로서 향후 대책을 제시하였다.
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This paper propose a transformer protective relaying algorithm based on the increment of flux linkages (RIFL) of the Primary and secondary windings. The RIFL is equal to the turn ratio for all operating conditions except an internal faults. For a single-phase transformer and three-phase Y-Y transformer, the increments of flux linkages are calculated and their ratios are compared with the turn ratio. For a three-phase Y-
$\triangle$ transformer, the difference of the increments of flux linkages are calculated to use the line currents instead of the delta winding currents, which are practically unavailable. Their ratios are compared with the turn ratio. The results of various tests show that the algorithm successfully discriminates internal faults from normal operation conditions such as magnetic inrush and overexcitation. The algorithm can not only detect internal winding faults, but reduce the relay's operating time. -
2001년 전력산업의 구조개편에 따라 우리나라는 현재 발전경쟁시장(CBP)을 운영하고 있으며, 이어서 도매경쟁시장(TWBP)의 개설을 준비하고 있다. 도매경쟁시장에서의 계통운영 보조서비스는 전력거래소와 발전사업자간의 계약에 의하여 제공되며, 전력거래소는 전력계통 신뢰도 및 전기품질 유지기준을 만족시킬 수 있도록 보조서비스 필요량을 정하여 운영하게 된다. 본 논문은 도매경쟁시장에서 적용할 주파수제어보조서비스 중 정상상태의 주파수 제어에 사용되는 자동발전제어(AGC)에 대하여 실계통 운영 실적자료 분석을 통한 AGC 필요량 산정방안을 제안하고, 적정필요량을 검토하였다.
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This paper describes the market power evaluation of generator due to network constraints. When the specified generator must be dispatched to meet the network requirements, that generator will be able to have market power. For identifying this, we formulate optimization problem to determine whether the power system requirements can be met without the specified generator, and evaluate its possible market power exertion from the solution.
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So many countries, including England & Wales. USA, Australia, New zealand. Canada and Korea. now undergo deregulation process in the power system sector. Therefore. new terminologies in this field are generated more and more. It is the same case in our country. However the meanings and uses of these terminologies are so confused. This paper proposes standardization, refinement and explanation principles of new terminologies in electric power deregulation.
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This paper proposes the cost analysis on the energy efficient equipment when this equipment is participated in the demand-side bidding. Conventional demand-side bidding is exercised through load re-distribution. However if this load reduction is exercised by the use of high efficient equipment, its effect will be assumed to be more economical. This paper analyses this cost-benefit effect of high efficient equipment in the demand-side bidding.
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This paper proposes the demand-side management(DSM) monitoring system of high efficient end-use appliances considering demand-side bidding (DSB). The effect on the market propagation of high efficient appliances by demand side bidding is analysed. Seasonal Peak demand forecasting and propagation capacity of these appliances are analysed.
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The paper discussed for energy saving technology of electric arc furnace (EAF) in steel making industry. The energy of EAF in steel making process is nearly 10% of total manufacturing cost. This paper is shown new trand of energy saving technology and future study analysis of technological evolution of the EAF by 2010 issued IISI.
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As more and more housing complex will be developed in the future, this paper tries to survey for the estimation of power demands in these areas. For the selection of areas for the survey, in the case of housing complexes, selection of residential and non residential buildings is made by city size in consideration of local characteristics. For general hospitals, sports facilities and government buildings of the non residential building category, metropolitan areas, where these facilities are concentrated, are surveyed.
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New cities and industrial complexes are being developed actively because of the government policies aiming population distribution and vitalization of construction industry. To determine the investment amount, number of power lines and substations for stable power supply to newly developed residential and industrial complexes, accurate estimation of power demand is necessary. This paper propose standards for the estimation of power demands for power company and construction company to settle the debates surrounding this issue. Through a survey and analysis of existing areas, new standards that will enable more accurate estimation of power demands in new cities complexes to be developed in the future are established by calculating the average load density, load factor, utilization factor by area, use and building size after dividing the facilities into building type and the areas into the areas planned to be developed and the areas not yet planned to be developed.
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전력계통의 수요예측은 수십 년간의 일별, 주별, 월별, 년도별 자료와 기타 수많은 계수들을 요구하므로 처리해야할 자료의 양이 방대하여, 수요예측에는 데이터베이스의 사용이 필수이다. 본 연구에서는 수요예측 및 이와 유사한 대규모 자료의 전산화에 적합한 데이터베이스 설계기법을 소개하고, 계산 수행 시 속도 및 운용의 효율성을 기하기 위한 방안을 소개한다. 또한 데이터베이스의 유지보수를 위한 기법과 각종 접근 방법의 예를 들었다.
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This paper presents a correction technique of missing load data. In this paper, the ARIMA(Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average) model and Piecewise Cubic Interpolation are applied to seek the missing parameters. The new model has been tested under a variety of conditions and it is shown in this paper to produce excellent results. It is helpful for operators to designed the load duration curve.
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New cities and industrial complexes are being developed actively according to the government's policy. To determine the size of investment, number of power lines and substations for stable power supply to newly developed industrial complexes, the accurate estimation of power demand is necessary. "The standards for the estimation of power demands in newly developed residential and industrial complexes" established by KEPCO in 1991 have been used up to now. But the background for the estimation of power demands is weak and the accuracy has not been verified. Also, it has been passed above 10 years since their establishment and the social & economic situations have changed a lot, which requires an urgent revision. Through this survey and analysis of existing areas, new standards that will enable more accurate estimation of power demands in new cities and industrial complexes to be developed in the future are established by calculating the some kinds of power demand factors.
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최근 들어 전력 계통은 점차 복잡해지고 계통 규모 역시 빠른 속도록 성장하고 있다. 이러한 환경 하에서 전력계통 운영을 담당하고 있는 한국전력거래소가 계통의 현 상태를 정확하게 파악하고 가능한 상정 고장에 대비하여 전력계통을 안정적으로 운영하는 것은 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 이를 위해 기존의 스카다를 사용하여 계통의 상황을 파악하는 방법은 통신상의 잡음 및 측정값의 부정확성으로 인해 계통을 전체적으로 정확하게 파악하고 실시간 상정고장 분석과 같은 검토를 하는데 한계가 있다. 따라서 차세대 에너지 관리 시스템(NEMS)을 구축하는 단계에서 한국전력거래소는 상태추정 및 관련 응용프로그램을 실계통에 도입하여 전력 계통의 안정 운영에 기여하려 하고 있다. 상태추정이란 에러를 포함하고 있는 측정값과 네트워크 모델을 사용하여 현 계통의 전압, 위상각, 조류 둥의 실제 상태를 추정하는 방법으로 상태추정을 사용하여 현 상태 감시 및 실시간 상정고장 분석, 안전도 개선과 같은 기능을 수행할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 차세대 EMS에 적용된 상태추정을 설명하고 실계통에 적용하여 파악한 상태추정의 기능을 보여주고 있다.
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The design of a measurement system to perform Harmonic State Estimation(HSE) is a very complex problem. In particular, the number of available harmonic instruments (Continuous Harmonic Analysis in Real Time : CHART) is always limited. Therefore, a systematic procedure is needed to design the optimal placement of measurement points. This paper presents an optimal algorithm of HSE which is based on an optimal placement of measurement points using Immune Algorithm (IAs). This HSE has been applied to power system for the validation of an optimal algorithm of HSE. The study results have indicated an economical and effective method for optimal placement of measurement points using IAs in the HSE.
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The cost losing synchronous through a transient instability is extremely high in modern power systems. This paper presents a power transfer capability calculation algorithm considering transient stability. The theoretical development is straightforward: dynamic equations are converted to numerically equivalent algebraic equation and then integrated into the standard formulation for power transfer capability calculation.
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This paper presents the method for computing the power economic dispatch with an optimal power flow (OPF) computation algorithm, considering the power factor limits constraint. Efficient reactive power planning enhances economic operation as well as system security. Accordingly, an adequate level of power factor limits for the load buses should be evaluated for economic operation. The power factor limits are included and described into the OPF's objective function. The proposed method is applied to IEEE 26 buses system.
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In power system, the study on synchronous generators is an important issue. Among the studies, reactive power control of synchronous generators is very important from the viewpoint of power system stability. In this study, we develope a classical generator model and a power factor regulation model applying a simple algorithm in order to control reactive power generation, using EMTDC.
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This paper proposes a parameter estimation technique of a power transformer. Based on the combined equation, it estimates separately the primary and secondary leakage inductances using the least square method from the instantaneous voltages and currents in the steady state. The performance of the proposed technique was investigated by varying the cut-off frequency of the filter and the number of samples per cycle. The estimated values are obtained based on the average value for 41 cycles.
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전력계통의 과도 안정도 해석의 접근방법에는 SI(Simultaneous Implicit)법과 PE(Partitioned Explicit)법 두 가지방법을 사용해오고 있다. SI법에는 Trapezoidal법 등이 있고, PE법에는 Runge-Kutta법, Euler법등이 사용되고 있다. SI법인 Trapezoidal법은 PE법의 Runge-Kutta법 또는 Euler법에 비해 시간간격을 크게 해서 계산속도를 줄일 수 있다는 장점이 있지만, 정화도면에서는 신뢰한 수 없는 단점이 있다. 이 논문에서는 포물선 사법을 이용하여 Trapezoidal법의 정확도를 개선학 수 있는 방법을 제시하고 명확한 수학적 증명을 통해 타당성을 보여준다. 연속함수와 불연속함수에 대해서 Runge-Kutta법과 Trapezoidal법과 제안한 방법을 적용시켜서 제안한 방법의 정화함을 보여준다.
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This paper presents an alleviant technique for solving ill-conditioned linear systems using spectral adaptive mapping, which is based on spectral mapping theorem. The conventional approaches to solve the ill-conditioned linear systems are divided into reformulation and alleviant technique. So far, the alleviant technique is evaluated the most effective one. In this paper, an adaptive mapping of spectrum is adopted to alleviate the condition number of ill-conditioned linear systems. A shift constant, which is a dominant factor of the spectral adaptive mapping that are proposed, is assessed by the system spectrum. The proposed spectral adaptive mapping technique is tested to demonstrated the validation on several size Hilbert matrices and small scale power systems, which are provide the promising results.
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The electric power industry throughout the world is undergoing considerable changes from the vertically integrated utility structure to the deregulated market. However, the deregulated electricity market is operated with respect to theory of economical efficiency, and therefore, the system operator requires data with fast contingency ranking for security of the bulk power system. This paper presents fast calculation method for determining contingency ranking using the weather dependant probabilistic risk index(PRI). The probabilistic risk index can be classified into normal weather and adverse weather. This paper proposes calculation method using the probabilistic risk index in determining contingency ranking requiring for security under the deregulated electricity market.
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This paper describes the contingency analysis methods which are used in the transmission reliability program, TPLAN. Reliability criterion, reliability assessment, ranking methods, and screening methods are discussed. In addition, a simple 25-bus system was tested with TPLAN and its analyses are presented in this paper.
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In small signal stability analysis of power systems, eigenvalue analysis is the most useful method and the detailed modeling of generator gives an important effect to the eigenvalues. Generator full model is used for precise dynamic analysis of generators and controllers while two-axis model is used for multimachine systems because of the reduced order of the state matrix. Also, the eigenvalue sensitivity coefficients are used for optimization of controller parameters to improve system stability. This paper compare the first order eigenvalue sensitivity coefficients of controllers in case of generator full model with those of two-axis model. As a result of an example the estimated eigenvalues using sensitivity coefficients in case of generator full model is very close to those of state matrix within 1% error ratios.
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Power system analysis is generally based on computer simulation and time-domain simulation is used to assess it's dynamic performance. This paper deals with the selection of proper integration engine for large-scale power system dynamic simulation. Simulation results obtained from the selected algorithm are compared to those of commercial program.
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The Conventional time-domain simulation of transient stability requires iterative calculation procedures to consider the saliency of generator. Recently, a non-iterative algorithm has successfully developed to take into account the generator saliency exactly with the use of
$E_q'$ -model. This study proposes an extended non-iterative algorithm by adopting the two-axis generator model. Given internal voltages and rotor angles of the generators, network voltages and generator currents can be directly calculated by solving a linear algebraic equation, which enables us to reduce the computation time remarkably. -
In recent years, both utilities and users have expressed their deep concerns about the quality of electric power. Expressed, voltage sag which is one of power quality disturbance is very serious power quality problem on the power system. Voltage sag is a decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in rms voltage magnitude on the power system for durations from 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. These voltage sags are usually caused by fault condition, overload, and starting of large motors. In this paper, different types of voltage sags are simulated by using EMTP. This paper describes the distinctive characteristic for various sag origins, proposes the effective technique for voltage sag detection using EMTP.
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Voltage instability has been studied for some decade now. But, there is not generally accepted definition of voltage instability because of the complex phenomenon and the variety of ways in which it can manifest itself. Both IEEE and CIGRE have the respective definitions. The areas of voltage instability research arc the analysis, simulation and countermeasure of voltage instability. In this paper, we perform a dynamic simulation of voltage instability and voltage collapse using EMTP MODELS. The exponential load model is designed with MODELS and this load model is connected with test power system. The result shows the process of voltage change in time domain when the voltage instability or voltage collapse occurs.
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Abstract in case of the small scale power system separated from large scale power system N-2 contingency, the Over excitation, Under Frequency and Power swing Tripping Relay operate depending on unbalance Of Generation and Load. and then we studied and measured the angle and frequency deviation between generators. moreover, we compared real fault example with simulation results.
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This paper describes the practical application of Non-Divergent Power Flow (NDPF) solution in power system analysis. NDPF algorithm prevents the power flow solution from diverging due to the arithmetic error in Newton method, and indicates voltage collapse point. In addition to that, NDPF solution provides us with useful information for evaluating voltage profile in such cases.
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The outage cost has very important position for determination of the optimal level or optimal range of reliability in power system expansion planning. Establishing the worth of service reliability is a very difficult and subjective task. This paper addresses the role, need and assessment algorithm and methodology of the outage cost on power system expansion planning. Furthermore outage cost has been assessed using macro approach for our country 15years(1986-2001) in the case study.
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Recently, the bidding between generating company and transmission company have been accomplished according to restructure of power system industry. And the bidding will develop to TWBP (Two-Way Bidding Pool)type. In this way, it will be important issue on optimum reliability maintenance of the power supply. Thus, in this paper illustrate to customer survey result for the interruption cost analysis. Actually the domestic customer survey is performed on 300 samples. Then the points at customer survey and direction are presented in this paper. Customer is divided into 5 types, total response of customer survey was 22 percent. Furthermore domestic customer survey result characteristics will be use for the basis data of the large scale customer survey.
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The wavelet transform has attracted considerable attention in the field of power quality analysis recently. This paper discuss the voltage sag and harmonic disturbances by using wavelet analysis. A discrete wavelet-based approach is applied for determining the characteristics of these disturbances.
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A meaning of power quality has changed, which affects on an environmental change of existing electricity supply markets. Today, it should take both consumers and suppliers into consideration to develop information and communication technology and to increase the use of power and electronic equipments. As a result, it is necessary to develop a system to monitor power quality and to display data. In this paper, a system, as a power quality monitoring equipment, which can use protective replays with progress of microprocessor technology and provide information in the intranet/internet circumstances using web-based architecture is described.
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This paper was studied on using data of the protective relay by Power Quality Monitor. The protective relay will have problem to save data for PQM(Power Qualify Monitoring) analysis because the protective relay memory is limited. So this paper was proposed new data compression of the data was get from the protective relay. The scheme is compared each cycle after DFT(Discrete Fourier Transform). And scheme is verified through simulation of protective relay data was from real distribution system.
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고도화 정보화시대의 도래로 수용가측의 전력품질에 대한 관심이 나날이 높아지고 있고, 전원 품질에 의한 경제적 피해가 늘어나면서 중요 부하 및 계통을 보호하기 위한 전력품질 보상기기 개발에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 대표적인 전력품질 향상기기로는 STATCOM, DVR, SSTS 등이 있으며, 이러한 기기의 사용이 늘어나면서, 하나의 배전계통에 여러 종류의 전력품질 보상기기들이 동시에 운영될 경우, 보상기기 상호간에 미치는 영향, 그리고 대용량의 비선형 부하가 존재할 경우 보상기의 정상 동작에 미치는 영향을 함께 고려하여 보상기기의 동작 특성을 실계통에서 검증하기 위한 전력품질 실증시험장 구축이 필요하다.
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To improve power quality, it is important to find the location of disturbance source. This paper presents a method to find the location of disturbance source that leads to voltage sag. The relative location of the source is defined and the method to determine the relative location of voltage sag is proposed. With this method, this paper shows that the location of disturbance source can be identified under distributed monitoring system.
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Recently, power system has a trend of sustaining increase of power demand and large-sized system. Also, consumers has required a high reliability for the power quality in deregulated power industry. For power system operator, the accurate decision for situations of power systems and the ability of the management for the faults are required. Therefore, in this paper we presents the development of simulator which can train the process of the recovery and the decision of contingency in the case of the occurrence of faults for generation, transmission, and distribution facilities.
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In order to improve the power restoration capability of system operators In case that the fault and blackout happen in the power system, Development of the Power Restoration Training System is necessarily required as a simulator tool for training operator. Owing to these reasons, KEPRI has developed the power restoration training system and graphic editor and applied it to Jeju transmission system. This paper presents the design and implementation of the system, and shows a example to simulate the primary restorative line in jeju.
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전력계통의 안정운용을 위하여 대용량 발전소와 주요 345kV 전력소로부터 시각 동기화된 계통 운전자료를 온라인으로 취득하여 계통 안정성을 실시간으로 감시, 분석할 수 있는 전력계통 온라인 안정성 감시, 분석시스템을 개발하였다. 전력계통 온라인 안정성 감시, 분석시스템은 크게 Master 시스템과 Local 시스템으로 구성된다. Local 시스템은 시각동기 데이터 취득시스템(TSDS)이라고도 하는데, GPS를 이용한 시각 동기화된 계통 운전데이터를 측정하고, 지역사고 판단 및 사고데이터를 기록하며, 측정/기록데이터를 Master 시스템으로 온라인 전송해주는 역할을 한다. Master 시스템은 각 Local 시스템에서 전송되어진 측정/기록데이터를 수집하고, 광역사고 판단 및 사고데이터를 기록하며, 과도안정도를 온라인으로 평가해주는 역할은 한다. 현재 1단계 연구결과로서 울진, 영광, 고리 원자력발전소와 동서울,신제천,청양,아산,신옥천 전력소 등 총 8개소에 Local 시스템 설치 및 시운전이 완료되었고, 한국전력거래소(KPX)에 설치된 Master 시스템을 이용하여 TSDS의 확대적용을 위한 활용성 검증작업을 진행하고 있다.
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Because the overhead transmission lines are exposed to the outdoor weather, the faults of the transmission tines are due to natural conditions, and among these faults, the outage rate by lightning is about 50%. The lightning causes the damage of power system equipments, the shut down of electricity and the electro-magnetic interference. Therefore, the pertinent insulation design is important, not only to decrease the damage of the facility itself but also to increase the reliability of electric power system. For these reasons, we have to obtain and accumulate the lightning current parameters for the basic lightning research. This paper describes the development of real time analysis system about lightning information.
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Power system restoration following a large black-out starts with charging of primary transmission lines. As the power systems are gradually enlarged and become more complex, the power plant and transmission of electricity units are being expanded continuously. Accordingly, evaluation and reconfiguration of the primary transmission system is needed. So far it has been decided to analyze and evaluate with the knowledge and experience of the corresponding expert. This paper presents an expert system for configuring the optimum primary transmission system based on expert knowledge, static analysis and configuration data.
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Because the overhead transmission lines arc exposed to the outdoor weather, the faults of the transmission lines are due to natural conditions, and among these faults, the outage rate by lightning is about 50%. The lightning causes the damage of power system equipments, the shut down of electricity and the electro-magnetic interference. Therefore, the pertinent insulation design is important, not only to decrease the damage of the facility itself but also to increase the reliability of electric power system. For these reasons, we have to obtain and accumulate the lightning current parameters for the basic lightning research. This paper describes the development of real time analysis system about lightning information.
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This paper proposes a real-time simulator that can simulate dynamic changes of a substation for intelligent SCADA system. The simulator consists of RTDS, voltage and current amplifier, IED, and RTU. The simulator is verified by system implementation and event simulation of a substation.
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This paper presents an operator training simulator for power system restoration against massive black-out. The system is designed especially focused on the generality and convenient setting up for initial condition of simulation. The former is accomplished by using on line calculation methodology, and PSS/E data is used to define the initial situation. The proposed simulator consists of three major components - the Power flow(PF) module, data conversion(CONV) module and CUI subsystem. PF module calculates power flow, and then checks overvoltage of buses and overflow of lines. CONV module composes an Y-Bus array and a data base at each restoration action. The initial Y-Bus array is constructed from PSS/E data. The user friendly GUI module is developed including graphic editor and built-in operation manual. As a result, the maximum processing time for one step operation is 15 seconds, which is adequate for training purpose. Comparison with PSS/E simulation proves the accuracy and reliability of the training system.
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Power systems must be operated within limits that will ensure adequate generation and transmission capacity to avoid cascading. In developing a set of operations limits, it is important to do so within a general framework in order to ensure that the operating objectives are met. In the this regard, when the system experiences a generation-load imbalance, the principles of sound operation will be maintained by bringing under control an unscheduled power flow condition as quickly as possible. This paper presents load shedding application which responds both to frequency and to rate of change of frequency. Its application is in the operating situation of load suddenly in excess of generation, either because of generator or other equipment failure. A scheme which is able to utilize rate of change of frequency as well as frequency itself is an improvement over existing scheme.
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This paper presents new service restoration algorithm to deal with multiple faults such as main transformer fault, whole substation fault and simultaneous faults. The most important consideration of restoration planning for multiple outage areas is efficient use of redundant backup feeders. The proposed algorithm tries to restore all outage loads using outage area ordering method and tie switch exchange method that are newly proposed in this paper.
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전력계통망의 부하 구성에서 발생되는 갑작스런 변화는 계통의 부하 중심 사이에 전력 동요를 일으키는데 전력계통의 안정한 운영을 위해서는 계통안정도를 고려한 계통보호가 요구된다. 계통여건 변경 시 계통 임피던스 궤적의 변화가 있게 되는데 일반적인 거리 계전기들이 이러한 임피던스 변화에 따라 응동하게 되고 계통동요 시 거리계전기의 오동작이 있기도 하여 계통동요 방지 장치가 자주 이용된다. 본 논문에서는 실 계통 변화, 특히 계통 동요시 계통 임피던스를 분석하고 계통 안정도 향상을 위한 계전방식 적용 방법을 제시하고자 한다.
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This paper presents an approach to estimate the power transmission line parameter by phasor measurement units(PMUs), which are synchronized to 1 pps signal of GPS. Existing approaches to estimate power transmission line parameter, are mainly off-line ones, based on faults or switching events on other neighboring lines. In this paper, to obtain static and dynamic properties of power transmission line parameter in service, the prototype of pmu-based Transmission Line Parameter Monitoring System (TLPMS) is proposed. Also, an technique to estimate parameters of transmission line described as 2-port network model and the soundness of estimated parameters are addressed.
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The low load power factor causes various problems such as the increase of the power loss and the voltage instability. The demand of reactive power increases continuously with the growth of active power and the restructuring of electric power companies makes the integrated management of ractive power troublesome, from which the systematic control of load power factor is required. In this paper, the load power factor sensitivity of the generation cost is derived and its effects in supplying the reactive power and enhancing the load power factor are analyzed in a small-scale power system. The load power factor sensitivity of the generation cost is applied for determining the locations and capacities of reactive power compensation devices. It is shown that the generation cost can be reduced and the system power factor can be enhanced effectively using the load power factor sensitivity.
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Because of Korean power system characteristics and increasing power demand, the need of 765kV transmission line is growing gradually. Now a days, KEPCO's 765kV transmission line has been tested and stands for commercial operation. During the first stage, 765kV transmission line will be operated with two voltage grades of 765kV and 345kV, which results the unbalance of power system. So unbalanced current such as zero sequence current flows in the transmission line. In this paper, we describes the simulation study of 765/345kV parallel transmission line by using EMTDC program.
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This paper introduces a new algorithm to calculate distortion power using complx THD(Total Harmonic Distortion) index. The proposed algorithm involves FFT(Fast Fourier Transform) to compute real and imaginary THDs of voltage and current. Case studies are presented to show the availability of the proposed method.
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The line impedance is important data that is applied in all analysis fields of electric power system like power flow, fault current, stability and relay calculation etc. Usually, impedance can be accurately calculated in case of overhead line. However, in case of power cables or combined transmission lines, impedance can not be accurately calculated because cable systems have the sheath, grounding wires, and earth resistance. Therefore, if there is a fault in cable system, these terms will severely be caused much error to calculation of impedance. Therefore, the line impedance were measured for this study in an actual power system of underground cables, and were analyzed by a generalized circuit analysis program EMTP for comparison with the measured value. These analysis result is considered to become foundation of impedance calculation for underground cable.
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The western route of KEPCO's 765 kV transmission line has been tentatively operating as 345 kV voltage before commercial operation. KEPCO decided to operate the 765 kV line for commercial operation after completing the test operation of 765 kV substation in 2002. In the process of energizing the line as 765 kV voltage, double circuit transmission line will be operated with two voltage grades of 765 kV and 345 kV. As the earthing switches are installed on both ends of the line, electrostatic induction voltage and electromagnetic induction current were calculated prior to the line energizing in order to confirm the ratings. The induced voltage and current are important for the maintenance of the parallel circuit. This paper presents the simulation results of electrical phenomena such as electrostatic induction voltage and electromagnetic induction current from the parallel line. The transmission line was modeled by EMTP (Electro-Magnetic Transient Program). The simulation results were compared with the measured results at the field.
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A passive loop is considered to be a cheap and easy way to be realized among the magnetic field mitigation methods. So this paper evaluates and quantizes systematically the effectiveness of a passive loop on mitigating magnetic field(M-field) and examines the feasibility and problems in adoption. To do so, first, we explain the principles of M-field mitigation through a passive loop and derive formulas for 2-D M-field analysis. Next this paper simulates the M-field mitigation patterns for a flat type 1-circuit transmission line installed a passive loop.
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본 논문에서는 송전선로의 자계 저감기법으로 대두되는 수동루프기법과 능동루프기법을 계산하여 두 방법의 효용성을 비교하였다. 모든 데이터는 실제 송전선로의 모델을 사용하였으며 자계의 계산은 MathMatica 프로그램을 이용하였다. 두 방법에 의한 자계의 계산과 비교는 앞으로 송전선로의 전자계 기준조건을 고려할 때 발생되는 사회적 비용조사, 분석을 위한 전처리 과정에 반드시 필요한 과정으로 사료된다.
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본 논문에서는 UPFC(Unified Power Flow Controller)의 전력조류해석을 위해 직병렬컨버터를 두개의 전압원으로 등가화한 직병렬전압원 모델을 제시한다. 이 모델은 추가된 모선의 전압과 직병렬전압원의 전압을 추가하여 전력조류를 계산하므로, 선로에 흐르는 유무효전력조류를 직접 제어할 수 있다. 전력조류 변화에 따른 직병렬전압원의 전압크기 및 위상각이 변화됨을 확인하였고, UPFC 설치모선의 전압을 제어할 수 있음을 보여 직병렬전압원 모델이 실계통에 적용할 수 있음을 보였다.
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In this paper, a sensitivity index is proposed for identifying the location of FACTS in the power system with PSS. The index can be calculated by using the bus impedance matrix of the power system. This index that is related with sensitivity matrix is included in the network and not in operating condition for power system. This index is applied to IEEE 9 bus test system.
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Design of a GA-based SPS controller for Power system stabilization has been investigated in this paper. The design problem of SPS controller is formulated as an optimization problem using GA. The dynamic characteristic responses are considered to verify performance of the proposed SPS under various disturbance for various operation conditions. The simulation results show that the proposed SPS controller provides most of the damping and improves greatly the voltage profile of the system under two different disturbances.
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In this paper, we design a Power System Stabilizer for a Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor(TCSC-PSS) for enhancement of power system stability. Here, PSS parameters are optimized using Genetic Algorithm(GA) in order to maintain optimal operation of TCSC. Simulation results show that the proposed control technique is superior to a conventional PSS in dynamic responses over the wide range of operating conditions and is convinced robustness and reliableness in view of structure.
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This paper describes the design of torsional oscillation controller in HVDC system using the universal SSR eigenvalue program. The suggested design procedures consist of three steps. Fist step is to identify the characteristics of AC system with torsional modes and HVDC system; then, to determine the control parameters of the suggested torsional oscillation controller (SSRStab) to compensate the phasor lagging due to rectifier controller. Finally, using time-domain simulation program verifies the designed parameters and determine the appropriate gain. The suggested method is simple to tune the parameters and effective to damp the least stable torsional oscillation mode.
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본 논문에서는 Tabu 탐색법을 이용하여 UPFC용 퍼지 댐핑 제어기를 설계하였다. 또한 UPFC가 장착된 1기 무한대 계통에 대한 Dynamic 모델을 유도하였고, 기존에 순차적인 해석 방법의 문제점을 해결하였다. 경험적 최적화알고리즘인 Tabu 탐색법을 이용하여 UPFC용 퍼지 댐핑 제어기의 입 출력 이득을 튜닝하였다. 제안한 방법의 유용성을 입증하기 위해 1기 무한대 계통에 적용하여 비선형 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 이때 설계한 UPFC용 퍼지 댐핑 제어기는 사례계통의 운전 조건에 대해서 기존의 제어기보다 더 나은 제어 성능을 나타내었다.
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유도전동기는 기동시 전류가 정격전류의 6배
$\sim$ 8배에 이르기 때문에 경부하로 운전하는 경우에는 역률을 떨어뜨릴뿐만 아니라 과다한 기동전류로 인해 계통전원에 순간전압 강하를 유발시켜 선로의 전력품질(Power Quality) 저하가 심각하게 대두되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 PSCAD/EMTDC 패키지를 이용하여 IEEE에서 제시한 배전 계통 13버스 모형 모델 및 유도기 부하를 모델링하여 사고모의 및 DSTATCOM의 보상 효과를 시뮬레이션을 통하여 보였다. -
By development of power electronics technology, the increasing of inverter's switching frequency lead to the development of speed control technology of induction motor. But the surge voltage including harmonic component in output waveform can cause the motor to generate power losses, torque ripple, acoustic noise and oscillation. This paper is analyzed the characteristics for switching surge of adjustable speed drive and is presented the problem by inverter.
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The construction conditions of transmission line in Korea are very hard. Actually, the construction project is processed inefficiently with constant civil appeal and interference by local residents of a region and environment organization, not to speak of landlord, because it is regarded as antipathy facility and passes through a lot of regions. Especially, it is concluded that effective practice of a construction project is serious in the future because transmission power voltage was upgraded to 765kV according to a sharp increase of electric power demand. Therefore, with the background of the experience of the past, this paper is aimed to study and establish a reasonable improvement plan which enables to eliminate wasteful factors for effective construction work of transmission line.
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This paper presents the analysis of the transient temperature rise at the surface of underground power cables and an estimation of conductor temperature considering the power load change of underground power cables.
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This paper is the estimation of the thermal property for the backfill materials according to the experimental measurements both a laboratory and field test.
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디지털 및 정보통신 기술의 급속한 발전은 전력계통 안정화를 위한 전력계통 운영의 제반 환경에 혁명적인 변화를 예고하고 있다. 이미 선진국에서는 이러한 디지털 및 정보통신 기술에 기반하여 IED 및 변전 시스템을 개발 설치 운영하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 우리나라의 현재 전력자동화시스템 및 변전시스템을 살펴보고, 차세대 전력자동화시스템을 구축하기 위해 필요한 SCC 운영시스템, 변전시스템, IED의 개발 및 구축 방향에 대해 고찰한다.
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Recently, electric power demands tend to be increased continuously. In this situation, current states of power systems must be definitely recognized to operate power systems stably and economically. Also, corrective actions must be performed for the violation of bus voltage and line overload. It is desirable that the situations of violation are promptly removed to operate power systems effectively. This paper deals with the development of guidance system for voltage and overload correction on base case using Generator-Voltage Sensitivity List(GVSL) and Generator Shifter Factor List(GSFL). Also, to show the superiority and economical efficiency of the proposed application, we applied the proposed guidance system to the Kwangyang Steel Works' Power Systems.
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This paper suggests wireless diagnosis and monitoring system using SMS mode of mobile communication network for distribution transformer which could prevent electrical accident in the near future. Data are acquired by measuring the temperature of insulator oil in the distribution transformer and load current. Data acquisition of sensor using mobile communication network carried out filtering of sensor's output to optimize the size of send data Merit of this inspection method is that management, control and monitoring some transformers can be carried out using only one server. This inspection method will be the way of inspection to be worth spotlight in the near future because it is able to solve easily with the minimum facility inspection about state of transformer which is operating, to wide coverage about machine's wrong operation in other field.
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This paper develops an ADWHM(Advanced Digital Watt Hour Meter) based on RISK type'8bit micro-controller, which has voltage management data recording function, load management data recording function as well as the existing watt-hour data recording data function. It can enhance greatly the economics of the existing remote meter reading system. Also it can improve highly the quality of power supplied to the electric customer by minimizing the voltage management cost and by enhancing the efficiency of load management.
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The wavelet transform(WT) has been extensively applied in solving many problems in applied science and engineering following its introduction in early 1980's. The WT analyzes a signal in a changeable frequency range by employing a moving window whereby along time window is used to obtain low frequency information and short time window is used to obtain high frequency information. In this paper, after various fault types in 154 KV transmission system was simulated by using EMTP, and the RMS values by changing Mother wavelet was calculated by applying wavelet transform to the simulated voltage and current signal.
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This paper proposes a software design and hardware implementation of Intelligent Electronic Device(IED) for power transformer. The relaying algorithm is based on DFT. The protection functions implemented include RDR with a second harmonic restraint for magnetizing inrush, OCR, OCGR, OVR, and UVR etc. The main board of IED is based on the TMS32C32 Processor. The IED was tested with relaying signals obtained for EMTP simulation package.
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최근에 전력선통신(PLC: power line communication)에 관한 연구 및 개발이 활성화되고 있는 가운데, 정부에서는 전력선통신을 위한 전송채널의 주파수허용범위를 기존의 협대역인 450kHz에서 광대역인 30MHz로 확대할 계획이다. 현재, PLC 시스템에서는 대용량정보를 고속으로 전송하기 위한 고속 PLC기술의 개발이 활발히 진행되어지고 있으며, 이러한 통신시스템 기술의 구현을 위해서는 새롭게 확대될 30MHz대역에서의 전력선채널의 분석이 무엇보다도 중요한 해결 과제라고 할 수가 있을 것이다. 전력선은 각종 전기기기와 가전제품 및 사무기기로부터 발생되는 잡음들이 직접 유입되며, 또한 부하가 전력선에 연결되는 시간과 공간에 따라 전송 특성이 수시로 가변하는 특성을 가진다. 이와 같은 열악한 전력선통신채널 환경을 극복하고 통신의 에러극복능력을 향상시키기 위해서는 기존의 협대역 채널모델을 그대로 적용하기에는 부적합한 면이 많으므로, 새롭게 허용될 광대역 주파수를 갖는 전력선 채널에 대한 모델링기법이 요구된다. 따라서, 새롭게 인가될 광대역 채널을 위한 효율적인 전력선통신시스템을 개발하기 위해서는 전력선채널의 리모델링에 근거한 다양하고 실험적인 고찰이 수반되어야 하리라고 판단된다. 그러므로, 본 논문에서는 Mixture 잡음 모델링기법을 이용하여, 부하변동 및 가변적인 잡음 특성을 가진 전력선채널모델을 새롭게 분석하였다. 또한, 새롭게 분석한 전력선채널모델에 관한 수식을 직교 코드에 의한 다중접속 통신 기술인 CDMA 방식에 적용하여 비트 에러율을 유도해 봄으로써 그 유효성을 확인하였다.
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전력선 통신은 새로운 통신전용 선로나 별도의 추가 시설 없이, 기존의 전력 공급용 전력선로를 통신선로로 병용할 수 있다는 장점을 갖고 있다. 하지만 이러한 전력선 통신은 다양한 부하의 운전과 빈번한 부하의 기동 정지로 인하여 잡음이 발생하며 이에 본 연구에서는 전력선 채널의 협대역 잡음에 대처하는 변조방식을 제시함과 동시에 최근 들어 고용량 데이터 전송이 빈번한 홈 네트워크분야에 응용될 수 있는 고속 전력선 통신 기법을 제안하고자 한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 전력선 통신의 변조기법은 현재 무선 LAN에서 보편화된 변조방식으로 적용되고 있는 IEEE 802.11b의 CCK(Complementary Code Keying) 변조 방식이다. 채널 모델링은 댁내 전력선망을 기준으로
$10kHz{\sim}30MHz$ 대역에서의 전력선로 및 가정용 부하 특성에 기초한 모델링을 하였고 전력 계통 과도해석 소프트웨어인 PSCAD로 채널 모델을 구성하여 홈네트워크 환경에서의 전력선 통신의 신호 특성을 분석하였다. -
Theory calculation way because verification is lacking, we compare and analyzed with calculation theory value and experiment value that is noted through a water tank model experiment based on connection theory way that is announced in existing.
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In this paper we tried to analyze through the water tank model to solve these kinds of problems about the square plate earth electrode using general facilities with being compared with the theory formula announced before. The square plate earth electrode that haven't investigated so far is analyzed by being based on laid rod electrode. And the each kind of calculation model was investigated with the experiment of water tank. An experiment of the vertical square Plate electrode about laying depth in the center of the surface of the water has already done with the practical models that have different forms of electrodes.
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The electric traction load is quite differ from general power system load which is single-phase, high-speed heavy load receiving power from 3-phase power system and also has variable load characteristics over time and space. Therefore, there are inevitably power quality problems such as steady state or transient voltage drop, voltage imbalance and harmonic distortion. In addition, it is expected that transient voltage sag could affect the safety of feeding system. Thus, in this paper transient analysis and voltage sag compensation of AT(Auto Transformer) feeding system are studied. The fault study of traction network is analysed by using PSCAD/SMTDC simulation tool. In addition, application of DVR in electric traction system is proposed to compensate the voltage sag of traction network which is occurred by the fault of utility source. The results of fault study will be a useful research works for operation and setting of electric traction relay. Also, it can be shown that application of the DVR in electric system is very useful to compensate the voltage sag from the result of related simulated work. The results of study will be a useful research works for management and planning of power quality in electric traction system.
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합천수력발전소는 1989년 준공이후 최근까지는 발전정지시 전력계통으로부터 전력을 수전할 경우 수전역률이 90%이상되어 문제가 없었으나, 2001년 6월경 전력계통이 논공154kV변전소에서 고령345kV변전소로 변경된 이후, 계통전압이 평균
$2.5{\sim}3.0kV$ 상승함으로써 역률이 약70%로 저하하였다. 이런 전압상승은 전력계통의 무효전력조정에 의한 것으로, 수전시 합천수력발전소의 평균소비전력은 주변압기 용량의 약0.55%로 전력계통에서 발전소를 바라보면 주변압기가 무부하로 운전되는 것처럼 보이게 되어 발전소내에서 소비되는 무부하손이 증가하여 역률이 저하한 것으로 검토되었다. 이런 무효전력소비는 주변압기에만 국한되어 있으므로 역률개선용 콘덴서를 주변압기 1차측에 설치하여 저하된 역률을 보상할 수 있었다. -
The intake tower of D-dam located in a mountainous area positioned in the left side of the dam and its structure installed alone on the water surface then, can become target of direct lightening. To protect the intake tower from the direct lightening and indirect-lightening, lightening rod installed in the top area of the intake tower and ground pole laid under the surrounding ground. however, because the surrounding ground almost consists of a rock, it is very difficult to obtain the grounding resistance. It is main object to examine the construction plan of the optimum lightening rod equipment and ground pole with measuring the earth specific resistance of the around of the intake tower which is the scheduled area to lay the ground pole with the Wenner's 4-electric pole method and the Schlumberger's method. and using the analysis tool, ESII.
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KEPCO's high voltage distribution power line laid under the ground near to the J-booster pumping station that supply water for living. Lightening rod equipment does not installed at the J-booster pumping station because KEPCO's over head ground wire for protection functions as a lightening rod equipment. In this study, it is concerned whether KEPCO's over head ground wire for protect the distribution power line affect to the J-booster pumping station which is installed for reduce the damage from the direct and indirect lightening. If KEPCO's protection area does not affect to the J-pumping station, it is plan to examine the construction method of lightening rod protection angle and lightening rod equipment and to suggest the optimum protection plan using the surrounding structure based on the suitability of protection area.
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At the water supply field, high voltage induction motor is main facility of a load equipment. The motor is often out of order and its noise, generated heat, loss etc occured occasionally. especially, transmission motor for flux control generates an amount of the harmonics then have a bad influence upon the electric power system. In this study, to analyze the total harmonics distortion of the water supply field receiving high voltage, the harmonics measured and analyzed using the PQA(Power Quality Analyzer) according to the electric power system and electrical load and the reduction method presented.
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In this paper, a protection system using Multi-Agent concept for power distribution network is proposed. Multi agent system consist of Feeder agent, OCR(Over Current Relay) agent, Recloser agent and Switch agent. An agent calculates and corrects its parameter by itself through communication with neighboring agents and its own intelligence algorithm. Simulations in a simple distribution network show the effectiveness of the suggested protection system. Multi-Agent System, protection of distribution network, Communication.
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This paper presents the methods to solve the problem about Power System Protection Program(PROSET). PROSET is a overall program system to protect power system and correct it. In the context of the PROSET, it is so difficult to edit database data when topology is changed. When the renewal of data is performed, all changed values are disappeared. Therefore, it will not be expected to know the present situation by using the information of the databases data. So it is necessary to solve this problem. Solution is copy of the user. Database of GRL,GRZ,KYP2D1,KYD2X1,L90 Relay module were developed. We made a database management system for PROSET, therefore I will show this management system briefly.
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This paper presents an apparent impedance calculation procedure for distance relaying of transmission line involving FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) devices, particularly the UPFC (Unified Power Flow Controller), between Kangjin and Jangheung in Korea. With the changes of UPFC's parameters, the measurement and protective range (trip boundaries) of the adaptive distance relay can also be changed. So, it is the most important part in the field of system protection to analyze the operating characteristic of relaying system. The presence of UPFC significantly affects the trip boundaries which are also adversely affected by fault resistance combined with remote end infeed. This paper presents the apparent impedance calculations and the distance relay setting characteristics for faults involving the UPFC in the KEPCO system.
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This paper proposes a percentage current differential relaying algorithm for bus protection with a compensation algorithm of a CT. The compensating algorithm estimates the core flux at the start of the first saturation based on the value of the third-difference of the secondary current. It calculates the core flux and compensates distorted currents in accordance with the magnetization curve. The test results indicate that the algorithm can discriminate internal faults from external faults when the CT saturates. It can improve not only stability of the relay in the case of an external fault but sensitivity of the relay in the case of an internal fault.
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There have been public attraction and studies about distributed generation systems. But protective relay must be installed between utility system and customer owned distributed generation system has not been developed. So this paper describes the development of a digital protective relay for interconnection. The developed protective relay includes protective elements required by KEPCO at the interconnection point.
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To prevent maloperation during magnetic inrush and over-excitation, a current differential relay for power transformers uses harmonic current based restraining or blocking scheme; it also uses dual slope characteristics to prevent maloperation for an external fault with CT saturation. This paper proposes a current differential relaying algorithm for power transformers with an advanced compensation algorithm for the secondary current of CTs. The comparative study was conducted with and without the compensating algorithm. The algorithm can reduce the operating time of the relay in the case of an internal fault and improve security for external faults.
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This paper describes an adaptive distance relay for double-circuit line protection with mutual impedance and fault resistance. Double-circuit lines have two operating condition; both lines of a double-circuit line are in operation and one line is switched-off and both ends of the line are grounded. For optimal distance protection, the trip region is calculated, which have respect to mutual impedance and fault resistance.
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This paper describes a current differential relaying algorithm for a three-phase transformer considering the nonlinear magnetization characteristics of the core. The iron-loss current is obtained from the calculated induced voltage and the core-loss resistance. The magnetizing current is calculated from the estimated core flux and the magnetization curve. The proposed algorithm uses the modified differential current, which is obtained by subtracting the iron-loss current and the magnetizing current from the conventional differential current. The various test results show that the algorithm can discriminate internal fault from magnetic inrush, overexcitation and an external fault.
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A current differential relay may maloperate for external faults with CT saturation and requires an additional method to cope with the problem. This paper proposes a current differential relaying algorithm for transmission line protection using an advanced compensation algorithm of the secondary current of CTs. The compensation algorithm is unaffected by a remanent flux. The proposed algorithm does not need an additional method for CT saturation and thus can achieve high stability for an external fault.
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In this paper, in order to generator protection from a electrical fault was occurred while a generator is operated, principles of existing generator protection algorithm is examined and analyzed. and a new generator protection algorithm was developed. also, during a generator operation, Algorithm, an analysis for the basic principle of protective relay to general faults, was developed. This paper, generator was simple analyzed on the assumption that three-phase winding and observe the IEEE std.
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PROSET2000 that is integrated protective management system had developed and used in order to automate the setting process of protective relays in transmission system protection. PROSET2000 have database for relay setting and automated for relay setting program within. This paper proposed PCM current differential relay setting program point of Object Oriented Programming paradigm using Unified Modeling Language about additional relay in PROSET2000. Nevertheless each relay uses same current differential but setting method is different. This paper discribed different thing about setting method of each relay and evaluated more effective and corrective relay setting program using UML.
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The direction and the type of a fault on a transmission line needs to be identified rapidly and correctly. This paper presents a approach to identify fault direction and type with neural network on double circuit transmission line. A neural network based on self organization map(SOM) provides the ability to accurately classify the fault type and to select of a fault direction. In this paper, proposed algorithm uses different patterns of the associated voltages and currents in order to identify fault clusters.
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The protection against transient instability and consequent out-of-step condition is a major concern for the utility. The unstable system may cause serious damage to system elements such as generators and transmission lines. Therefore, out-of-step detection is essential to operate a system safely. This paper presents the Out-of-Step detection algorithm using voltage frequency variation. The digital filters based on Discrete Fourier Transforms (DFT) to calculate the frequency of a sinusoid voltage are used, and the generator angle is estimated using the variation of the calculated voltage frequency. The proposed out-of-step algorithm is based on the assessment of a transient stability using equal area criterion. The proposed out-of-step algorithm is verified and tested by using EMTP MODELS.
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This paper proposes the adaptive relaying algorithm of protective devices applied in the neighboring distribution feeders for reliable and efficient operations of a wind farm interconnected with distribution networks by dedicated lines. Generally, it would be highly possible that the wind turbine generators are influenced by abnormal grid conditions such as disturbances occurring in the neighboring distribution feeders as well as the dedicated power line. The delayed operation time of protective devices for satisfying the coordination might overly expose the interconnected wind turbine generators to the fault and cause damage to them. In order to reduce the damages on the interconnected wind farm about the faults happening in distribution networks, this paper describes the proper delayed operation time of protective relay.
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This paper describes the correction of overcurrent protective relaying set value in distribution networks interconnected with wind farm by dedicated line. The wind farm composed of wind turbine generators is one of the great energy sources; however, it would be also highly possible that the current in the point of common coupling is influenced by the output power of wind farm. So, the overcurrent relay applied in distribution feeders might generate trip signal for normal operation. In order to prevent the mal-operation of overcurrent relay, it is necessary to correct the relay's setting value according to the output power of end farm. This paper presents the influence of wind farm on the overcurrent relaying set value in distribution feeders for cases of fault as well as normal operation and proposes the basic strategy for correction of overcurrent relaying set value.
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VHDL Design of High Performance FIR Filter for Digital Protection Relay Using Least Square Algorithm본 논문에서는 디지털 보호 계전기에 쓰이는 필터 중에서 최소 자승 알고리즘을 이용한 고성능 FIR 필터를 설계하였다. 기존의 DFT필터와 MATLAB 시뮬레이션을 이용하여 비교하였으며 FIR 필터의 VHDL모델 및 합성에 중점을 두었다. FIR 필터는 기본적으로 유한개의 임펄스 응답이 이루어지기 때문에 기타 다른 필터에 비하여 안정도가 높으며 선형적인 위상을 가지기 때문에 차단 주파수 대역의 왜곡현상을 없앨 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있다. 여러 가지 알고리즘으로 구현한 FIR 필터를 시뮬레이션 한 결과 최소 자승 알고리즘이 가장 우수한 결과를 나타내었다. 기본적으로 디지털 보호 계전기에서 디지털 필터의 기능은 사고 전압, 전류로부터 60Hz의 기본파 추출 CT, PT 왜곡 및 DC offset을 제거하는데 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 기능을 가지면서 샘플링 주파수와 차수를 같게 하여 FIR 필터와 DFT 필터의 주파수 응답과 연 산 속도를 비교 하였다. 본 논문에서 설계된 최소 자승 알고리즘을 이용한 FIR 필터는 같은 조건의 DFT필터에 비해 1고조파와 2고조파의 차이가 10db 이상 더 우수 하였으며 연산 속도 또한 2배 이상 좋은 결과를 보였다.
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In recent years, with the continuous development of modem power system, the need for high performance protection to meet the customers' requests for more stable and reliable power supply has become increasingly emphasized. So, there is urgent need for a proper testing platform about not only existing digital protection relay but also new digital protection relay on the transmission line. It is also dynamic-state test which can test the performance of digital relay. This paper suggests basic system model for testing transmission line protection using PSCAD/EMTDC, and presents the process of the component modeling in the basic system.
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본 논문에서는 UPFC가 포함된 전력계통의 부하수준을 고려하여 각각의 수준에 적합한 계통 운용 목적을 달성하기 위한 UPFC 운전법을 제안하였다. 최적조류계산에 적용이 용이한 분리형 UPFC 수리 모형을 채택하여 부하수준이 낮은 경부하나 평균부하에서는 경제 우선으로 발전비용과 손실을 최소화하였고, 사고시 과부하, 모선 저전압 문제 둥이 발생할 가능성이 높은 중부하에서는 안전도 우선으로 안전도 지수를 최소화하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 방법을 UPFC 3기가 설치된 6기 30모선 계통에 적용하여 경부하에서는 발전비용과 손실 최소화를 통하여 비용절감 효과를 정량적으로 나타내었다. 평균부하의 경우, 사고전에는 비용최소화를, 사고후에는 안전도지수를 최소화하였다. 중부하에서는 사고에 대비하여 UPFC 운전으로 안전도지수를 최소화하였다.
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본 논문에서 제시한 전력감시 시스템은 원주권광역상수도에 적용된 개방형 SCADA 시스템으로 무인화 사업장에 널리 사용되는 설비로서 중앙제어실에서 CRT화면을 통하여 원거리에 위치한 현장설비를 감시할 수 있으며 필요시 제어 명령을 보내서 해당기기를 제어하도록 구성되어 있다. 전기설비를 감시하는 모든 계전기는 디지탈로 구성되어 있어 전압, 전류값을 추적하고 판독하도록 되어 있다. 특히 각 판넬 내부에 설치된 폐쇄배전반 절연열화 진단설비는 전력설비 열화 시 발생하는 부분방전 검출을 위해 30MHz대역의 협대역으로 선정되어 있으며, 1초 동안 펄스 크기와 펄스 수량을 측정하여 열화진행과정을 실시간으로 근무자에게 통보하고, 또한 화재감시센서를 이용하여 화재발생 시 배전반 상부에 설치된 개별형 자동소화기가 동작하여 사고 파급을 막도록 구성하였다.
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This paper is for the transient analysis of instant short-circuit test equipment according to the test of tripping limits and characteristics under IEC 60947-2. The in-rush current is harmful to almost equipments and the exact testing is not made because of it. LGIS has a instant short-circuit test equipment, but it is not suitable for carrying out instant short-circuit test on ELB(Earth Leakage Circuit breaker) by reason of that. Now, I am going to show a solution for that problem. After applying this method, manufacturer is going to acquire the exact testing result according to the IEC standard. Moreover, Testing laboratory will be trusted by clients.
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In operation of distribution system, DGs(Distributed Generations) are installed as an alternative of extension and establishment of substations, transmission and distribution lines according to increasing power demand. Optimal capacity and allocation of DGs improve power quality and reliability. This paper proposes a method for determining the optimal number, size and allocation of DGs needed to minimize operation cost of distribution system. Capacity of DGs for economic operation of distribution system can be estimated by the load growth and line capacity during operation planning duration. DG allocations are determined to minimize total cost with failure rate and annual reliability cost of each load point using GA(Genetic Algorithm).
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Recently, the concern of power qualiaty problem is increasing. Especially, Voltage quality problem have been increased important problem. Electronic device was affected by voltage sag. So, sensitive load that included many electronic Device was affected by voltage sag. also, it may have economic loss. In this paper, we argue the coordination scheme considering the loss of sensitive load. The coordination device of distribution system for instaneous fault is recloser and sectionalizer, But, the fault clearing time of recloser is more than 2 seconds. So, voltage sag generates long time that affected sensitive load. HS(high speed switchgear) has fast fault clearing time(0.015s) that not affected sensitive load. Therefore, the coordination applied HS is used. The proposed schemes are proved and evaluated by a case study using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation.
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In this paper, a parametric evaluation method of protection ability is proposed. The adequacy of every parameter is evaluated for the setting rules. Then the results are combined to give protection level of a whole protective system. The setting rules are categorized into three groups for hierarchical calculation. The proposed scheme is applied to a location problem of a new protective device to show its effectiveness.
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본 논문에서는 차세대 대체 에너지원으로서 주목받고 있으며, 상용화되고 있는 분산전원이 도입된 배전계통에서 고장이 발생한 경우, 경험적 최적화 알고리즘인 타부 탐색법을 적용한 고장 복구 알고리즘을 제안하고자 한다. 배전계통 고장복구 문제는 배전 선로상에 고장 발생시 최적의 부하절체를 함으로써 건전 정전구간을 최소화하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 배전 자동화시스템에서 분산전원 계통을 자동화하여 분산전원의 동작 상태를 감시하고 고장검출, 계통분리 또는 원격스위치를 제어함으로써 고장복구 방법을 제시한다. 제안한 알고리즘의 유용성을 입증하기 위해 참고문헌의 예제 계통에 제안한 방법을 적용해 본 결과, 제안한 알고리즘이 해의 탐색속도 및 해의 성능면에서 우수함을 확인하였다.
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전력 계통에서의 안정적인 전기 공급과 전기 품질 수준의 유지 관리를 위해 전압 측정 Database를 이용한 분석이 필요하게 된다. 본 논문에서는 실 배전 계통에서 측정될 수 있는 RMS 간과 사고 시 전압을 저가형 전력 품질 모니터링 시스템을 통해 서버 컴퓨터로 데이터를 전송하여 Database에 저장 처리 할 수 있는 프로그램을 Delphi 언어로 개발하였다. 이는 구축된 Database를 이용 전력 품질을 분석하고 진단하는데 사용된다.
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Cho, Yong-Gun;Kwon, Hun;Park, Yong-Bum;Lee, Kyoung-Bai;Kim, Sun-Il;Lee, Eun-Woo;Hong, Kyu-Seog;Kim, Jae-Eon 375
수용가에게 영향을 끼치는 전력품질 문제를 다루기 위해서는 3상 전압변동, 전압불평형, 순간전압상승(Swell), 순간전압강하(Sag), 순간정전(Interruption)등의 발생시 측정된 Data들을 근간으로 하여 전력품질을 분석할 필요가 있다. 본 논문에서는 이를 위해 개발된 PQMS DataBase 분석프로그램을 소개하기로 한다. -
This paper presents the optimal point for measuring harmonic levels in distribution systems. Harmonic should be measure PCC (Point of Common Coupling), where is extended over distribution systems, but some PCCs are limited for economical and technical reason : for this reason, the harmonic measurement for a real distribution system and computer simulation are performed to find the optimal PCC in this paper.
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The authors have developed a solution method based on the incremental algorithm. The optimal load balance between feeders is found through the incremental algorithm with allowing the loop configuration. Therefore loops can be configured in the resulting configuration, and then we must eliminate all loops to satisfy radiality of distribution system because the distribution system is operated under radial status. But the optimal load balance through incremental algorithm is deteriorated when the loops are eliminated. In this paper, authors propose a new method which is to improve the searching procedure of path in the incremental algorithm, that is, so as not to make loop in the path configuration.
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Striking in change that present our country is much by electricity industry reform and the Korea Electric Power Corporation is deciding power distribution system reliability indices every year but power distribution system for reliability evaluation and establishment of investment program are consisting punily. If consider efficient inflection of resources and hereafter power distribution division that is limited for target achievement of schedule level service evaluation and reliability side in operation of the power distribution system, can expect efficient practical use of the power distribution property if gains in electrical side about these change and most suitable investment way consist because there is necessity of electric power plan establishment of area electric power distribution place of business unit. This paper consider proper reliability level and maximum effect through quantitative analysis to gain electrical gains of the power distribution system in reliability side depending on trend DB(Data Base) of data of electric power system composition appliance in this treatise and apply data administration and reliability rate analysis that serve to decide most suitable investment precedence to supply of electric power property to power distribution system present investment algorithm.
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This paper presents a application of the voltage analysis method for practical distribution system with DG(Distributed Generation). If the wind farm system is introduced in the existing distribution systems, there are many serious impacts in systems. So it is practiced the voltage analysis for the distribution system when the wind farm is introduced. in this paper, we used computer simulations with the DistFlow Method for system analysis.
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본 논문은 새로운 풍력단지를 조성함에 있어서 이로 인해 배전계통의 보호방식에 끼치는 영향을 분석한 것이다. 분석 대상으로는
$1.6MW{\times}12$ (19.2MW)의 유도발전기들로 구성되는 Wind Farm이 154kV S/S의 주변압기 직하에 전용선로로 도입되는 것으로 하여 이 때의 배전계통의 보호방식에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. -
This paper deals with the monitoring program based on Windows for Distribution Panel Tester. The monitoring software has variety function : data file conversion, user define data generation, data metering and signal analysis etc. The software is designed for GUI because it provides easy test and control interface for users or operators.
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This paper presents the scheme for load model based dispersed generation system (DGs) installation and operation in unbalanced distribution systems. Groups of each individual load model consist of residential, industrial, commercial, official and agricultural load. The main idea of solving fuzzy nonlinear goal programming is to transform the original objective function and constraints into the equivalent multiple objective functions with fuzzy sets to evaluate their imprecise nature for the criterion of power loss minimization, the number or total capacity of DGs and the bus voltage deviation, and then solve the problem using genetic algorithms. The method proposed was applied to IEEE 13 bus test systems to demonstrate its effectiveness.
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In this paper, the on line volt/var control algorithms of the food Load Tap Changer (LTC) transformer and Shunt Capacitor(SC) are proposed for distribution volt/var regulation. In the existing volt/var control of the distribution substation, the voltage of feeders and var of distribution systems is mainly controlled by the LTC transformer tap position and on/off status of the shunt capacitor. The LTC and shunt capacitor bank has discrete operation characteristics and therefore it is very difficult to control volt/var at the distribution networks within the satisfactory levels. Also there is limitation of the operation times of the LTC and shunt capacitor bank because it is affects on their functional lifetime. The proposed volt/var control algorithm determine an optimal tap position of LTC and on/off status of shunt capacitors at a distribution network with the multiple feeders. The mathematical equations of the proposed method are introduced. Simple case study was performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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In this paper, we applied a chaos search method for feeder reconfiguration problem in unbalanced distribution system. Chaos method, in optimization problem, searches the global optimal solution on the regularity of chaotic motions and more easily escapes from local or near optimal solution than stochastic optimization algorithms. The chaos search method applied to the IEEE 13 unbalanced test feeder systems, and the test results indicate that it is able to determine appropriate switching options for global optimum configuration.
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As power demand increases gradually, the call for underground transmission system increases. But it is very difficult and high in cost to construct new ducts and/or tunnels for power cables in metropolitan areas. HTS (High Temperature Superconducting) cable has the several useful characteristics such as increased power density. Therefore HTS cable can allow more power to be moved in existing ducts, which means very large economical and environmental benefits. In this paper, we investigate the status of korean power system and underground transmission system. Based on this, the feasibility study on applying 22kV class HTS cable to korean power system is carried out and then we propose the new power system configuration of metropolitan area with 22kV class HTS cable.
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As power demand increases gradually, the call for underground transmission system increases. But it is very difficult and high in cost to construct new ducts and/or tunnels for power cables in metropolitan areas. HTS (High Temperature Superconducting) cable has the several useful characteristics such as increased power density. Therefore HTS cable can allow more power to be moved in existing ducts, which means very large economical and environmental benefits. In this paper, we carried out investigation for Application of 22kV class HTS cable in Korean utility networks. The results show that the HTS cable is applicable to replace IPB in pumping-up power plant, withdrawal line in distributed generation, withdrawal line in complex power plant, and conventional under ground cable. Finally, as the cost of HTS wire and refrigeration drops, the technical and economical potential of HTS cable is evaluated positively.
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Since the discovery of the high-temperature superconductors, many researches have been performed for the practical applications of superconductivity technologies in various fields. As results, significant progress has been achieved. Especially, Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) offers an attractive means to limit fault current in power systems. In order to verify the effectiveness of the SFCL, in this paper, the analysis of fault current and voltage stability assessment in a distribution system are studied using the EMTDC based simulation method in which a novel component for a resistive type of SFCL is presented. Through the simulation, the most suitable SFCL's application point is selected and the assessment method for the parameters of the SFCL is also recommended.
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Choi, H.S.;Chung, H.S.;Choi, C.J.;Lee, S.I.;Chung, S.B.;Oh, K.G.;Lim, S.H.;Han, B.S.;Chung, D.C. 415
we analyzed the electromagnetic behavior of a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) under the quench state using FEM. The analysis model used in this work is 5.5 KVA meander-line type SFCLs. Meshes of 3,650 triangular elements were used in the analysis of this SFCL. Analysis results showed that the distribution of current density was concentrated to inner curved line in meander-line type-SFCL and the maximum current density was 14.61$A/m^2$ and also the maximum Joule heat was 2,030$W/m^2$ in this region. We think that the new and the modified structure must be considered for an uniform distribution of the electromagnetic field. -
The fault current limiting characteristics at the initial fault time for flux-lock type high-Tc superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL) were investigated. The amplitude of initial fault current of the flux-lock type SFCL was dependent on the inductance ratio of coil 1 and 2. After fault current limiting mode was analyzed, we compared the calculated value with the experimental one for the initial fault current. The effect of initial fault current due to the inductance ratio of coil 1 and 2 on fault current limiting characteristics was discussed.
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To prevent fault effect in supply of electric power distribution system and plan stable operation of electric power system, must control magnitude of fault current. Although there are various kinds of method to solvethis, approached from super conductivity Fault Current Limiter application viewpoint among them. High Temperature Superconductor-Fault Current Limiter (HTS-FCL) development is progressing according to HTS technology development, and system application is tried. For actual system application of such super conductivity FCL, so that can reflect special quality of actuality supply of electric power distribution system just as it is in this treatise supply of electric power system by two modelling do. Also, by simulation of HTS-FCL action and protection coordination with another equipment appliances, verified the effectiveness in supply of electric power system applying itself super conductivity FCL EMTDC dynamic characteristic model that is develope.
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The reliability performance of distribution networks will be enhanced with the installation of application programs including feeder reconfiguration program for loss minimization and optimization of system capacity. Although the basic functions of remote monitoring and remote control provide no measurable cost benefit the suite of application programs developed and now being commissioned by KEPCO, the future will continue to offer this utility with substantial savings in system operational costs, improve system reliability and customer service.
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We want to know the specification of Chinese distribution automation system and facilities for approach to Chinese market. This paper introduces the purpose of distribution automation project, function of distribution automation system, standard of facilities by specification of utility in China.
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As the nation's standard of living rises lately, the common interest in the environmental issue is raised and the environmental design of a transmission line is needed. When the environmental design is needed, KEPCO used a steel pole instead of a rectangular tower. A steel pole has many advantages such as simplification of a tower and less damage to the forest according to less demand of site. But the weak withstand weight of a mono type steel pole is a problem. This paper introduces an H type steel pole which improves its withstand weight, reduces a diameter of a pole from 2.6m to 1.3m and decreases joining points according to the increase of unit length of a pole from 6m to 9m.
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Wind-induced oscillations are known to cause damage to the conductors and related hardware through fatigue, clashing of the bundled conductors and bolt loosening. Wake-induced oscillations have been known since the advent of bundled conductors, they are caused by aerodynamically unstable forces acting on the leeward conductors in the wake of the windward conductors, They take the form of horizontal galloping, snaking or rolling, in which case all subconductors move together in unison. They can also take the form of the subspan oscillation, which appear as elliptical motions of the subconductors moving out of phase, mainly in the horizontal plane within a subspan. In order to decrease amplitudes of the oscillation, this paper examines the application status of the spacer dampers and suggests proper installation methods.
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In this study the formula of electro magnetic fields under 3-phase power lines with vertical or horizontal line-configurations were deduced and the effect of the earth was considered in the formula. Using the formula the electric field and the magnetic flux density under distribution and transmission lines constucted currently in our country were calculated and the components of each field were investigated with horizontal distance from tower and height above the earth.
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For the safety of aircraft, aviation obstacle lights must be attached to the transmission towers in accordance with the governing law. Aviation obstacle lights which consist of solar cells, batteries. xenon lamps and a regulator substituted for aviation obstacle lights using AC power. A xenon lamp has advantage such as high brightness but also has disadvantage like large power consumption which cause lighting system to have many solar cells and batteries. This paper introduces an application of a aviation obstacle light using LED lamp through the economic analysis between LED lamp and xenon lamp.
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1995년도에서 2002년도까지 8년간 충남서,남부 지역에서 발생한 송전설비 고장 데이터를 수집하여 전압별 및 고장 원인별로 분류하여 분석한 결과 낙뢰에 의한 고장이 54.9%로 제일 많았고, 돌풍에 의한 고장과 외물접촉, 산불에 의한 고장 순이였으며, 이는 우리 전력계통에서 일어난 과년도 송전고장과 비슷한 양상을 보였다. 또한, 본고에서는 이 지역의 송전고장을 원인별로 분류하여 분석한 결과를 바탕으로 송전고장을 줄일 수 있는 방안을 검토하여 보았다.
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This paper examines the insulation coordination scheme of line and equipment in distribution system when the direct lightning surge strikes. The BIL that is applied in distribution system is not properly considered the performance and operation of arresters. Because of that, the high BIL is being used at partial system. This paper variously analyse the lightning overvoltage of line and equipment with earth of overhead grounding wire and installation types of arrester. Form these result, authors examine the rationality of BIL.
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$SF_6$ gas has been increasingly used as the insulating and arc-suppressing medium in switchgears which are used as the protection devices of power system. Nowadays, most of power companies adopted the$SF_6$ gas-type load break switch for increasing the reliability of distribution network by its superior durability against external environmental condition, in substitution for air-type and oil-type switches. But, it is important to establish the general estimation process for the testing and estimation for long-term reliability. Accordingly, this paper presents the reliability testing method for$SF_6$ gas load break switch which is based on the analysis of the failure mode and the statistics. -
In the present IEC 60427(2000), reduced applied voltage can be used for synthetic short-circuit making current tests if the maximum pre-arcing time of the test circuit breaker is less than
$1/{\omega}$ . But in the near future IEC, only the making tests with full test voltage shall be allowed. To meet this trend, KERI is preparing synthetic making test facilities using step-up transformer, ITMC and plasma making switch. This paper presents analytical characteristics of KERI's synthetic short-circuit making test circuits. The results of this paper can be useful for effective and adequate tests. -
In this study the induced-current density distributions in spherical human model by the magnetic field from electric power lines were analysed with visualization and also the effects of phase difference between components of magneto field were investigated.
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우리나라에서 현재 적용중인 배전용 지중케이블은 1973년 처음 도입되어 도시의 중심 번화가와 변전소 인출개소 및 신도시 택지개발 지역 둥에 주로 설치되어 현재는 약 17,231 C-km (2002.12말 기준)에 이르고 있다. '86 아시안 게임과 '88 서울올림픽을 대비해 설치했던 케이블들은 설치 당시의 열악한 제작, 시공 및 관리 기술의 부족으로 많은 문제점을 가지고 있다. 이런 불량케이블이나 20년 이상된 노후케이블의 절연상태를 파악하기 위해 현재 적용 기준으로 되어있는 등온완화전류법을 이용한 열화진단장비를 현장에 적용해 보고 사례를 분석해보므로써 이 장비의 문제점과 향후 개선방향을 모색해 보았다.
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우리나라는 1980년대 이후 급격한 경제성장에 따라 년 10%대의 급격한 전력수요 증가를 보이고 있으며, 1인당 전력소비량 또한 매년 큰 폭의 증가세를 보이고 있다. 특히, 주요한 전력 수요 증가지대가 경인 지역에 집중되어 있으나, 이 지역은 인구 밀집지역으로 환경과 입지적인 관점에서 새로운 발전원을 개발하기가 곤란하다. 이에 따라 대용량 발전단이 있는 중서부권이나 영동권으로부터 수요지인 경인지역으로의 대규모 전력전송로가 필요하게 되었다. 이에 따라 1979년부터 765kV로의 전압격상을 준비하였으며, 1983년부터 765kV 연구개발을 시작하여 1997년 10월에 1차로 765kV 송전선로에 345kV 가압을 시작하여 2002년 5월 8일에 역사적인 765kV 송전을 개시하였다. 전력계통운용에서 765kV 송전선로의 중요도가 매우 커지게 됨으로써 국내 최초로 적용되는 765kV송전선로 보호시스템의 정동작 유무를 정확히 판단하여 전력계통의 보호 신뢰도를 향상시키는 문제가 중요하게 대두 되었다. 본 논문에서는 시각동기장치가 부착된 보호계전기 시험장치를 이용하여 양단 변전소에서 동시에 EMTP와 RTDS 둥으로 검토된 송전선로 고장상태를 인가하여 보호시스템의 정동작 여부를 종합적으로 판정하는 시험 기술을 개발하여 실적용한 사례와 향후 사용 계획에 대해서 기술하였다.
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IEC(International Electrotechnical Commission) 62271-100 has been adopted for the design test of circuit breaker which is used as the main protecting device of power system. But, it is also necessary to separately receive the testing certificate in accordance with ANSI/IEEE standard for getting into the american market. Up to now, several domestic companies have completed the ANSI/IEEE testing in medium circuit breaker of distribution system, but they recently started the ANSI/IEEE testing in ultra high-voltage class of transmission and substation system. This paper introduces the testing techniques and its results for the making and breaking performance of 145kV, 40kA
$SF_6$ gas circuit breaker which was firstly performed in KERI(Korea Electrotechnology Institute) by the ANSI/IEEE standard. -
This paper presents the measurement results and the statistical analysis of electrical and magnetic fields in the vicinity of overhead distribution lines. The maximum values of electrical and magnetic fields are 0.042kV/m and 8.3mG. The median values are 0.005kV/m and 1.3mG. The electrical and magnetic fields of distribution lines are compared to those of transmission lines and home appliances.
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Owing to the strike of lightning a breakage of insulator would happen. This breakage may give rise to many problems such as increment of reclosing failure, a drop for reliance and a hardship of maintenance and repair. To solve those problem, this study develop a protected equipment for insulator which is suitable to 22.9kV distribution line towers and is purposed to investigation for a proper adaption, protection efficiency of insulator and effect of adaption.
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이 논문에서는 종합배전자동화용 응용프로그램을 소개하고자 한다. 자동화개폐기에서 원격으로 취득한 각종 데이터를 이용하여 배전계통을 최적으로 운전함으로써 전력품질 향상과 경제적인 효과를 얻을 수 있었으며, 현재 개발된 프로그램은 종합배전자동화시스템에 적용하여 사용하고 있다.
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송전용 애자의 누설전류 측정을 위한 실증 시험장치로 애자의 누설전류 특성에 관한 조사를 하였다. 자기, 유리 및 폴리머 애자에 선간전압 154 [kV]의 전압을 인가하여 바닷가 주위에서 누설전류 파형과 일일 누설전류 및 외부 환경적 parameter들과의 상관 관계에 대하여 고찰하였다. 그 결과 자기 및 유리애자는 습기가 높은 새벽과 밤에는 높은 누설전류가 나왔으며 폴리머 애자는 hydrophobicity의 특성 때문에 환경적 변화에 크게 영향을 받지 않았다.
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Park, Sang-Man;Kang, Moon-Ho;Jeong, Yeong-Ho;Ryoo, Hee-Suk;Nam, Kee-Young;Lee, Jae-Duck;Jung, Dong-Hak 482
특별고압 가공배전선로는 일반적으로 콘크리트전주를 지지물로 하고 있고, 선로의 상부에는 가공지선을, 하부에는 중성선을 설치하되, 매전주에서 가공지선, 중성선, 완철을 서로 접속하고 적절한 경간마다 전주에서 접지하도록 하고 있다. 또한 콘크리트전주는 기계적 강도의 유지를 위하여 철근이나 강선을 주골재로 사용하면서도 설계기준에서는 콘크리트전주의 뇌격에 대한 접지효과를 고려하지 않고 있는데, 실험에 의해, 접지선에 어느 정도 이상의 임펄스전류가 흐르면 전주의 철근이 접지회로의 일부를 구성하는 것으로 확인되었다. 본 논문에서는 콘크리트전주의 뇌임펄스에 대한 응답을 실험적으로 고찰하였다. -
본 논문은 기설 WSI제 CVT에 대해 전자 과도해석 프로그램((EMTP : Electromagnetic Transient Program)을 통한 모의실험으로 철공진현상 제동저항 크기(
$0.5{\Omega}$ )를 선정하고, 기설 154kV 및 345kV CVT의 철공진방지회로를 제동저항 단독취부 형태에서 과포화리액터와 제동저항을 직렬회로로 구성하여 취부하는 방식으로 개선한 후 실증시험 및 현장적용 시험을 통해 CVT 쳔공진현상 제동여부 확인 및 외함온도 변화추이 비교하여 개선효과를 제시함으로써 WSI제 CVT 고장예방에 기어코자 한다. -
As aluminum becomes more widely used in power distribution systems, so the corrosion caused by bimetallic contacts of aluminum and copper becomes more serious problem. In particular, the poor contact of the commonly used compression type bimetal connections may bring about the disastrous interruption of the power supply resulted from the increased corrosion within the joints, which is accelerated by the permeation of water and electrolyte into the interface. In this paper, the corrosion characteristics of aluminum and copper are investigated to improve the reliability of Al-Cu connectons.
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전력계통의 유연하고 안정적인 운용을 위한 인버터형 FACTS 기기의 국내 적용에 대한 연구 결과를 토대로 국내 154kV 계통에 적용되는 80MVA급 UPFC pilot plant project가 수행되었다. Project의 결과물로써 80MVA급 UPFC가 강진-장흥 154kV 계통에 제작, 설치되었다. 강진 변전소 UPFC는 각종 성능 시험 및 시운전 절차를 성공적으로 완료하였으며 현재는 병렬 인버터에 의한 강진 모선의 전압 제어 및 직렬인버터에 의한 강진-장흥간의 조류 제어 기능을 수행하며 상용 운전되고 있다.
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This paper analyses the operation characteristic of distance relay when the single line to ground occurs in underground power cable systems that reduction device of sheath circulating current is installed. To apply that reduction device to actual system, the change of line impedance calculated at relay point is also analysed by the connection type of SVLs and fault location, fault inception angle with the installation of reduction device of reactor or not.
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This paper analyses the lightning overvoltage with earth of grounding wire and installation types of arresters in double circuits distribution systems. First, the model for analysis is selected severer case between upper line and lower line when the direct lightning surge strikes on the overhead grounding wire. The lightning overvoltage is variously calculated with earth distance between overhead grounding wires. This paper also analyses the effect of the installation distance between arrestors and the earth resistance of overhead grounding wire. From these results, authors examine the rationality of BIL that is applied in distribution system.
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This paper reviews calculating of induced voltage onto a communication line from 22.9kV-Y Distribution Lines. The coexistence of both power line and communication line in parallel generates the induction of significant longitudinal voltage in the weak current line. In order to evaluate a precise induced voltage, this paper indicated some problems about coefficient and numerical formula. It also presents some induced voltage production technology standard application.
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A Study of Fault Current Distribution Ratio with a Reduction Equipment of Sheath Circulating Current본 논문에서는 방전갭을 이용한 시스 순환 전류 저감장치 보호유닛을 제안하여 SVL형식의 저감장치 보호유닛과 뇌써지시 과도특성을 비교하였으며, 또한 시스 순환전류 저감장치 보호유닛 적용시의 고장전류분류율을 검토한 결과 모든 경우에 대하여 각 접지선의 고장전류분류율이 현행의 기준을 만족함으로써 시스 순환전류 저감장치 보호유닛을 적용한 저감장치의 현장적용 가능성을 제시하였다.
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In the case of a fire in the mountains, steel wires coated with zinc and aluminum wires of those power cables exposed to the fire or near around will be deteriorated by the blaze and the high temperature. This paper shows the experimental results that apply to a new wire by an artificial flame-maker and results including the intensity of extension and wrench for a conductor. In addition, there's been an experiment and analysis about the mechanical characteristics of the wire of ACSR
$480mm^2$ which was removed from A T/L by a forest fire. Then, the database will be made to predict the state of deteriorated wires by a forest fire using those two data, and data necessary to diagnose the life state of an ACSR wire affected by a forest fire will be given. -
Because the overhead transmission lines are exposed to the outdoor weather, the faults of the transmission lines are due to natural conditions, and among these faults, the outage rate by lightning is about 50%. The lightning causes the damage of power system equipments, the shut down of electricity and the electro-magnetic interference. Therefore, the pertinent insulation design is important, not only to decrease the damage of the facility itself but also to increase the reliability of electric power system. For these reasons, we have to obtain and accumulate the lightning current parameters for the basic lightning research. This paper describes the statistical distribution of lightning current parameters and the IKL map.
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Our transmissions are mostly constructed on the mountains and passing over the mountains. The height of transmission lines are generally decided from the trees on the mountains. The height of the transmission lines is very important, because it has an effect on construction and maintenance costs of the transmission lines. We carried out tests for electrical impulse characteristics between trees and transmission lines, and suggested the test results.
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This paper presents a frequency analysis of subspan oscillation on overhead transmission line. The Oscillation frequency is a natural characteristic of a subspan and can be calculated. But it is not same to calculated frequency, because it has been composed several frequencies of adjacent subspan. We were analyzed to the frequency of subspan oscillation by FFT methods. This result will use to establish of the subspan location rules.
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This paper presents a stability estimation method for subspan oscillation on overhead transmission line. It has been used method by conductor's fatigue limit or subspan oscillation amplitude. But it is not proper to estimation of subspan oscillation. We suggest to instability index for estimation method of subspan oscillation. And we tried to 4 bundled conductor system. This result will use to establish of the subspan location rules.
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This paper presents a collection of a number of observations made on 4 bundled conductor transmission lines concerning the behaviour of conductors under the effect of natural winds. Namely in order to know the wind-induced vibration status and study wind-induced vibrations have been recorded and analyzed form the real transmission lines. By the field observation and analysis results, subspan oscillations among the wind-induced vibrations is known to be the main type of the vibrations. And some common characteristics of the observation sites, which have had high maintenance rate, can be found from the data also. It is considered that the main results described in this paper will be useful data and be used in controlling the subspan oscillations and protecting the conductors.
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UPFC Pilot plant project의 결과물로써 설계, 제작된 80MVA급 UPFC(Unified Power Flow Controller)는 현재 강진변전소 강진-장홍 154kV 선로에 설치되어 commissioning 시험을 완료하고 시험 운전되고 있다. UPFC는 기존에 수동적으로 제어하였던 선로의 전압, 임피던스 및 위상각을 능동적으로 제어함으로써 전력공급의 신뢰성 및 유연성을 높일 수 있다. 이러한 기능을 갖는 UPFC의 시험 운전을 통하여 UPFC의 기기자체의 성능을 검증하고 기기의 운전 영역의 변화가 인근의 계통에 미치는 영향에 대하여 조사하였다.
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변전소는 에너지 측면에서 볼 때 에너지를 연계하거나 분리 또는 변환하는 지점에 설치되어지며 변전소 자동화 시스템은 이러한 변전소의 주요 기기들이나 각 피더를 감시하고 보호하는 역할을 수행하게 된다. Microprocessor 기술의 발전과 통신기술 및 프로그래밍 기술의 발전을 통하여 변전소의 시스템 또한 90년경부터 디지털화가 가속되어 그 시스템 또한 구조적으로 변화하게 된다. 기존 아날로그 시스템의 경직된 구성에서 탈피하여 변화의 속도 또한 점차 증가하고 있으며 이러한 흐름을 파악하기 위해 변전소 자동화 시스템의 현재 발전 상황과 앞으로의 변화 방향에 대하여 서술한다.
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It is important to classily fault types and discriminate fault section by any detecting technique for combined transmission lines. This paper proposes the technique to classify the fault types and fault section using neuro-fuzzy systems. Neuro-fuzzy systems are composed of two parts to perform different works. First, neuro-fuzzy system for fault type classification is performed with approximation coefficient of currents obtained by wavelet transform. Another neuro-fuzzy system discriminates the fault section between overhead and underground with detail coefficients of voltage and current. In this paper, neuro-fuzzy system shows the excellent results for classification of fault types and discrimination of fault section.
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퓨즈 부착 고압 교류부하개폐기(Alternating current switch-fuse combination)는 개폐기와 한류형 퓨즈의 조합으로서 각각의 규격(개폐기는 IEC60265-1, 한류형 퓨즈는 IEC60282-1)에 따른 개발시험을 실시 한 후 휴즈부착 고압교류 부하개폐기의 규격인 IEC62271-105에 따라 개발시험이 이루어진다. 본 논문에서는 최근에 개정된 IEC62271-105의 신구 비교, 시험종류 및 시험방법에 대해서 기술하였다.
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In the high-power tests to be performed on electrical apparatus as circuit-breaker, load switch, fuse, transformers, insulators, cable and so on, the results of tests on these apparatus are extremely important to evaluate the performance of test object. The reliability of the results depends on the reliability of measuring systems used in the laboratories where tests are performed. This paper deals with factors of uncertainty and describes estimation of uncertainty in new measuring system used in high-power testing LAB. 1 in KERI.
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한류형 전력퓨즈는 계통의 단락사고로 고장 전류가 흐를 때 퓨즈내부에서 발생하는 저항에 의해 고장전류를 회로 고유의 단락전류보다 아주 적은 값으로 제한하고 최소 시간내에 차단하여 회로를 보호하므로 계통기기의 단락용량를 최소한으로 감소시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 한류형 전력퓨즈의 단락전류 차단성능 평가를 위해 동작책무에 따른 차단성능을 규명하고자 단락발전기를 사용하여 단락전류차단시험을 실시하고 그 결과를 제시하였으며, 또한 차단과정에 따른 스트레스들이 단락시험 시 차단성능에 미치는 영향을 다루고 있다.
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본 논문에서는 362kV GIS 외함 유도 순환전류에 의한 접지본드과열에 대하여 원인을 분석하고 대책을 마련하는 것을 목적으로한다. 원인분석에는 접지본드 과열현상과 과열원인을 GIB 시스전류계산식을 이용하여 계산결과를 도출하였고 전자과도해석 프로그램(EMTP : Electromagnetic Transient Program)에 의한 분석을 통하여 원인을 분석하고 대책을 마련하여 과열현상을 방지하고자 한다.
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새로운 대중교통수단의 하나로써 경전철을 도입중이거나 계획중인 도시가 늘어나고 있는 추세이다. 경전철은 장거리 선로상에서 이동하는 부하라는 관점에서 전기철도 및 지하철과 유사성을 가지고 있으나, 전철 설비가 도심의 지상에 설치되는 점과 역사설비가 비교적 간단하며 선로의 긍장이 지하철에 비하여 잘은 경우가 대부분인 경우가 특징이다. 본 논문에서는 경전철을 안전하고 효율적으로 운행하기 위한 전제조건이 되는 전력 계통의 신뢰성확보를 위한 경전철 전력계통 신뢰성평가 및 최적화방안을 도출하였다. 계통공급신뢰도는 확률이론을 이용하여 정량적으로 산출할 수 있으며 정량적 신뢰도 산출법을 이용 개별 계통구성요소의 신뢰도 특성으로부터 전체계통의 신뢰도를 계산할 수 있다. 이로써 신뢰도 측면과, 설치 및 유지보수 비용을 고려한 최적의 계통구성방안이 도출된다.
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The second harmonic component is commonly used for blocking differential relay in power transformers. However, it is difficult to distinguish between inrush and internal winding fault with differential current protective relaying. This paper proposed a new method using Nuro-Fuzzy System based on HCM(Hard C-Means). The proposed system is more objective and systematic than existing model. The data used in input are 3-phase primary voltage and fundamental harmonic of differential current. Various states of transformer are simulated using BCTRAN and HYSDAT of EMTP. As a result of the application of algorithm in various cases, the exact discrimination between internal winding fault and inrush is performed.
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As electric power transmission systems grow to supply the increasing electric power demand, transmission capacity is larger. but that's really difficult to secure the location for power transmission and distribution to user. The high temperature superconducting(HTS) cable is a method to solve this problem. But for applying to real systems, it needs to investigate the effect of HTS cable. The most important things is the investigation of fault condition. the fault on HTS cable include the quench state. When a fault occur in a circuit, three critical parameters(temperature, current density, magnetic field) exist. when one of these parameters exceeds the critical value, the superconducting becomes normal-conducting. f the cooling power is insufficient to recover the superconducting state, the normal-conducting zone expands. In order to solve these problem, this paper present simulate the quench state considering the over-current and over-voltage in the informal circuit and analyze the quench state.
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The effects of surge arresters for protection of transmission systems against direct lightning strokes have already been investigated using the digital simulation program EMTP. Distribution lines are spanned on a much large area as compared to transmission lines, and therefore, are more often susceptible to lightning strokes. This paper analyzes the overvoltages on underground cable system against direct lightning strokes to the overhead ground wire using the digital simulation. The effects of lightning protection methods, such as lowering the grounding resistance and installing the surge arrester, for preventing overvoltages on underground cable system caused by direct lightning strokes to the overhead ground wire is investigated. Several schemes have been proposed to protect underground cables. This paper summarizes the main results of a study aimed at analysis of lightning overvoltages in variety underground feeders protected by metal-oxide arresters. This study will provide insulation coordination methods for reasonable system design in 22.9kV underground cable system.
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This paper deals with simulation of lightning overvoltage generated by back flashover entering 345[kV] Gas Insulated Substation. In order to protect the substation equipment against lightning surge, insulation coordination is performed with the lightning arrester. This paper suggests optimal location of lightning arrester using the EMTP/ATPDraw to mere economically and effectively reduce the lightning surge incoming overhead lines.
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Yoon, Young-Seok;Choi, Il-Heung;Lee, Sang-Yoon;Hwang, Dong-Hwan;Lee, Sang-Jeong;Jang, Su-Hyeong;Lee, Byung-Jin;Park, Jang-Soo;Jeong, Yeong-Ho 564
전력 계통에서 안정한 전력을 공급하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 전력 계통의 오류는 전압 및 주파수를 감시함으로써 검출 가능하다. 본 논문에서는 디지털 위상 고정 루프를 이용한 전력 계통의 주파수 측정 장치를 제안하고 이를 구현한 결과를 제시하고자 한다. 제안한 주파수 측정 장치는 위상 고정 루프의 기본요소로 구성된다. 위상분별기는 배타적 논리연산을 통해 위상오차를 검출하고 위상의 앞섬 및 뒤짐의 검출이 가능하도록 설계하였으며, 전력 계통의 주파수 동특성을 고려해서 3차의 루프 필터를 설계하였다. DCO는 출력 주파수의 분해능을 고려하여 입력 신호를 정확하게 추정할 수 있도록 설계하였다. 제안한 주파수 측정 장치의 성능을 검증하기 위하여 모의실험을 통해 주파수 변동량의 측정 범위 및 정확도를 검토하였으며, FPGA와 CPU를 포함하는 하드웨어를 구현하였다. FPGA에는 Verilog HDL로 디지털 위상 고정 루프의 위상분별기와 DCO를 구현하였으며 루프필터는 소프트웨어로 구현하였다. 제안한 디지털 위상 고정 루프의 성능 검증을 위해 정밀한 함수 발생기의 출력을 인가한 후 출력 주파수를 측정한 결과 및 전력 계통에 대한 실험 결과를 제시하였다. -
As a definition of NERC, Available Transfer Capability(ATC) is a measure of the transfer capability remaining in the physical transmission network for the future commercial activity. To calculate ATC, accurate and defensible TTC, CBM and TRM should be calculated in advance. In this paper, we propose a method to quantify TRM using probabilistic load flow based on the method of moment. Generation output, bus voltages, loads, and line outages are considered as complex random variables (CRV) to take into account for uncertainties related to the transmission network conditions. Probability Density Function (PDF) of line flow at the most limiting line is used to quantify TRM with the desired probabilistic margin. Suggested method is compared with the results from conventional CPF method and verified using 24 bus MRTS, and the suggested method based on PLF shows efficiency and flexibility for the quantification of TRM compared with the conventional method.
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The congestion management is a key task for enhancing the effectiveness of transmission pricing mechanism in a competitive electricity market. In this paper, the zonal method of congestion management is analyzed quantitatively using equilibrium concept, and compared with the nodal pricing method. It is shown that the generation firm uses different strategies in the two methods, and the overall performance of zonal congestion management depends on the determination of zones.
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With the deregulation of the power industries in many countries, the trend is towards accommodating more freedom and choice to the market participants and encouraging competition as much as possible in the power market. In this regards, the necessity of market simulation is increasing in order to guarantee a secure and reliable operation of an electricity market. This paper presents the technique of market simulation considering constraints such as energy resource and transmission interface using commercial market simulator.
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This paper describes a research for activation of diect load control program in competitive electicity market. A direct load control program after the restructuring of electric power industry will evolve to the bilateral information system to derive a voluntary participation of demand side resource. Therefore, this paper presented a right way of direct load control program for the foreign market research.
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일반적으로, 전력시장은 가격기능을 통하여 공급과 수요의 균형을 이룬다. 경쟁적 전력시장은 가격신호를 통하여 공급측에는 투자 유인을 북돋우고 수요측에는 수요 감소 등의 반응을 유도한다. 이와 같은 전력시장의 특성상 본질적으로 가격 변동성과 신뢰도 유지 및 확보 문제가 수반된다. 본 연구에서는 에너지 단독시장에서의 가격신호를 보완해주는 효과를 지닌 용량의무 mechanism을 선택한 PJM 시장을 중심으로 분석함으로서 해외 전력시장에서의 적정 설비공급 메커니즘을 분석하고자 한다. 따라서, 본 연구의 결과는 향후 우리의 전력시장 설계 및 운영에 일조하리라 믿는다.
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Load Forecasting is essential in the electricity market to the participants to manage the market efficiently and stably. Therefore, we review the past researches of load forecasting and investigate various characteristics of load variation. Finally, future studies are discussed.
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국내 전력 산업은 과거 수직통합적 독점구조에서 부문별 기능분할 및 경쟁도입을 점진적으로 추진하고 있으며 먼저 발전회사간 경쟁을 도입하기 위하여 한국전력의 발전부문을 6개의 발전회사로 분할 하였다. 2004년부터는 본격적으로 양방향 도매전력시장을 도입하여 운영할 계획에 있다. 도매전력시장의 도입으로 발생할 수 있는 가장 큰 시장 위험요소로는 시장가격의 수준 및 변동성에 대한 불확실성을 들 수 있다. 이는 시장참여자 모두에게 위험요소가 될 수 있으며 이를 위하여 정부주도하에 경쟁시장 이행기 동안의 과도기적 위험관리 도구를 제공하게 되며 발전회사와 판매회사 사이의 강제적 계약인 베스팅 계약이 포함될 것으로 예상된다. 여러가지의 베스팅 계약 중에서 Two-way 베스팅 계약은 발전회사와 판매회사와의 계약량, 계약가격을 정부 또는 관련기관에서 지정하는 것으로 이러한 Two-way 베스팅 계약은 도매전력시장의 초기에 발전회사의 손실을 최소화하는 역할을 할 것으로 예상되지만 반대로 수익을 제한하는 요소로도 작용할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 베스팅 계약 중에서 Two-way 베스팅 계약에 대한 분석을 수행하고 이를 토대로 하여 베스팅 계약 하에서 발전회사의 수익을 최적화 할 수 있는 전략에 대한 연구를 수행하였다.
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The presence of congestion in transmission system can reduce the market size and split bulk system into smaller system. Consequently, this creates the problem concerining Local Market Power and can be main reason for the inclose of practical market price. In this paper, a range of indices have been derived to quantify the degree of local market power through statistical analysis in the uniform pricing market. Application of the indices has been illustrated using the electricity market in Korea. The indices proposed in this paper seem to be effectively applied in electricity market under uniform pricing scheme.
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The introduction of electricity industry provides generators incentives to recover the related cost through the market. Hence, the generator should sell his/her electricity at high market-clearing price with optimal operation of his/her power plant. The maintenance of power plant is the most critical factor in affecting generators' decision-making. This paper analyzes technique for establishing maintenance schedule reflecting recovery cost and considers differences in monthly load pattern in minimizing LOLP.
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본 논문에서는 CBP 가격을 기반으로, TWBP시장의 가격을 분석하였다. KPX가 발표한 SMP와 수요예측자료로 누적입찰자료를 추정하었으며, 이를 이용하여 계획예방정비에 따른 TWBP가격 변동을 시뮬레이션 하였다.
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영국, 미주, 유럽, 호주 둥 세계 주요 국가에서는 전력산업에 경쟁과 선택 원리를 적용하는 전력산업 구조개편을 활발하게 진행하여 왔다. 전력산업의 효율성 제고를 목적으로 하는 구조개편은 전력산업 분야의 주요 관심사항이다. 우리나라는 도매경쟁 전력시장 도입 이후에 시장구조 및 거래제도의 확립을 위해 전력산업 구조개편을 지속적으로 충실하게 추진하고 국내 전력시장의 효율성 중대를 도모하려 한다. 본 논문에서는 전력시장이 운영되고 있는 해외 전력시장의 변천과정을 조사, 분석한다.
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This paper describes the consumer's decision-making process fur own optimal electricity consumption schedule and strategy using new load management system (LMS). As a result, it is demonstrated that a consumer in competitive electricity market has the opportunities to reduce electric payment by use of this LMS.
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경쟁적인 전력시장에서의 전력 가격은 전력에 대한 수요(Demand)와 공급(Supply)에 의한 시장원리에 의해 결정되기 때문에, 매 시각의 전력가격은 정해져 있지 않고 시장에 의해 결정된다. 이와 같이 전력가격이 가지는 가변성 및 불확실성(Volatility) 때문에 향후 전력 시장에 참여하는 사업자의 수입(Revenue) 및 수익 규모의 불확실성이 커지는 한편, 전력을 사용하는 소비자의 에너지비용도 그 불확실성이 매우 크게 증가하게 마련이다. 이러한 전력가격의 가변성(Volatility)과 불확실성(Uncertainty)이 대두됨에 따라, 외국의 경우, 가정용 부하와 같은 소규모 전력소비자를 제외한 대부분의 대규모 소비자(산업용, 상업용, 일반용 전력소비자)들은 전력가격이나 자신이 사용하고 있는 전력의 소비패턴과 같은 정보(Information)와 전략(Strategy)이 없는 경우, 예전에 비해 상당히 높은 전기요금을 지불해야 하는 상황에 처하게 되었다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 경쟁적 환경에서 직접부하제어자원을 활용하여 비용 및 위험을 관리하는 해외사례를 집중적으로 분석하고자 한다.
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This paper presents a method for a congestion management in the competitive market which is modeled as the multiple bilateral transaction. Traditionary, the congestion management for the multiple bilateral transaction is accomplished through the process of adjustment bids. It is necessary in for the market entity to submit their price information when the congestion is occured. Finally, the ISOs can be blown about the approximated contract price of participants from the price of adjustment bids. However, the entities can submit only the amount of their contract to ISOs and ISOs are required the method to manage the congestion only by the contracted quantity. Therefore, this paper presents a method for congestion management by curtailing the only contracted quantity of market entities. To evaluated the above problem, we suggest Bilateral Transaction Distribution Factors(BTDFs), which is the sensitivity of line flow with curtailment of transactions. Using this factor, we studied about congestion management when the objective function is to minimize total curtailment of transaction.
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현재 시행 중인 부하관리 프로그램들은 거의 대부분 간접부하관리 방식에 의존하고 있으며, 이러한 간접부하관리 프로그램들은 요금혜택에 기반을 두고 있다. 직접부하관리가 우리나라에 도입된 것은 2001년 5월이며, 이러한 직접부하관리 프로그램은 간접부하관리 프로그램에 비하여 다음과 같은 다양한 장점을 가지고 있다. 1) 부하관리 자원의 이용 가능성(availability)이 간접부하관리에 비하여 상대적으로 높다는 것과, 2) 기존의 간접부하관리 프로그램에서의 성과계량, 즉, 부하관리 실시에 따른 피크 수요감소량을 명확하게 알 수 있으므로 전력회사가 장단기 수급계획을 수립하는데 보다 확실하게 이를 고려할 수 있다는 것과, 3) 부하차단의 주체가 전력회사가 되므로 간접부하관리 방식이 안고 있는 수용가 부하차단의 불확실성이 낮아지며, 4) 궁극적으로 비용효과가 간접부하관리보다 큰 유용한 자원이다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 직접부하제어자원의 개요와 전력시장 참여 현황 및 해외사례를 소개하고자 한다.
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In electricity market with a imperfect competition, participants make plans of biddings and transaction strategies to maximize their own profits. The market price and the quantity are determined by bidding systems and market demands. Practically the characteristics of power demand have rather two forms; elastic region and inelastic region, than constant slope elasticity. Furthermore the price cap in the market can be modelled as a region of perfect elasticity in the demand function. This paper analyses supplier's bidding strategies which are reflected the characteristics of practical demand. Equilibrium strategies are solved by using the Bertrand model and payoff matrices.
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This paper presents a software for cost-effectiveness evaluation of DSM programs (Dsm-Lite). The presented software can help the users to analyze the energy consumptions and peak reductions of DSM programs, evaluate the cost effectiveness for TRC and RIM, and identify the benefits and the costs for each Test. The Dsm-Lite software can also provide the effective information on avoided costs, electric rates, and rebates by year etc.
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This Paper provides the Effect of Nodal Price and decomposed Element in Power System Operation. This Effect can be applied in the Estimation of Electric rates because the Electric market will be Competitive Market. The proposed concept is applied to 6bus test system and proved importance.
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Revenue Reconciled Transmission Pricing Using Optimal Power Flow in a Competitive Electricity MarketTransmission pricing is one of important issues related to competitive electricity markets since rational pricing scheme ensures a fair competition between this market participants. Transmission pricing scheme is classified briefly into marginal cost pricing and embedded cost pricing. In economic efficiency, marginal cost pricing is more adequate for competitive electricity market. However, this pricing scheme requires revenue reconciliation since it cannot ensure full recovery of Transco's revenue requirements. This paper presents a new revenue reconciliation to maximize social welfare. For this analysis, this paper provides the results applied by various revenue reconciliation methodologies.
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Kim, Hyeong-Jung;Son, Hag-Sig;Kim, In-Soo;Kim, Young-Jun;Im, Sang-Kug;Park, Jong-Bae;Shin, Joong-Rin 627
직접부하제어사업은 전력산업구조개편에 따라 발생할 수 있는 공급자원의 불확실성에 대비한 강력한 수요관리프로그램 중의 하나로 정부에서 중점 추진중인 사업이다. 이미 선진국에서도 다양한 메커니즘에 의해 Demand Response Program과 같은 부하관리프로그램을 운영하여 전력수급 및 전력요금 안정화를 꾀하고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 2001년도부터 동사업이 시행되고 있으며, 이에 주관기관으로서 에너지관리공단에서 추진하고 있는 직접부하제어를 위한 시스템 구성 및 운용방안에 대해 언급하고자 한다. 직접부하제어시스템은 크게 2단계로 구분되어지며, 상위시스템은 에너지관리공단에 설치 운영 중인 "전력부하관리센터(LMC)"와 민간 참여에 의해 운영 예정에 있는 "부하관리사업자시스템 (LSES)"으로 구성되며, 하위시스템은 "수용가용 직접부하제어시스템"으로 구성된다. 이에 본 연구에서는 직접부하제어시스템의 제어명령 체계 및 계량/정산을 위한 데이터처리방식 둥을 제시하여 본 시스템의 유용성 및 발전방향을 도출하고자 한다. -
This paper describes allocation strategies of controllable loads for load aggregator in power market with the direct load control (DLC) program, which is carried out the two-way confirmation procedure. So, it is needed to the priority among the controllable loads to perform effectively and quickly the confirmation task. In this paper, allocation strategies for market operator and/or load aggregator are proposed, which are based on the basic load patterns defined in this paper. To verify the soundness of proposed strategies. case study on a sample system is performed.
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Electricity industries throughout the world are undergoing unprecedented changes. As a result, these changes lead to the separation of traditional integrated utilities and the introduction of competition in order that increase efficiency in electricity industry. Direct load control (DLC) system in competitive electricity market has a hierarchical interactive operation system, therefore, its control logic is also applied by bilateral interactive method that interchanges information related to interruptible load between operation hierarchies. Consequently, load curtailment allocation algorithm appropriate for new DLC system is required, and based on interchanged information, this algorithm should be implemented by most efficient way for each operation hierarchy. In this paper, we develop the load curtailment allocation algorithm in an emergency for new DLC system. Especially, the optimal algorithm for load aggregator (LA) that participates in competitive electricity market as a main operator for load management is developed.
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This paper presents a new approach which is able to determine the reasonable incentive levels of direct load control using sequential Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The economic analysis needs to determine the reasonable incentive level. However, the conventional methods have been based on the scenario methods because they had not considered all cases of the direct load control situations. To overcome there problems, this paper proposes a new technique using sequential Monte Carlo simulation. The Monte Carlo method is a simple and flexible tool to consider large scale systems and complex models for the components of the system. To show its effectiveness, numerical studies were performed to indicate the possible applications of the proposed technique.
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This paper presents a method for evaluating the mixed nash equilibria of the Cournot model for N-Gencos. in wholesale electricity market. In the wholesale electricity market, the strategies of N-Genco. can be applied to the game model under the conditions which the Gencos. determine their stratgies to maximize their benefit. Generally, the Lemke algorithm is evaluated the mixed nash equlibria in the two-player game model. However, the necessary condition for the mixed equlibria of N-player are modified as the necessary condition of N-1 player by analyzing the Lemke algorithms. Although reducing the necessary condition for N-player as the one of N-1 player, it is difficult to and the mixed nash equilibria participated two more players by using the mathmatical approaches since those have the nonlinear characteristics. To overcome the above problem, this paper presents the generalized necessary condition for N-player and proposed the object function to and the mixed nash equlibrium. Also, to evaluate the mixed equilibrium through the nonlinear objective function, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) as one of the heuristic algorithm are proposed in this paper. To present the mixed equlibria for the strategy of N-Gencos. through the proposed necessry condition and the evaluation approach, this paper proposes the mixed equilibrium in the cournot game model for 3-players.
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In competitive electricity markets, each GenCo establishes generator maintenance schedule and submits to ISO those. Then, ISO reviews and arranges maintenance schedule of each GenCo to meet the standard for reliability. This paper presents the new optimization model which can apply to competitive electricity markets. The object of this model is to minimize schedules variation of each GenCo and to satisfy system reliability.
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Distribution pricing has been one of keystones of ongoing deregulation and privatization process in power industries. The electricity market has been established based on open access and nondiscriminatory use of the Distribution assets. As Distribution business remains as a monopoly, it is necessary to provide economic regulation. This paper focuses on the distribution pricing methods using by Incremental Marginal Cost and Yardstick Regulation.
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A Study on Market Power and Compensation for Constrained Off generators under Uniform Pricing SchemeIn the framework of competitive electricity market, the Market Power due to the transmission congestion, lack of demand-side response, various uncertain factors etc. have been significant problem. This paper reviews the market rules of Korea power system and the uplift scheme for constrained on/off generators. Then, this paper points out several problems and the mitigation measures of local market power concerning the compensation for constrained-off generators.
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Embedded cost pricing is easy to be applied in the calculation of transmission cost and guarantees perfect recovery of revenue requirement. However, it caused in equity of cost distribution in the restructured electrical market. Though, marginal cost pricing has been studied to be applied to economic signal of members. But it has the cumbersome processes of the revenue reconciliation. This paper presents a new recovery of revenue requirement method that is satisfied with economic signal, using MLF.
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Power system deregulation has become a worldwide trend which introduces competition in electric power system in order to realize efficient electricity production and investment. In this regards, it is very important to develop an electricity market simulator so that it is to analyze competitive market and train market operators and market participants. In this paper, we implement the algorithm of determining market clearing price as the first module of unique market simulator. The adopted and suggested algorithm is verified by modelling a simple market with a commercial market simulator(PLEXOS).
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This paper presents methodology and sample study for calculating optimal incentive for efficient application of DLC program adopted by government since 2001. As well as, several issues for improving DLC program are commented.
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Electric generation cost in district Heating CHP system has close relationship with the level of heating price. So far, the calculation of CHP generation cost has been based on cost recovery system in which revenue requirement deducted the revenue from heating-sales. The restructuring of electricity industry determines the market-clearing price every hour and made it impossible that the loss due to the above market cost can be attributed to the generation cost. Hence, the loss is compensated by energy subsidy program in public benefit charge. This analysis derives an efficient action plan for future subsidy program.
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본 연구에서는 신 수요관리 기법인 DR(Demand Response) 시스템의 적용 현황을 분석하였다. 현재 전력사에서 사용하고 있는 9개의 프로그램에 대한 특성 및 적용 사례를 조사하고 분석하였다. 또한 DR 프로그램의 전형적인 실행과정을 살펴보고 DR의 효과적인 응용에 필요한 부분인 단기 부하예측의 필요와 이들의 방법에 대해서 조사하였다. 부하 예측을 위해서는 수요자의 부하 정보의 분석이 기반이 된다. 따라서 국내에 DR시스템을 도입할 경우에는 수요자의 부하 정보인 Load Profile에 대한 정보의 분석 시스템의 개발이 선행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.
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Since the restructuring in electricity industry, single utility company, KEPCO, was being unbundled horizontanly and vertically, which resulted in 6 generation companies. Hence, electricity statistics system leaded by KEPCO is no longer efficiently sustainable. By introduction of electricity market, the importance of statistical information is getting higher and higher. From now on, the leading role played in statistical system in electricity field should be switched from KEPCO to government. This paper looks into change in statistical work driven by electricity and provides alternatives applicable to new electricity market. In addition, this paper provides new standard form for the collection of statistical data and construction of statistical system.
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The market participants make plans of bidding and transaction strategies to maximize their own profits in competitive electricity market. Also, It is concerned with transmission congestion in power market. Two methods are generally used for congestion management;nodal pricing and uplift. The participants will have different strategies for their profits in the two methods. This paper analyzes their equilibrium strategies by using the supply function model and congestion methods.
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As the electrical power industry is restructured and the electrical power exchange is updated per hour, it is important to accurately and rapidly quantify ATC of the transmission system. This paper proposed QFA method, which can reduce calculation time comparing with CPF method and has few errors in ATC calculation. It proved that the method can calculate ATC more fast and accurately in case study using IEEE 24 bus RTS(MRTS) and 7 bus.
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The present support for local coal generator amounts to above 100 billion won every year by electricity fund collected from general consumer. This paper presents the appropriate supporting policy for local coal generator in TWBP market in the future.