Proceedings of the Korea Electromagnetic Engineering Society Conference (한국전자파학회:학술대회논문집)
The Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
- Annual
Domain
- Physics > Particle Physics/Field Theory
2003.11a
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In this paper, radar scattering coefficients of earth surfaces such as grass fields, rice fields and bare soil surfaces are measured by using an auto-mounted network analyzer-based scatterometer system. The scatterometer system is calibrated both the magnitude and phase in order to obtain the accurate Mueller matrices of the earth surfaces. Then the accurate scattering matrices can be obtain from the Mueller matrices. The degree of correlation
$\alpha$ is also obtained by this procedure and is used to correct AirSAR data which are not calibrated with phase variations. -
To protect digital communications and broadcasting that are expected to be increasingly used at frequencies above 1GHz, there is a need to determine permissible disturbance limits for frequency bands above 1GHz according to indicates that better correlates with interference level in digital systems. The quality of digital communications is expressed in terms of bit error rate(BER) or throughput. In this regard, it has been reported that degradation of BER or throughput can be estimated from the amplitude probability distribution (APD) of disturbance amplitude. Therefore, if the APD can simply be measured with a high accuracy, APD will be an optimal index for the assessment of interference in digital communications. In this paper, we show that a measurement method using statistic model of APD has compatibility about performance reduction estimation of WLAN. And through approach of this inspection, we propose numeral models about interference effects of peak value and time rate of spurious.
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In this paper, the design parameters for the magnetic field source at extremely low frequency are proposed. This facility can be used for in vivo experiments with small animals to investigate biological response to the driving magnetic fields. In case that the exposed animals are motionless, the animals may be affected by the directivity of driving field. To avoid this effect, a 2-axis ELF magnetic field driving apparatus was designed, The optimum location and number of turns of each coil were obtained by numerical analysis. Applying these data to the MATLAB code (for computation), the magnetic field distribution was obtained. The calculation result for a well-designed facility showed that the space in which the amplitude of the magnetic field lies within the 95% of the magnetic field distribution was more than 60% of each axis length.
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In this thesis, Middle frequency wave propagation modeling is studied for the varies mountain geography the experimented middle frequency propagation model is researched in a shot time to analyze the broad area that consists of mountains. Due to the Sommerfeld - Norton model which is used broadly the middle frequency propagation model to analyze the broad area in a short time is proposed introducing the newly attenuation parameter of the experimental results on the basis of actual experiments at the mountain configuration regardless of the area of mountain, plane, sea etc.
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Aperture has been employed on the ground plane in the Hair Pin resonator. Aperture made by etching the part of the ground effected coupling coefficient and then quality factor of Hair Pin resonator has been increased. When the hair pin oscillator using aperture has been compared with the conventional hair pin oscillator using microstrip, it has been improved the phase noise about 19dBc @100KHz. Oscillation frequency of the hair pin oscillator using aperture has been 5.83GHz band and output power is -4.33dBm.
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This paper presents the characteristics of large-scale fading in a tunnel environment. The Ray-Launching Method has been used to analyze the characteristics of the tunnel. For a curved tunnel, The concept of RDN (Ray Density Normalization) is introduced in order to obtain more accurate results. For our purposes, the structure of tunnel is assumed to be either a straight or curved tunnel having rectangular cross-section. A large scale fading has been presented shown in several tunnel cases.
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In this paper, a radar scattering model for forest canopies has been developed based on an empirical rough surface scattering model and the radiative transfer theory. Leaves in the forest canopy are modeled by rectangular resistive sheets, brunches and trunks are modeled by cylinder, which sizes and orientations are randomly distributed. The scattering model has been verified with the measurement data of JPL/AirSAR system.
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This paper presents capacity characteristics of the indoor LOS(Line-Of-Sight) propagation channel for MIMO system at 5GHz. The distance between antenna elements, their moving path, and number of transmitting and receiving antennas can be determined by wanted eigen-vlaue, and channel capacity of the MIMO communication channel using only reliable simulation without measurements. The simulation uses 3D Ray tracing and patch scattering model to which electromagnetic material constants are applied. As distance between antenna elements increases, distribution of the eigen-value show a tendency to decrease, but channel capacity increases in LOS environment. However, despite of short distance between antenna elements, large value of channel capacity is obtained in positions which have high AS. When the position of receiver antennas are shifted, channel capacity hardly changed, and as number of antenna elements increases, channel capacity also increases regularly.
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Screen filter of PDP TV plays an important role in satisfying the EMI/EMC specifications. Two types of filters, the mesh type and the sputter type, are used in PDP TVs, and this paper presents measurement results of the shielding effectiveness (SE) in the frequency range from 50MHz to 1GHz. Two methods were used for the measurement, one using network analyzer (NA) in an open area test site(OATS), and the other using the screen room. The overall conclusion is that the shielding effectiveness of the screen filter is related to the surface resistance of the screen filter. The mesh type screen filters are superior to the sputter types in the shielding effectiveness, which is varying with the frequency.
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In this study, the solution of Gel'fand-Levitan-Marchenko integral equation in the inverse scattering problem is efficiently solved for arbitrarily specified spectra pattern which are reflected from the restricted potential. The procedure is based on the successive approach without iterations. This method lessens the truncation errors which plague conventional design schemes using specific windows for reflection coefficients. It is shown that the method is adequate for the synthesis of the continuously varying one-dimensional potential of the nonuniformly distributed dielectric constants.
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Modal properties of guided waves along circular dispersive double negative (DNG) index metamaterial rod waveguides are numerically investigated. Identical forms of dispersive dielectric and magnetic material constants are used for simplicity. For degenerated azimuthally symmetric mode, a multimode region, a single mode region, a band gap region and a forbidden region are found which cannot be observed in the case of the conventional dielectric rod waveguide. As the normalized frequency goes down, discrete guided modes are continuously generated, which is a reverse property of conventional dielectric rod waveguide. Also, there are high-frequency cutoffs, which have been generally examined in dispersive circular geometries such as a plasma column or a plasma Goubau line. In the single mode region, both the low- and high-frequency cutoffs are existed where the propagation constants are continued between the guided oscillating and surface modes.
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For the purpose of the efficient derivation of the closed-form Green's functions by which MoM matrix elements can be analytically evaluated, the optimum approximation path which is deformed from the Sommerfeld integration path on the complex
$k_{\rho}$ -plane is proposed based upon the steepest descent method and three level approximation procedure. -
In this paper, a synthesis method for the desired scattering pattern is presented when illuminating by TE-polarized and TM-polarized plane waves to arbitrary dielectric material. It is considered that the one-dimensional dielectric media are inhomogeneously distributed with continuously varying dielectric constants. Accordingly the desired patterns and the corresponding source distributions are inversely transformed by the proposed algorithm which are based on the one-dimensional inverse scattering problem. Some bandstop spatial filter are illustrated for applications.
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This paper shows the dosimetric uncertainties of electromagnetic field at in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. For more accurate consequences of these researches, we have tried to find out any correlations among output power, power density and specific absorption rate(SAR) with the results of in-vivo, in-vitro tests and SAR reports of cellular phone and PDA. In the case of in-vivo tests, the power density has close statistical correlations with SAR value and in the event of in-vitro tests, the output power has considerable statistical correlations with SAR containing duty factor. On the other hand, we found that both power density and output power don't have any close correlations with SAR. And, we obtained fitted regression form among frequency, power density and SAR containing duty factor through multiple linear regression analysis.
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Multi-port(
$2{\times}2$ port, 1port) rectangular waveguide discontinuity problem has been analyzed by use of$TE^x_{mn}$ (mono)mode matching method. Matrix size can be reduced significantly in comparison with$TE_{mn}&TM_{mn}$ (full-wave)mode matching method. the present results is compared with those by CST MicroWave Studio to validate the presint method. -
In this paper, A feedforward linear power amplifier is analyzed for imperfect signal cancellation and negative feedback for basestaion of IMT2000 band. the distortion generatied by the error amplifier is reduced using an imperfect signal cancellation for a 1-carrier WCDMA source by 4.3dB at 2.5MHz offset and 6dB at 5MHz offset of IMSR(intermodulation signal power ratio) compared to a perfect signal cancellation system. additionally, An imperfect signal cancellation using negative feedback improved 1.3dB and 8.2dB at 2.5MHz and 5MHz offset of IMSR compared to an imperfect signal cancellation.
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In this work, we have designed Gilbert cell downconversion mixer using 0.25um Anam CMOS process, we also have analyzed Conversion gain and IIP3 using Taylor series in our own unique way. Especially, bulk terminal is used as LO( Local Oscillator) input for reduction of power consumption and supply voltage. Supply voltage used in this design is lower than 1.8V and core current is less than 500uA. The simulation experiments showed that the conversion gain, IIP3, and power consumption were -1dB, 4.46dBm, and 0.8mW, respectively.
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This paper presents the development of a Ku-band Low Noise Amplifier with the Noise figure of 1.4dBmax, the gain of 35dB, and the In/Out Return toss of -22dB/-18dB in the frequency range from 14 to 14.5GHz for Satellite transponders. All RF components were assembled using a hybrid technology with 15-mil thin-film substrates. The mechanical and thermal design of the housing was performed considering a vibration and a vacuum of space environment.
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A Ku-band Push-push VCO for low cost applications is proposed. The proposed push-push oscillator achieves a wide tuning range in Ku-band by the collector bias tuning instead of extra varactor diodes. The measurement shows a wide tuning range of 900MHz, fundamental suppression of -30dBc and good phase noise of -115dBc@1MHz offset.
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본 논문에서는 VHF대역 기지국용 전력증폭기에 대해 입력레벨이
$0dBm{\pm}1 dB$ , 출력이$45dBm{\pm}1dB$ 인 증폭기를 모듈화 하여 설계하고 제작 및 측정하였다. 출력 레벨 제어는 Pin Diode 감쇄기를 이용하여 Dynamic Range 40dB 내에서 5단계로 전력제어가 가능하고 입력레벨이$-4{\sim}0dBm$ 로 변동될 때 AGC(Auto Gain Control) 회로가 동작 되도록 설계하였다. -
A feedforward amplifier, which is composed of several components, is an open loop system. Therefore, feedforward amplifiers are apt to deteriorate the performance according to the environmental changes even though the cancellation performance and the linearization bandwidth of feedforward systems are superior to other linearization methods. A control method is needed for maintaining the original performance of feedforward amplifiers or to keep the performance within a little error bounds. In this paper, an adaptive control method, which has a good convergence characteristic and is easy to implement, is suggested. The characteristics of the suggested control method compare with the characteristics of other control methods and the simulation results are presented.
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This paper describes the design and the simulation results of the RF CMOS Class-E Power Amplifier for a 2.4GHz ISM band. This circuit is composed two connected amplifiers. where Class F amplifier drives Class E amplifier. The proposed circuit can reduce the total power dissipation of the driving stage and can work with higher efficiency. The power amplifier has been implemented in a standard
$0.25{\mu}m$ CMOS technology and is shown to deliver 100mW output power to load with 41% power added efficiency(PAE) from a 2.5V supply. -
A new approach, using MEMS, for improving the performance of high efficiency amplifiers is proposed in this paper. The MEMS tuning element is described as a variable-length shorted CPW stub. Class-E amplifiers can be optimally tuned by these MEMS tuning elements because their operation varies with the impedance of the output tuning circuit. A MEMS tuning element was simulated using full-wave EM simulators to obtain its S-parameters. A Class-E amplifier with the MEMS was designed at 8GHz. The non-linear operation of this amplifier was simulated to explore the effect of the MEMS tuning. Comparing the initially designed amplifier without MEMS, the Power Added Efficiency (PAE) of the amplifier with MEMS is improved from 46.3% to 66.9%. For the amplifier with MEMS, the nonlinear simulation results are PAE = 66.90%,
$\eta$ (drain efficiency) = 75.89%, and$P_{out}$ = 23.37 dBm at 8 GHz. In this paper, the concept of the MEMS tuning element is successfully applied to the Class E amplifier designed with transmission lines. -
In this paper, we propose the optical circulator using OADM(optical add-drop multiplexer) and consider its output characteristics by computer simulation. The results obtained by computer simulation, show that the proposed optical circulator operates in WDM wavelength ranges (1530nm -1560nm) well.
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The optical power transfer of TM modes in grating-assisted directional couplers (GADCs) with three-guiding channels is rigorously evaluated by defining a novel coupling efficiency amenable to the rigorous analytical solutions of modal transmission-line theory (MTLT). The results reveal that the incident power is sensitively partitioned through three output channels in terms of such grating parameters as the period, the duty cycle, and wavelength.
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WDM(Wavelength division multiplexing) light wave communication system requires MUX/DeMUX and optical filter OADM can be used to extract and add the specific wavelength channel from the transmission line. In this paper, we propose the OADM based on MZI and cascade FBG. It is able to minimize system and reduce sidelobe. So, we have considered MZI structure and 3dB coupler. Using the coupled mode theory. We also analyze out characteristics of OADM and experiment. From results obtained by experiment and computer. Simulation, the proposed OADM with cascade FBG works well. we hope that the obtained result in this paper con be used as the data to design the OADM with cascade FBG.
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A clock recovery circuit for a 40 Gb/s optical receiver has been designed and implemented. The clock recovery circuit consists of signal amplifiers, a nonlinear circuit with diodes, and a bandpass filter Before implementing the 40 Gb/s clock recovery circuit, a 10 Gb/s clock recovery circuit has been successfully implemented and tested. With the 40 Gb/s clock recovery circuit, when a 40 Gb/s NRZ signal of -10 dBm was applied to the input of the circuit, the 40 GHz clock was recovered with the -20 dBm output power after passing through the nonlinear circuit. The output signal from the nonlinear circuit passes through a narrow-band filter, and then amplified. The implemented clock recovery circuit is planned to be used for the input of a phase locked loop to further stabilize the recovered clock signal and to reduce the clock jitter.
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To investigate failure analysis of surface acoustic wave (SAW) filter for radio frequency, high temperature storage test was carried out. The failure criteria were insertion loss at passband and rejection level at stopband. As a result, the insertion loss at passband increase about 4 dB was due to damages of interdigital transducer (IDT). That is caused by poor adhesion between metal electrode(AI) and piezoelectric substrate and defects on a manufacturing process. This result indicates that good adhesion between electrode and ceramic substrate is important factor And also we investigated the demage factors of electrode. Screen possible of saw filter using high temperature storage test(HTOL) in the manufacturing phase be presented.
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Design of Parallel Feedback Dielectric Resonator Oscillator(DRO) for the Suppression of the HarmonicThe parallel feedback dielectric resonator oscillator (DRO) which is applicable to satellite communications and broadcasting has been investigated. In the design of oscillator, the phase noise is important parameter. In this paper, The proposed oscillator has good phase noise level because it suppressed harmonics. Measurement show the fabricated oscillator is output power of about 9 dBm at fundamental frequency of 12.0 GHz and fundamental frequency suppression of -47.5 dBc. The phase noise level is about -110 dBc/Hz at 100 KHz offset frequency.
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In this letter, a novel compact duplexer which consists of Tx and Rx Filter using microstrip line
${\lambda}/4$ resonators with a pair of tap-connected open-ended stepped impedance stubs is designed. The tapped open stubs not only work as K-inverters but also introduce attenuation poles, attenuation poles are located at upper and lower side of the passband by adjusting the open stub length and width. The result of measurement duplexer has been yielded better isolation and sharper skirt behavior than that with a conventional bandpass filter and similar to those of simulation results. -
This paper presents fully integrated 5 GHz band low phase noise LC tank VCO. The implemented VCO is tuned by integrated PN diode and tuning rage is
$5.01{\sim}5.30$ GHz under$0{\sim}3 V$ control voltage. For good phase noise performance, LC filtering technique, common in Si CMOS process, is used, and to prevent degradation of phase noise performance by collector shot-noise and to reduce power dissipation the HBT is biased at low collector current density bias point. The measured phase noise is -87.8 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset frequency and -111.4 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency which is good performance. Moreover phase noise is improved by roughly 5 dEc by LC filter. It is the first experimental result in InGaP/GaAs HBT process. The figure of merit of the fabricated VCO with LC filter is -172.1 dBc/Hz. It is the best result among 5 GHz InGaP HBT VCOs. Moreover this work shows lower DC power consumption, higher output power and more fixed output power compared with previous 4, 5 GHz band InGaP HBT VCOs. -
In this paper, an air-suspension type RF MEMS inductor is fabricated, and an appropriate de-embedding scheme for 3-dimenstional MEMS structure is applied and verified with inductance calculation algorithm. With the presented de-embedding method, parasitics from contanct pads and feeding lines are effectively and accurately de-embedded using open and short calibration procedure, and only spiral and posts can be characterized as a high-Q inductor structure. The validity of the de-embedding method is verified by the comparison of the measured and calculated inductances of two 1.5 and 2.5 turn square spiral inductors. The open-short de-embedded inductance error is below 5% each case in comparison with the calculated value based on H.M. Greenhouse's algorithm.
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This paper analyzes the output noise and the noise figure of common source MOSFET pair each input of which is separately driven in the different frequencies. This analysis is performed for concurrent dual band cascode CMOS LNA with double inputs and single output fabricated in
$0.18{\mu}m$ CMOS process. Since both inputs and output are matched to near$50{\Omega}$ using on-chip inductors, the measured noise figures are much higher than those of usual CMOS LNA. But, the main concern of this paper is focused on the added noise features due to the other channel common source stage. The dual-band LNA results in noise figure of 4.54dB at 2.14GHz and 6.03dB at 5.25GHz for selectable operation and 7.44dB and 6.58dB for concurrent operation. The noise analysis explains why the added noise at each band shows so large difference. -
In this paper, a new modeling methodology of thin film bulk acoustic resonate. (TFBAR) is presented. The new model is started from the Mason model that is a good model to explain the physical characteristics of TFBAR. After simplifying the modified Mason model added dielectric loss term to conventional Mason model, the improved Modified Butterworth-Van Dyke (MBVD) model similar to conventional MBVD model is complete. The proposed model has three optimization variables those are half of the MBVD model. As a result, the curve fittings for the measured data are faster and smarter than any other model.
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Yun, Seok-Chul;Song, Il-Jong;Nam, Kuang-Woo;Sim, Dong-Ha;Song, In-Sang;Lee, Youn-Seoung;Kim, Hak-Sun 178
This paper presents the embedded inductors in PCB (Printed Circuit Board) for PAM(Power Amplifier Module) of mobile terminations. The inductors are designed, simulated, and compared to conventional chip inductors. The Quality factor(Q) and self-resonance frequency(SRF) of the inductors are evaluated. The quality factors of the inductors are two times higher than those of the chip inductors, and the self-resonance frequency is 1.3 times higher than those of chip inductors at the inductance of 2.7 nH and 3.3 nH respectively. -
The expression for the effects of an amplitude imbalance, a phase imbalance and a delay mismatch on the characteristics of a linearization loop in feedforward amplifiers is derived and analyzed. The simulation results are compared with the results obtained by means of using a commercial simulation tool and the exact agreement is reported.
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A multilayer two-stage LC bandpass filter using low-temperature cofired-ceramic (LTCC) is proposed in this paper. The proposed bandpass filter is composed of two ceramic substrates with different dielectric constant instead of single ceramic material from top to bottom layer. The bandpass filter size is
$2.0 mm{\times}1.2 mm{\times}0.8 mm$ . Positioning of attenuation polefrequency, importance parameter for a performance of filter, is discussed using even-odd mode analysis by tuned capacitance of coupling capacitor and those results is implemented to LTCC filter circuit. Measured filter performances show that the insertion losses are -4.5dB, -4.1dB at 2.45GHz, 2.75GHz and the return losses are -8.5dB, 8.7dB. -
Radar target identification can be achieved by using various radar signatures, such as one-dimensional(1-D) range profile, 2-D radar images, and 1-D or 2-D scattering centers on a target. In this letter, five 1-D scattering center extraction methods are discussed - TLS(Total Least Square)-Prony, Fast Root-MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification), Matrix-Pencil, GEESE(GEneralized Eigenvalues utilizing Signal-subspace Eigenvalues), TLS-ESPRIT(Total Least Squares - Estimation of Signal Parameters via Rotational Invariance Technique), These methods are compared in the context of estimation accuracy as well as a computational efficiency using a noisy data. Finally these methods are applied to the target classification experiment with the measured data in the POSTECH compact range facility.
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An engineer prefers DIFM receiver which is superior to instantaneous response rather than superheterodyne receiver which has a scan rate in normal wide band receiver designing. But DIFM receiver has weak point in sensitivity and continuous wave signal because of special environments. In this paper we propose the method which is certificated through simulation and prototype testing to improve sensitivity of DIFM receiver. And we analyze the important factors of DIFM receiver from our results.
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Due to the inherent nature of the low flying UAV, obstacle detection is a fundamental requirement in the flight path to avoid the collision from obstacles as well as manned aircraft. In this paper, a preliminary sensor requirements of an obstacle detection system for UAV in low-altitude flight are analyzed, and the automated obstacle detection sensor system is proposed assessing both passive and active sensors such as EO camera, IR, Laser radar, microwave and millimeter radar. In addition, TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System) are reviewed for the collision avoidance of the manned aircraft system. It is suggested that small-sized radar sensor is the best candidate for the smart UAV because an active radar can provide the real-time informations on range and range rate in the all-weather environment. However, an important constraints on small UAV should be resolved in terms of accommodation of the mass, volume, and power allocated in the payload of the UAV system design requirements.
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An airborne radar is an essential aviation electronic system of the helicopter to perform various missions in all-weather environments. This paper presents the conceptual design results of the multi-mode pulsed Doppler radar system testbed model for helicopter. Due to the inherent flight nature of the hovering vehicle which is flying in low-altitude and low speed, as well as rapid maneuvering, the moving clutters from the platform should be suppressed by using a special MTD (Moving Target Detector) processing. For the multi-mode radar system model design, the flight parameters of the moving helicopter platform were assumed: altitude of 3 Km, average cruising velocity of 150knots. The multi-mode operation capability was applied such as short-range, medium-range, and long-range depending on the mission of the vehicle. The nominal detection ranges is 30 Km for the testbed experimental model, but can be expanded up to 75 Km for the long range weather mode. The detection probability of each mode is also compared in terms of the signal-to noise ratio of each mode, and the designed radar system specifications ate provided as a design results.
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Because of the development of digital technology, modern digital instrumentation & control systems are being innovativly developed in industrial plants. Whereas, many analog systems are still being used in nuclear plants, because of the demerits of digital equipment. As known, the demerits of digital equipment are the uncertainty and weaknesses in ambient environments such as smoke & electromagnetic interference In an Integral Reactor, a digital I&C system will be composed of microprocessor, memory and network card. Designers will apply new technique for digital equipment. Thus, it is important for digital I&C systems to operate according to designed functions & performance in the ambient environments during a life cycle. Digital I&C systems should have tolerance in such environments and environment qualification should be concluded To acquire electromagnetic interference qualification of digital equipment, this paper suggests an EMI test requirement. Designers should consider the electromagnetic compatibility and test digital equipment according to each test procedure. This paper involves an EMI test requirement and the results analysis of EUT(Equipment Under Test). Test result analysis will be used as electromagnetic compatibility design guides for Integral Reactor I&C systems.
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This paper describes an estimation of DOA(Direction Of Arrival) measurement system using DBF receiver with linear array antenna. This DBF receiver is composed of resistive FET mixer using low IF mettled. A radio frequency(RF), a local oscillator(LO) and ail intermediate frequency(IF) considered in this research are 2.09 GHz, 2.08 GHz and 10 MHz, respectively. This receiver is composed of a band-pass filter, a low-pass filter, a DC bias circuit. DOA measurement system is consist of linear array antenna, DBF receiver, AD control box and computer in the anechoic chamber. Receiving antenna is 4-array monopole antenna and DBF receiver is 4-Ch resistive FET mixer without amplifier. DOA algorithm is implemented using MUSIC algorithm with high resolution. We show that the results of DOA is
$-30^{\circ},\;0^{\circ}$ and$60^{\circ}$ , respectively. And we know that DOA estimation error occur by antenna radiation pattern and fabrication error of antenna array. -
In this paper, for phase lock loop(PLL) synthesizer, we introduce a novel but simple and low cost frequency modulation(FM) circuit of a flat peak frequency deviation for modulation signal from high to very low frequency penetrating into the loop-bandwidth of PLL. The FM circuit was basically designed to compensate an amount of feedback of the loop filter in PLL. The circuit also includes the capability of the adjustment of peak frequency deviation and blocking the interference with the loop filter. The designed circuit was successfully implemented and showed the flat frequency deviation as expected in the design.
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In this paper we theoretically analyze the probability of error for M-ary pulse position modulation (PPM) ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple access system using Gaussian monopulse. The optimum detection of UWB signals using M-ary orthogonal PPM in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and multiple access interference (MAI) is considered, then receiver signal to noise power ratio (SNR) and upper bound fur the bit error rate (BER) are derived. Numerical results considering some practical parameters are presented.
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In this work, we have designed a fully integrated 2.4GHz LC-tuned voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with multiple tuning inputs for a
$0.25-{\mu}m$ standard CMOS Process. The design of voltage-controlled oscillator is based on an LC-resonator with a spiral inductor of octagonal type and pMOS-varactors. Only two metal layer have been used in the designed inductor. The frequency tuning is achieved by using parallel pMOS transistors as varactors and back-gate tuned pMOS transistors in an active region. Coarse tuning is achieved by using 3-bit pMOS-varactors and fine tuning is performed by using back-gate tuned pMOS transistors in the active region. When 3-bit digital and analog inputs are applied to the designed circuits, voltage-controlled oscillator shows the tuning feature of frequency range between 2.3 GHz and 2.64 GHz. At the power supply voltage of 2.5 V, phase noise is -128dBc/Hz at 3MHz offset from the carrier, Total power dissipation is 7.5 mW. -
Transmit diversity using STBC(Space Time Block Code) provides the same diversity gain as MRRC(Maximal Ratio Receiver Combining), when the fading channel is constant across two consecutive symbols. But, when the channel condition is changed for the two consecutive symbols, the transmit diversity using STBC does not offer good performance due to the large doppler shift. In this paper, we have proposed a interference cancellation scheme for performance enhancement in transmit diversity using STBC over time selective fading channel. Simulation results for various doppler shift rates are presented for the transmit diversity using the proposed scheme.
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This paper is contents on that construct ultra high speed wireless communication cell backbone net of city using of wireless communication transceiver for millimeter wave band. A new type of 60GHz wave band wireless transceiver using NRD waveguide. This 60GHz transceiver has excellent signal's absorption characteristics of oxygen molecule than the other millimeter wave bands. We constructed service networks to cell interval within about 500m to 3Km laying stress on wireless backbone node using 60GHz transceivers, and did it so that city type wireless communication cell backbone networks of 155.52Mbps ATM(OC-3) may be possible. The possible use of wireless backbone networks technology in a rainy day and a clear day was evaluated at 1Km data link distance. We can measured bit error rate(BER). BER is
$10^{-11}$ at 155.52Mbps ATM(OC-3) in a clear day and$10^{-6}$ in a heavy rain more than 35mm per time. Also, we constructed wireless cell backbone networks distance to use several 60GHz transceivers and investigated data transmission rate between main center and local center of long distance. In proposed wireless cell backbone networks, the data throughput was approximately 80Mbit/sec. Therefore, if use transceiver, it is possible that city type ultra high speed wireless communication cell backbone networks construction of 100Mbps, 155.52Mbps, 622Mbps, 1Gbps and 1.2Gbps degrees. -
In this paper, a miniaturized directional coupler utilizing lumped element is proposed as a interdigital capacitor. The traditional miniaturization technique of transmission line realized a utilizing MIM(Metal-Insulator-Metal) capacitor on CPW(Coplanar Waveguide). However, we present a simplified design procedure without additional manufacturing process utilizing interdigital capacitor on microstrip with ease of design. The similar characteristics between the conventional directional coupler with
${\lambda}/4$ transmission line and the miniaturized directional coupler with${\lambda}/8$ transmission line are validated through simulation and measurement results. Miniaturization rate of total size is about 25% while coupled line is about 60%. As a result, this proposed directional coupler can reduce the size of mobile communication system at 2 GHz. -
In this paper, a design of multi-layered BPF(bandpass filter) using LTCC(Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic) process by a lumped-elements is proposed for SOP(system-on-a-chip) of wireless communication systems. The proposed BPF improved a characteristic of rejection band to build an attenuation pole caused by structurally adjacent co-inductance and coupling. The simulation data shows a bandwidth of 90MHz from a center frequency of 2.4GHz, a return loss of 27dB, an insertion loss of 3.2dB, and an attenuation of at least 20dBc at
$f_0{\pm}250MHz$ . Simulations have used serenade circuit simulation and HFSS EM simulation. -
Kim, Seong-Nam;Kim, Gyung-Chul;Cho, Hyun-Min;Hwang, Chi-Jeon;Yang, Hyung-Kook;Lee, Hai-Young 260
It is possible to design the high performance, integration and low cost radio frequency components by using LTCC(Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic) technology. But there is a critical point to design the spiral inductor because of crosstalk effects. of the crosstalk effect of the spiral inductor are investigated using full-wave analysis of the FEM(Finite Element Method) in this paper. The results show that input power of the spiral inductor are coupled from 0.1% to 10% above 3GHz. Therefore, we should consider the crosstalk effects when we design the LTCC. -
In this paper, we introduce the SIR typed bandpass filters in CPW structures for shifting spurious harmonic frequency into higher frequency band. And we proposed the effective feed structures for suppressing spurious frequency in the SIR typed CPW bandpass filters. The designed folded feed structures have lowpass filtering characteristic. They are very effective feed types in the CPW bandpass filters for suppressing harmonics. The measured results of the CPW bandpass filter with folded feed line shows that it has suppressed and wide out-of-band up to 5.8fo.
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A low phase noise frequency synthesizer at X-Band which employs the subharmonic injection locking was designed and tested. The frequency synthesizer consists of two oscillators - master and slave : A 1.75GHz master oscillator made of PLL synthesizer produces 6th harmonic at 10.5GHz, which excites the following 10.5GHz slave oscillator. The realized frequency synthesizer has a 4.5dBm of output power, and a phase noise of -108dBc/Hz at the 100kHz offset frequency.
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This paper presents a structure of the Wilkinson power divider that can suppress the 9ea harmonic output. The power divider consists of
${\lambda}/4n$ open stubs, which are located at the$3{\lambda}/4$ branches and parallel connection of resistor which shunts the output ports. Experimental results show that this power divider suppresses from 1st to 9th harmonic components to less than -37dB, while maintaining the characteristics of a conventional Wilkinson power divider; featuring an equal power split, a simultaneous impedance matching at all ports and a good isolation between output ports. these results agree quite well with the simulation results. -
The rapid growth of wireless and mobile communications has stimulated the development of multilayer filter technology. In this paper, one type of aperture-coupled microstrip interdigital-loop resonators in a multilayer structure are proposed and investigated for the applications to the design of a new class of compact microstrip bandpass filter. The new filter configuration consists of two arrays of microstrip interdigital-loop resonators that can be coupled through the apertures on the common ground plane. Depending on the arrangement of the apertures, different filtering characteristics can easily be realized. The results of measurement are almost similar to those of simulation.
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A new method to miniaturize
${\lambda}/4$ transmission line of power divider is proposed. The method utilizes simple combination of the shorted coupled-line pair instead of the transmission line with very high impedance and shunt lumped capacitors. The length of${\lambda}/4$ transmission line of power divider is about 16% over the conventional power divider at 1 GHz. -
본 논문에서는 IMT2000 중계기에 사용될 수 있는 대역통과 필터를 도파관 구조를 갖는 콤라인 형태의 공진기를 사용하여 설계하였다. 공진기 사이의 결합은 필터의 크기를 작게하기 위하여 공진기 사이의 벽에 슬롯을 이용하여 구현하였다. 5개의 공진기는 동일한 구조를 가지고 있으며 입 출력부분은 최소 임피던스가 되도록 최적화 시켰다. 대역통과 필터 특성은 0.2dB 리플을 갖는 체비세프 함수를 이용하였으며 시뮬레이션 툴을 이용하여 해석한 결과 설계 조건을 만족하였다.
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In this paper, the modeling and design of high-Q multilayer passives have been investigated, and multilayer diplexer for GSM/DCS applications has been designed and fabricated using the passives. To minimize the system, the configuration of a multilayer inductor has involved a square spiral structure. Modeling of a multilayer inductor was performed by the subsystems of distributed components, and using the modeling the optimal structures of the high-Q multilayer inductor could be designed by analyzing parasitics and couplings which affect their frequency characteristics. Multilayer diplexer for GSM/DCS application has been designed and fabricated using LTCC technology. LPF for GSM band had the passband insertion loss of less than 0.55 dB, the return loss of more than 12 dB, and the isolation level of more than 26 dB by locating attenuation pole at 1800 MHz. HPF for DCS band had the passband insertion loss of less than 0.82 dB, the return loss of more than 11 dB, and the isolation level of more than 38 dB by locating attenuation pole at 930 MHz.
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A miniaturized 6-port junction using tandem couplers is presented. The proposed 6-port junction is designed at the center frequency of 5 GHz. The size reduction of the 6-port junction is achieved by replacing the
$90^{\circ}$ hybrids with the tandem couplers. The magnitude imbalance and the phase imbalance of the proposed 6-port junction are similar with those of the conventional one. -
A low cost solution employing harmonic oscillation to the frequency synthesizer at 5.8 GHz is proposed. The proposed frequency synthesizer is composed of 2.9GHz PLL chip, 2.9GHz oscillator, and 5.8GHz buffer amplifier. The measured data shows a frequency tuning range of 290MHz, ranging from 5.65 to 5.94GHz, about 0.5dBm of output power, and a phase noise of -107.67 dBc/Hz at the 100kHz offset frequency. All spurious signals including fundamental oscillation power (2.9GHz) are suppressed at least 15dBc than the desired second harmonic signal.
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본 논문에서는 유전체 기판형태에서 대역통과 여파기의 크기를 줄이며, 감쇄극을 통과대역 양쪽에 적절하게 위치시키어 감쇄특성을 개선시킬 수 있는 구조를 제안한다. 제시된 구조는 일반적인 헤어핀구조와 접지면에 슬롯라인을 구현해주어 2단 대역통과 여파기를 설계하였다. 설계된 대역 여파기의 등가회로를 제시하였고 시뮬레이션 및 측정 결과를 비교하였다. 구현된 여파기는 일반적인 결합선로 여파기에 비해 크기를 크게 줄 일수 있었고, 감쇄특성은 3단 대역통과 여파기의 감쇄특성에 비교할 수 있다. 제시된 구조는 소형화 및 성능개선에 장점을 가지고 있어 다른 소자에도 많은 적용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.
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In this paper, ultra-wideband frequency synthesizer which operates at S-band (
$2{\sim}4GHz$ ) is designed. Designed frequency synthesizer shows the frequency range of$2.2{\sim}4.0GHz$ and output power of$-2{\sim}3dBm$ . Phase noise characteristics are measured below -92.0dBc/hz at 100kHz offset frequency in entire sweep range and lock time is measured below 3.55ms. Spurious level is below -62.33dBc at comparison frequency of 1MHz. -
마이크로스트립 구조의 방향성 결합기는 이방성 유전체로 인하여 지향성 특성이 저하된다. 즉 우, 기모드의 위상차에 의해 격리특성이 저하된다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하고자 결합선로간의 대칭형으로 입출력단에 위상 보상용 커패시터를 구현해주어 격리특성을 개선하였다. 보상용 캐패시터는 평면형으로 구현하여 제작의 편리하고, 우, 기모드 위상차를 줄여주어 높은 지향성 특성을 얻을 수 있었다. 부가적으로 결합선로의 길이를 약 10%를 줄 일수 있다. 제시된 방법의 타당성을 입증하기 위하여 12dB, 20dB와 30dB의 마이크로스트립 방향성 결합기를 제작하여 30dB의 높은 지향성 특성을 얻었다.
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A 7/21GHz frequency tripler, using a commercially available packaged pHEMT, was designed and fabricated on 15mil RO3003 substrate. Frequency conversion is realized using the third harmonic current of an class B amplifier with rejection feedback at fundamental with optimum load conductance at the third harmonic. The fabricated frequency tripler has achieved a conversion loss of 0.7dB for an input power of 0dBm at 21GHz. The experimental results show good agreement with the harmonic balance simulation.
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In this paper, we designed and implemented a high power amplifier(HPA) to achieve the high Power Added Efficiency(PAE) over 40% at the 90W output power for the ISM-band(fo=2.45GHz). HPA presented in this paper has 3-stage drive amplifier and 1-stage final amplifier. In the final amplifier, we utilized balanced amplifier configuration with GaAs FET and each of two amplifiers has the push-pull configuration to increase PAE. From the measurement results, we obtained PAE of 42.95% at the 90.57W output power.
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In this paper, 5.2 GHz WLAN BPF(Band Pass Filter) using LTCC(Low temperature co-firing ceramic) Multilayer technology was simulated and manufactured. A DGS(Defected Ground structure) resonator with spiral ground pattern is used to shorten resonator size and improve circuit Q factor. And the equivalent circuit of BPF was suggested. The measured result shows good agreement with simulated data. Experimental results show the center frequency of 5.25GHz, the insertion loss of 0.14dB, and the 3-dB bandwidth of 350MHz (6%). The center frequency of BPF is 5.25GHz which is available for wireless LAN.
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본 논문에서는 개방 스터브(open stub)와 전송선로가 커플된(coupled) 구조를 Chebyshev prototype을 이용하여 저역통과 여파기를 설계하였다. 같은 길이의 스터브를 연속적으로 배열함으로써 깊은 저지대역을 갖고, 커플링에 의해 우수한 스컷 (skirt) 특성을 갖는 여파기를 설계할 수 있었다. 또한, 감쇄극이 다른 스터브를 추가로 연결하여 저지대역을 확장하였다.
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A new structure to design low pass filters (LPFs) is presented rho proposed structure has the etched shape of Quad-Spiral DGS(Defected Ground Structure) on microstrip transmission lines. By extracting the equivalent circuit elements of unit Quad-Spiral DGS, LPFs are designed easily. The equivalent circuit of Quad-Spiral DGS consists of a step impedance resonator and lumped elements. The proposed LPF provided steep rejection characteristics with 5-poles. Experimental results show excellent agreements with circuit simulation results in wide band and the validity of our circuit modeling for LPF design. The result shows another possibility of Quad Spiral DGS for microwave devices.
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본 논문에서는 전력 분배비를 변화시킬 수 있는 전력 분배기/합성기를 설계하였다. 전력 분배기/합성기의
${\lambda}/4$ 전송선로 특성 임피던스를 결합선로 또는 하이브리드로 변환하여 설계하였다. 결합 선로나 하이브리드의 결합포트와 격리포트를 동시에 On/Off시킴으로써 변화하는 임피던스를 이용하여 전력 분배비가 1:1에서 1:0으로 즉 전력이 두개의 포트에 같은 크기로 전달되다가 모든 입력이 하나의 출력포트로 모두 전달되는 전력 분배기를 설계하였다. -
본 논문에서는 매우 넓은 저지대역과 우수한 cutoff 특성을 갖는 저역통과 여파기를 제안하였다. 접지면 슬롯과 급전면 개방 스터브의 특성을 결합한 기존의 광대역 여파기에서 전송선의 길이를
${\lambda}_g/4$ 로 변형함으로써 기존의 여파기보다 더 작은 크기로 넓은 저지대역과 급격한 cutoff 특성을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 설계한 단위 여파기를 특정 간격로 배열하여 더 깊은 저지대역과 향상된 cutoff 특성을 얻을 수 있었다. -
본 논문에서는
$90^{\circ}$ 하이브리드 결합기에 여파기 특성을 결합하여 전력분배와 하모닉 저지특성효과를 보여주고 있다. 일반적인$90^{\circ}$ 하이브리드 결합기는 위상차를 갖고 전력을 분배, 합성하는 데에만 쓰이고 있기 때문에 비선형 소자와 결합함으로써 생기는 하모닉 성분을 억제하려면 여파기를 따로 설계해야 하는 단점이 있다. 그래서 본 논문에서는 하이브리드에 저역통과 여파기 특성을 결합함으로써 위상차와 전력분배는 물론 여파기 특성인 감쇠효과를 이용하여 하모닉 성분을 크게 감소시킬 수 있는 구조를 연구하였다. -
In this paper, we proposed the effective serial connection methodology of PBG resonator with defect mode. We use the big difference of impedance ratio in connection region, for example dual PBG, for serial connection. This method reduces the PBG cells and is able to control the pole of bandpass filters. This result in flexibility in design of bandpass filter. Our PBG bandpass filter is modeled by using the ideal transmission line model. This model is very easy, fast, and effective for PBG structure.
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This paper introduces a new design and fabrication technology of 28 GHz low-cost up and down converter modules for digital microwave radios, The design of the converter module is based on unit circuit blocks, which are to be characterized using a special test fixture. Based on the cascade analysis of the module the 28 GHz up and down converter modules have been designed and implemented. The measured module performance agrees with the cascade analysis. New components such as a tapped edge-coupled filter and a new Ka-band waveguide-to-microstrip transition, which are less sensitive to fabrication tolerances, have been used in the module implementation.
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In this paper, a new design method for coupled-line filters with tapped input/output has been developed. The design equations for this tapped filter have been obtained using a new equivalent circuit model of tapped lines. From an edge coupled-line filter, tapped lines replaces the input/output coupled lines which tend to have very narrow gaps (few mils). Therefore, tapped coupled-line filters tend to be less sensitive to filter fabrication tolerances and to be easily fabricated using milling tools. The new filter design algorithm allows very accurate filter design for frequencies less than 20 GHz and bandwidth less than 20%. Above 20 GHz, the filter performance can be optimized starting from the filter design algorithm in this paper. Simulation problems with 2-D EM tools to characterize filter performance at high frequencies have shown to be solved by providing a channel for the filter to eliminate higher order modes.
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In this raper, proposed easy half-wavelength LPF and acceptor structure in actuality manufacture using EBG (Electromagnatic Bandgap) structure for application of micro-strip circuit. Because conventional half-wavelength LPF and acceptor is narrow line-width of High impedance, actuality manufacture is difficult. Width that in proposed structure narrow microstrip line of High impedance EBG structure use and has equal impedance embodied to wide microstrip line. Also, it is seen that actuality manufacture is available applying to half-wavelength LPF that have cut-off Frequency of 3GHz.
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In this paper, we analyzed the characteristics of a modified DGS(Defected Ground Ground Structure)and extracted the equivalent citcuit of that. The proposed DGS is the structure that connects two DGS units, which are composed of the defects on the metallic ground plane and the gab on the signal line. The gab on the signal line was adopted to induce series capacitor of band pass filter. Also, to confirm the validity of the proposed structure, we designed and implemented C - Band pass filter by using the modified DGS.
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In this paper, we have proposed a OFDM/QPSK-DMR(Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing/Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation-Digital Microwave Radio)system using BL-PSF(Band-limited pulse shaping filter) over the Microwave channel. In the proposed DMR system, STS-1(51.84 Mbps) of SONET(Synchronous Optical NETwork) is first modulated by OFDM/QPSK symbol and used Band-limited pulse shaping filter. The advantage of the proposed DMR system is to simplify system complexity and increase IFFT/FFT block use-efficiency. The system performance of single carrier and OFDM systems is already proved that those of DMR systems have the same performance over AWGN(Additive White Gaussian Noise) channel environment. Therefore, the system is analyzed between proposed OFDM/QPSK-DMR and single carrier DMR systems and simulated by BER performance and Signature curve over Microwave channel environment. Simulation result is that the proposed system performances are approaching to the performance of single carrier DMR system as the number of Sub-carriers increasing.
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This paper describes the design of enhanced TSSI RF Power Detector which has wide dynamic range using switch and Log amp. This Power Detector consists of low and high gain loops, and they adaptively switched by output DC voltage which is proportioned to input power level. Because Power Detector needs to separate the channel, so architecture is heterodyne system having 70MHz intermediate frequency. This proposed RF Power Detector is settle to the satisfaction of Closed loop power control system for W-CDMA optic repeater, and the obtained dynamic range cover the higher than 50dB.
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In this paper, we have proposed a clock recovery algorithm of OFDM/QPSK-DMR(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing/Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation-Digital Microwave Radio)system using BL-PSF(Band Limited-Pulse Shaping Filter) and have analyzed the clock phase error variance performance of OFDM/QPSK and single carrier DMR systems. The existing OFDM/QPSK-DMR system using the windowing requires training sequence or CP(Cyclic Prefix) to synchronize a receiver clock frequency Because there is no training sequence or CP(Cyclic prefix) in our proposed DMR system, the proposed clock recovery algorithm is useful to the OFDM/QPSK-DMR system using BL-PSF, The simulation results confirm that the proposed clock recovery algorithm has the same clock phase error variance performance in a single carrier DMR system under AWGN(Additive White Gaussian Noise) environment.
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In this paper, we have analyzed the performance enhancement of OFDM/QPSK-DMR(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing/Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation-Digital Microwave Radio)system using BL-PSF(Band Limited-Pulse Shaping Filter) over the microwave channel. For performance enhancement, we apply the one-tap adaptive equalizer for OFDM/QPSK-DMR system and compare with the BER performance of single carrier DMR system. Computer simulations confirm that the OFDM/QPSK-DMR system using one-tap adaptive equalizer has the same BER performance for the single carrier DMR system.
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In this paper, we have proposed a carrier recovery algorithm of OFDM/QPSK-DMR(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing/Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Modulation-Digital Microwave Radio)system using BL-PSF(Band Limited-Pulse Shaping Filter) and have analyzed the carrier phase MSE(Mean Square Error) performance of OFDM/QPSK and single carrier DMR systems. The existing OFDM/QPSK-DMR system using windowing requires training sequence or CP(Cyclic prefix) to synchronize a receive. carrier frequency. Because in the OFDM/QPSK-DMR system using BL-PSF there is no training sequence or CP(Cyclic Prefix), we also propose a carrier recovery useful to the system. The simulation results confirm that the proposed carrier recovery algorithm has the same carrier phase MSE(Mean Square Error) performance for the single carrier DMR system under AWGN(Additive White Gaussian Noise) environment.
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An inverted-F antenna for wireless local area network (WLAN) is presented. The proposed design is based on the typical dual-band planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA), which have two tunable resonant modes. The low-profile antenna is built by stamping and designed to be mounted on the metal frame of the laptop LCD panel. The obtained antenna can perform in 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands and be adopted for other wireless applications. All the measurements are performed in the actual test fixture.
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In this paper, a series-fed microstrip array antenna utilized a sub-array with a waveguide slot feeding is presented. This sub-array can reduce the feed loss compared with a full microstrip feed network. The sub-array has been designed both for a broad reflection bandwidth and a flat gain bandwidth from 40.5 GHz to 43.5 GHz. The
$24{\times}24$ array antenna has been implemented with the maximum gain of 32.4 dBi. -
In this paper a dual-band circularly polarized stacked microstrip antenna for Global Positioning System (GPS) service and Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) service is designed. By stacking two different corner-truncated square microstrip patches, dual-band, dual polarization characteristic is obtained. Experimental results show impedance bandwidth of 60 MHz (3.8%) and axial ratio bandwidth of 6 MHz (0.4%) in GPS and impedance bandwidth of 126 MHz (4.7%) and axial ratio bandwidth of 30MHz (1.1%) in DMB.
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In this paper, LTCC stacked patch antenna with a radial CPW fed slot and grounded-shorting vertical-via wall for 19GHz band wireless LAN is presented. Suggested antenna employed a patch and grounded-shorting vertical-via wall for radiation element, consist of feeding structure which a radial open feature at the end of the CPW feed line. The optimal design parameters of the antenna using by EM simulation program. We can see that enough to bandwidth 560MHz for 19GHz band WLAN antenna specification by the optimized antenna.
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In this paper, distances between elements are optimized for low sidelobe level (SLL) microstrip patch array using Genetic Algorithms. Genetic Algorithms are "global" numerical-optimization methods, it's advantages are very simple coding and fast optimization. This paper show how to optimize the maximum SLL using Genetic Algorithms. In the results, although mutual coupling is neglected, it's maximum SLL is 3.5 dB lower than Uniformly Spaced Array(distance=
$0.5{\lambda}$ ). -
This paper presents a broadband microstrip antenna design with four U slots on the ground plane by using of genetic algorithm. FDTD method is used as fitness function for antenna analysis, and length of rectangular patch, length of ground plane slot, distance from center point to feed point is used as optimization parameter for maximum bandwidth and minimum size. The measurement result of implemented antenna present bandwidth of 15.63 % and peak gain of 3.61 dBi in the 2.445 GHz, and antenna has a reduced patch size of 54.8 % compare with normal microstrip antenna.
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The major drawback of the classical microstrip patch antennas Is their narrow band characteristic from 1% to 5%. In this paper, to improve this drawback, we designed the antenna with stacked structure having one drive patch connected with feed line and four identical radiation patches. Resonance is achieved by adjust ing coupling area between one drive patch and four identical radiation patches and changing the size of drive patch or radial ion patches. Used substrate is FR4(
${\epsilon}_r$ =4.6 and t=1.6mm) and designed center frequency is 2.45GHz. The designed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 380Mhz form 2.333GHz to 2.713GHz(about 15.5%) including ISM band from 2.4GHz to 2.4835GHz. -
The use of a single UWB antenna which covers a wide range of frequencies is very desirable for future wireless communications system. In this paper, we propose a novel wide band printed elliptic monopole antenna for UWB(Ultra wide Band). Wideband planar monopole disc antenna have been recently studied. The proposed antenna can cover UWB frequencies from 3.5GHz to 12GHz. it is determined from 10dB return loss. The antenna consists of the printed elliptical monopole disc with microstrip-line feed. Elliptic disc of antenna and ground height operate important to matching. The results of measurement are almost similar to those of simulation.
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In this paper, a design method for an inverted-F antenna printed on a dielectric ceramic material is presented. Antenna performances are optimized by adjusting metal strip patterns. Measurements of the fabricated antenna show good agreements with the numerical simulation.
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In this paper, the miniaturization of linear polarization microstrip patch antenna is studied by attached Irises near the square linear polarization microstrip patch antenna which are induced the increase of current path. Microstrip patch antenna having the Irises is designed and fabricated at the resonant frequency of 1.575 GHz. The result is like that the resonant length of patch is reduced 41.5 mm which correspond to 50.9 % of that of plane type(81.5mm). The return loss is -28.5 dBd and -10 dB bandwidth is 103 MHz( 6.5 %). And as the radiation pattern is broad through the size reduction of patch, the gain is 5.9 dBd and -3 dB beamwidth of E-plane is
$111.9^{\circ}$ . -
It is well known that the antenna for wireless Tx/Rx isolation detector should have the broadband characteristics. Such antennas can be applied in all the frequency ranges such as Cellular, PCS, IMT-2000. In this paper, using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain(FDTD) method, one design example is given for the antenna operating in the frequency ranges of
$800MHz{\sim}900 MHz$ ,$1.7GHz{\sim}2.2GHz$ . -
A circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna (MPA) using electromagnetic (EM) coupled fed method is analyzed in view of the two types of coupling mechanisms viz. cavity and parasitic type, proposed earlier. The patch-ground plane distance is varied in order to achieve the fore-mentioned types of couplings. For each case of patch-ground plane distance, the offset position of feedline is optimized for perfect matching and the boresight axial ratio (AR) is observed. It is seen that CP operation is possible only for cavity-type coupling (smaller patch-ground plane distances). The simulated results for the boresight AR for the two types of coupling mechanisms are presented.
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In this paper, to reduce the patch size of microstrip antenna, folded surface-type patch antenna is designed and fabricated. Size reduction could be achieved because of the downed resonant frequency by the extended current path passing along below the transformated patch surface. Comparison of the patch size at the 1.575 GHz between plane type(length 82 mm
${\times}$ width 90 mm) and "ㄷ"-shaped folded type is carried and comparision of frequency variation at the same patch size is carried. The result is like that the patch size was reduced than the plane type by 60 mm(73.17 %) at the same frequency. Therefore, it could be checked that "ㄷ"-shaped folded type antenna is advantageous than the plane type in size reduction. -
본 논문에서는 WLAN용 광대역 마이크로스트립 안테나를 설계 및 제작하였다. 광대역 특성을 얻기 위하여 기생 패치를 이용한 이중 공진 구조를 적용하였으며, 안테나의 사이즈를 줄이기 위하여 단락면을 사용하였다. 제작결과 return loss가 -10dB 이하인 대역폭으로
$4.41{\sim}6.15GHz$ 에 이르는 약 32.78%대의 광대역 특성을 얻을 수 있었다. -
In this paper, a integrated structure of a two-element microstrip patch antenna with two feeds for GPS/PCS dual-band operation is proposed. The radiating element for PCS operation is a novel broad band low-profile cylindrical monopole top-loaded with a shorted meander patch, which gives linearly polarized conical radiation pattern and size reduction of patch due to meander line. The radiating element for GPS operation is a novel square-ring microstrip patch with truncated corners and slits. which provide circularly polarized broadside radiation patterns and size reduction due to slots. using dielectric substrate in GPS antenna of proposed antenna provide to improve isolation between two feeds and reduce size of patch. The proposed antenna achieves the bandwidth and polarization requirements of GPS and PCS systems.
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In this paper, in order to fabricate the circularly polarized diversity system which will mitigate multipath fading, 5.8GHz band microstrip array antenna were designed and fabricated. These antenna were designed using Ensemble 6.0 program and the fabricated antenna were vertical and horizontal polarized antenna, left-handed circularly polarized antenna, and right-handed circularly polarized antenna. The designed antenna parameters included S11 and impedance characteristics of fabricated antenna were measured using Network Analyzer(8753ES). From the measurement results, the S11 for each polarization antenna at resonance frequency of 5.8GHz band was showed -38dB, -44dB, and -50dB respectively and it was similar to the simulation result, and also the impedance can be matched at
$50{\Omega}$ . In order to compare polarization characteristics, broadband measurement was also conducted in this paper. -
Design procedure of corrugated horn antenna for mm-wave frequency range is presented, and hybrid condition in horn is calculated. Balanced hybrid mode should be converted in the horn from TE11 mode by the proper corrugation dimensions which size are available to be fabricated under the mm-wave short wavelength condition. In this paper, corrugate profiles which satisfy both hybrid condition and fabrication possibility are obtained.. By cylindrical mode theory, the electromagnetic fields both inside hem and corrugation are delivered. Propagation characteristics in hem is calculated by the mode impedance matching method with boundary conditions, and radiation fields are obtained by the Kirchhoff-Hyugen principle to the hem aperture fields. A mm-wave corrugated horn operates on 85 - 115GHz is designed and fabricated, and results of measurement are also shown.
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This paper presents a novel method to reduce the size of microstrip patch antennas using shorting post and spiral shape. The spiral conductor shape of the proposed shorted patch antennas increases the length of the current patch for a given area. Two spiral shaped patch antennas with shorting post operating at 700 MHz bands are investigated experimentally.
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In This paper, a pole-zero optimized design method for multi-layed planar interdigital stripeline linear group delay bandpass filter with tap input port is presented. As a design example, a four-pole group delay filter with center frequency of 2.14GHz, bandwidth of 160MHz, and group delay variation of
${\pm}0.1nS$ for LTCC technology or multilayerd PCB technology is designed. In the design process, as well the whole structure is not necessary to be simulated, and within three times of optimizing process we have good result as well. This design method could be useful for controlling error correction of manufacturing process as well as design stage. -
There are many antenna array errors. They will distort the array beam pattern and result in an increased sidelobe level. A calibration technique is proposed for correcting the antenna array errors such as mutual coupling and unequal feeder characteristics. These are modeled as a matrix representing the interaction between the radiating elements. The matrix is estimated from the measured array response vectors. The antenna array errors are corrected by modifying the beamforming weight vector. It is verified by the electromagnetic simulation and experiment that the proposed technique reduces the sidelobe level and increases the antenna gain.
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In this paper, a meander-line chip antenna with stacked layer is suggested, designed and fabricated employing the LTCC(Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic) fabrication techniques. To reduce the antenna chip size, the meander-line antenna strip is distributed over three layer. Layers one interconnected using via holes. A 2.4 GHz chip antenna with size of
$3.75{\times}7.9{\times}1.0 mm^3$ is designed and fabricated using the LTCC technique. Measurements of the fabricated antenna show 160 MHz bandwidth and 3.75 dBi maximum gain. The Measured reflection coefficient and radiation patterns agree well with the prediction by electromagnetic simulation. -
In this paper, describes the design of PIFA for PDA which has parasitic patch to expand the impedance bandwidth and miniaturization technique to consider the radiation pattern. To expand the impedance bandwidth, generated resonant frequency of parasitic patch is different from that of main patch. To miniaturize the physical dimension, using the folded edge and rectangular slot. The obtained impedance bandwidth is 9.4% (
$2.29GHz{\sim}2.515GHz$ ) at VSWR${\leqq}$ 2 and antenna gain is 2dBi within the operating frequency. -
진행파 슬롯 배열 안테나에서 반사파에 의한 부엽을 억제하기 위한 새로운 방법을 제안한다. 이 방법에서는 통상적으로 사용되는 정합부하 대신에 다단 도파관 계단구조가 사용되었다. 제안된 방법의 타당성을 보이기 위해 Ku-대역에서 동작하는 도파관 슬롯 안테나를 제작 시험하였다. 측정결과로부터 제안된 방법을 사용하여 반사파에 의한 부엽을 억제할 수 있음을 확인하였다.
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In this paper, we proposed a new ultra wide-band(UWB) antenna for UWB communication applications. The proposed antenna is composed of a rectangular plate having two steps, single slot on plate and partial ground plane. This antennas operated from 3.2 to 13 GHz. Details of the proposed antenna design and measured results are presented discussed.
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In this paper, a new design for a Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) fed wide-band slot antenna is presented. To enhance the impedance bandwidth of the slot antenna, we proposed the tapering slot structure. A various resonance modes are generated in the tapering slot. The impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is about 12:1 (
$2.0GHz{\sim}24.3GHz$ ) with$VSWR{\le}2$ . Simulation results for return loss and radiation pattern are presented. -
A study of the most small Bluetooth chip antenna design for a short-distance wireless communicationsHan, Yun-Hee;Kang, Sang-Won;Pyo, Baek-Bong;Lim, Dong-Uk;Yoo, Kyoung-Jae;Hong, Sung-Ok;Hur, Jung 528
본 논문에서는 LTCC 공정을 이용한 블루투스 주파수 대역($2,400{\sim}2,4835 MHz$ ) 에서 사용 할 수 있는, 헬리컬 구조의 소형 칩 안테나를 설계하였다. 안테나 본체 사이즈는 소형 단말기 내부에도 무리없이 삽입 할 수 있을 정도인 길이 3.2mm, 폭 1.6mm, 두께 1.2mm, 유전율 5.5를 가진 초소형 사이즈이다. 따라서 본 연구는 중심주파수가 2.45GHz로 하는 단일밴드 블루투스 안테나에 대해 고찰하고, 목표로 정한 특성은 중심주파수에서 약 100MHz 대역폭을 갖일수 있도록 하는 것이다. -
In this paper, we made study for plastic chip antenna, the plastic is Formax with the circle of PVC and its electric characteristics are dielectric constant 1.9, surface current
$10{\Omega}$ . The proposed antenna same as the conventional antenna are usually constructed with ceramic chip, which are not fragile in nature and don't tend to break easily. Therefore the proposed antenna with its advantage are attractive for application in mobile antenna. We study the dual-band plastic chip antenna resonated at 800Mhz and 1800Mhz. From this study results, we feel confident of application for mobile phone antenna. -
A new concept of adaptive focusing, using a Rotman lens, is presented in this paper. A Rotman lens is a microwave lens which is able to focus microwave power on its focal arc or generate multiple beams. By adding the array of phase shifters between a Rotman lens and antenna elements, the wavefront can be adaptively modulated to focus objects distributed in short range rather than far-field zone. From the optical point of view, the propagations of the lens have been simplified from the Fresnel diffraction integral to the Fourier transform. Using Fourier Transform, a beam propagation method has been developed to show improvement of the resolution by controlling wavefront of wave propagating from an aperture-type antenna array. The beam width(or spot size) and intensity have been calculated for a focused beam propagating from an array having
$10{\lambda}$ of its size. For the beam with$20{\lambda},\;30{\lambda}$ , and$50{\lambda}$ of geometrical focal length, the half-power beamwidth (spot size) is about$1.1{\lambda},\;1.3{\lambda}$ , and$1.9{\lambda}$ , respectively. -
본 논문에서는 하나의 급전소자와 두개의 무급전 소자로 구성된 전 후방 지향성을 가진 비행체 탑재 능동 빔 조향 프린트형 야기-우다 안테나를 설계, 제작하였다. 제작된 안테나는 두개의 무급전 소자에 부착된 칩다이오드의 간단한 스위칭 작용(Open, Short)으로 지향성 다이버시티를 구현하였다. 그리고 모노폴 급전 소자와 두개의 무급전 소자와의 거리를 변화시켜 상호 임피던스의 영향이 고려된 최대 전.후방비를 찾았다. 중심주파수 1.81 GHz에서 모노폴 급전소자와 무급전소자간의 간격이
$0.25{\lambda}$ 일 때, 26.6 dB의 최대 전.후방비(Open-Short 또는 Short-Open)특성이 나타내었다. 이를 통해 후방에 있는 지상 통제소와 미사일의 비행 방향에 관계없이 교신 가능한 수신 레벨을 유지 할 수 있음을 확인하였다. -
본 논문에서는 GPS용 안테나의 소형화를 위해 패치 길이 방향으로 T자형 슬릿 구조를 이용하여 GPS 중심 주파수인 1.575 GHz로 안테나를 설계, 제작하였다. 선형편파의 경우, 설계 주파수에서 패치 높이 3 mm 일 때, 패치 길이
$48 mm{\times}$ 폭 90 mm로 평면형($84 mm{\times}90 mm$ )에 비해 42.9 %의 길이 단축 효과를 얻었으며, 반사손실 -20.3 dB, -10dB 대역폭 9 MHz (0.5 %), E-면 -3dB 빔폭$77.7^{\circ}$ , H-면 -3dB 빔폭$66.2^{\circ}$ , 이득 5.3 dBd의 특성을 나타내었다. 원형편파의 경우, 설계 주파수에서 패치 크기는$57 mm{\times}57 mm$ 의 정방형으로서 T자형 슬릿 길이만을 조절하여$90^{\circ}$ 의 위상차를 야기시켰으며 평면형 원형편파($82 mm{\times}86.5 mm$ )에 비해 54.2 %의 면적 축소 효과 및 이득 3.89 dBd, 반사손실 -28.9 dB, 축비 1.96 dB, 2dB 축비 유지 대역폭 18 MHz로 양호한 원형편파 특성을 얻었다. -
In order to detect very short electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with picosecond width, a receiving antenna with a wide bandwidth and good sensitivity over several GHz is needed. In this paper, the receiving characteristics of various thin wire monopole (or dipole) antennas with nonreflecting resistive loading are analyzed for determining the optimum configurations. This study also indicates that it is possible to choose an ideal load impedance for achieving the required fidelity and sensitivity. The analysis is facilitated by introducing the frequency transfer function.
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Recently, in accordance with the commercialization of novel radio frequency utilization technologies, the radiated power must be rigorously limited for the purpose of protection of wireless facilities against frequency jamming or interference and for maintaining the quality of communication service. At present, the output power is measured from the conducted power for the domestic measurement criterion but is not a real radiated power and inaccurate. So, it is peformed to survey the more precisely accurate measurement scheme and analyze its criterion and methodology in comparison with foreign one. As a result of surveying and analyzing, it is concluded that the U.S. and E.U. is actually using the measurement method in consideration of terms of the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power(EIRP) and Effective Radiated power(ERP). In case of the frequency below 1 GHz, the half wave-length dipole antenna is used to measure the ERP and above 1 GHz the horn antenna as a reference antenna is used to measure the EIRP. Therefore, for the domestic purpose it is also necessary to take EIRP and ERP into consideration as a measurement criterion in order to make an accurate measurement and regulation.
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In this paper, we carried out performance analysis of mobile station with built-in antenna for PCS(Personal Communication System) band. The radiation patterns for antenna and mobile phone were simulated by using 3D simulation program, HFSS(High Frequency Structure Simulator) and SEMCAD(Simulation Platform for Electromagnetic Compatibility Antenna Design Dosimetry). We observed radiation pattern variation according to installation of LED(Light Emitting Diode) circuit and ground pattern. The radiation pattern of prototype mobile phone was measured, and the radio sensitivity was measured by using Agilent E5515C and chamber. The measured maximum antenna gain at 1.87GHz was 0.21dBi. The measured radio sensitivity of prototype mobile phone shows proper performances comparable to other models with external antennas.
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Owing to the insufficient satellite resources such as frequency and orbit, the interest in the sharing of these resources has been increasing. ITU-R has been studying on the power limitation, the interference mitigation techniques etc. in order to facilitate the frequency sharing between different systems. Therefore, we studied on the interference mitigation techniques between HEO FSS system and GSO FSS network. We performed the simulation using four mitigation techniques and, based on the results of simulation, evaluated these techniques.
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There is two System for IMT-2000 Service. one is FDD(Frequency Division Duplex), the other is TDD(Time Division Duplex) system. At the 1920MHz, they have common boundary in IMT-2000 frequency allocation of Korea. In this paper, The amount of Interference From TDD MS(Mobile Station) and BS(Base Station) to FDD BS is Analyzed for Investigation on capacity variation of FDD service by frequency separation. the result and methodology in this paper will be used basically for calculating the guard-band between FDD and TDD service in the future
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In order to assess the spectrum usage efficiency in mobile radio services, we consider the capacity limits of a CDMA system. The maximum achievable capacity per
$km^2$ is viewed as a meaningful figure of merit for a cellular system and a method is proposed here to estimate the minimum achievable distance between adjacent base stations in the case of CDMA. The probability for entering in soft handover state is used as a limit for densification in a CDMA system. From this criterion, conditions on the minimum possible cell radius are derived. -
대역확산 통신에서의 동기는 수신 PN (Pseudo Noise) 부호의 위상오프셋과 수신기의 PN부호 발생기의 확산부호와의 위상오프셋을 동일하게 하는 것과 동일하므로, PN부호의 위상오프셋을 안다는 것은 매우 중요하다. 본 논문은 PN 부호의 위상오프셋 계산, 오류검출 방법과 이를 이용한 동기 방법을 제안한다. 한 주기의 PN부호가 수신되면, 수신 부호의 위상오프셋과 오류검출은 계산되며, 계산된 위상오프셋 값을 이용하여 수신기의 PN 부호 발생기의 쉬프트 레지스터 상태를 초기화함으로써 동기를 쉽게 이룰 수 있다. 제안된 방법의 평균 초기동기 시간은 해석적으로 구해지며, 비교적 높은 SNR에서는 매우 빠른 동기를 이룸을 알 수 있다.
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A development scheme for reliable radio-wave Propagation model of digital television (DTV) service, adequate to the domestic environment, is proposed in this paper. Throughout the analysis of several ITU-R recommendations on propagation models in DTV band, ITU-R P.1546, which is based on experimental data, has been selected as our basic model. This model has been programmed, not only to be directly used for engineering analysis, such as frequency assignment, licensing, interference analysis, and sharing frequency bands, but also to be applied for development of a propagation model adequate to the specific environment. Furthermore, the procedure of developing domestic propagation model for DTV service, combined with experimental data which is now being obtained, has been described in this paper.
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Narrowband and wideband characterizations of radio propagation channels in tunnel environments are investigated by using ray tracing techniques. For a rectangular straight tunnel and a rectangular curved tunnel, received power is simulated when the receiver moves away from the transmitter. The fast fading statistics of the narrowband propagation are analyzed in terms of cumulative distribution function, level crossing rate and average fade duration. The tunnel wideband radio propagation channel is characterized in terms of mean excess delay and rms delay spread.
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In this paper, we analyze the performance of UWB(Ultra-WideBand) communication system employing Bi-phase modulation and RAKE Receiver under the MAI(Multiple Access Interference) and the OSI(Other System Interference) environment. Using the multi-path channel model recommended by IEEE P802.15.TG3a, the performance degradation Is described with the number of users, the number of RAKE fingers and training sequences. To meet BER 10e-4 for 20 users at the same time, the number of RAKE fingers are proposed from 3 to 32. And the number of training sequences are limited less than 8 to keep the channel estimation error within 3dB
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In this paper, the efficient channel estimationschemes for DRM system(AM band digital radio broadcasting standard) are investigated. In frequency domain, by means of the linear interpolation, the second order interpolation, cubic spline interpolation, and time domain interpolation, the channel impulse response is estimated respectively to compensate the attenuation due to the fading. And in time domain, the frequency channel impulse response is averaged to reduce the attenuation due to the AWGN. By the simulation, the performance of MSE, BER and the complexity of calculation is compared and analysized for each interpolation scheme.
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In this paper, we studied the radiated electric field of power-line with DMT signal source in the frequency range of
$1.7{\sim}30 MHz$ . First, we made the midium voltage power-line communication model for PLC and calculated the current through the power-line using the impedance of the power-line model. Second, we calculated the radiated electric field in power range$-50{\sim}-30 dBm$ using the calculated current. Consequently, the calculated emissive electromagnetic field from the DMT signal is similar to the measured result. So this study is applicable to the standard regulation of electromagnetic interference for PLC. -
A spurious-suppressed transversal filter using the multiple-coupled line is proposed. The frequency characteristics of the multiple-coupled line are analyzed in detail. In order to compare the performances, the novel spurious-suppressed transversal filter using triple-coupled half-wavelength directional couplers is designed at 5 GHz. The spurious-suppression characteristics of the proposed transversal filter are verified by the full wave analysis and the measurement. The spurious response of the fabricated filter is effectively suppressed up to 13 GHz and the large attenuation is attained in the stopband.
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고성능 복합형 전자파 흡수체를 개발하기 위해 종래에는 지지재로서 주로 Silicone 고무나 CPE가 사용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 전통 공예에서 사용되어 오던 옻에 대한 전자파 흡수능을 조사하고 이를 지지재로 사용하여 MnZn 페라이트와 배합하여 전자파 흡수체를 제작한 경우의 전자파 흡수능을 조사하고, 흡수체의 두께에 따른 흡수능을 조사하였다. 옻을 지지재로 한 MnZn 페라이트 복합형 전자파 흡수체는 CPE나 Silicone 고무를 지지재로 한 전자파 흡수체에 비하여 우수한 전파흡수특성 나타내었으며, 옻의 두께 변화에 따라 정합주파수와 전파흡수능이 변화함을 알았다.
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In this paper, a DBM(double balanced mixer) of 2 GHz is implemented on FR4(h=1.6mm,
${\epsilon}_r=4.6$ ) substrate. The structure of double balanced mixer requires, in general, two talons and a quad diode. For balun, a novel planar balun using microstrip to CPS(Coplanar Strip) is suggested and designed. The suggested balun shows the phase imbalance of$180^{\circ}{\pm}1.5^{\circ}$ and the amplitude imbalance of${\pm}0.2 dB$ for 1.5 to 2.5 GHz. Using the balun, DBM is successfully implemented, and the measured conversion loss of up/down converter show about 6 dB over the bandwidth. The balun may be applicable for MMIC(Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit) DBM with the process supporting backside via though more study. -
An active capacitance circuit is analyzed in depth and its application to active RF BPF with low noise figure is discussed. The characteristics of the active capacitance circuit made of FET[1] exhibits negative resistance and conventional capacitance, which is easily controlled. However, it is difficult to make the negative resistance adequate in the designated frequency range due to the lack of detailed analysis, which could make an active circuit unstable as the frequency is going higher or lower. In this paper, we analyzed the negative resistance characteristics of active capacitance circuits and also presented the method that the flatness of passband can be controlled. Finally we have designed a 4-stage active BPE, which results in bandwidth of 100 MHz, 0,04 dB insertion loss, 0.2 dB ripple, and noise figure of 2.4 dB at 1.75 GHz band.
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OFDM/FH communication system Is widely used in the wireless communication for the large capacity and high-speed data transmission. However, phase noise and PAPR (peak-to-average power ratio) are the serious problems causing performance impairment. In this paper, PLL (phase locked loop) frequency synthesizer with high switching speed is used for the phase noise model. SSPA and TWTA are considered for the nonlinear HPA model. Under these conditions and by approximating
$e^{j{\phi}[m]}$ into$1 + j{\phi}[m]-\frac{1}{2}{\phi}^2[m]$ for the phase noise nonlinear approximation, SINR (signal-to-interference-noise-ratio) with nonlinear HPA and phase noise is derived in the OFDM/FH system. The bit error probabilities (BER) are found by computer simulation method and semi-analytical method. The simulation results closely match with the semi-analytical results. -
본 논문에서는 광대역 특성을 가지면서 소형화가 용이한 다중 미앤더 스트립 모노폴 안테나 구조를 제안하였다. 제안한 안테나 구조는 스트립으로 이루어진 수직한 모노폴 안테나를 미앤더 형태로 구부림으로써 안테나 높이를 감소시킬 수 있으며, 구부리는 회수가 증가할수록 대역폭이 늘어나는 특성을 갖는다. 제안한 다중 미앤더 스트립 모노폴 안테나 구조로부터 최근 주목을 받고 있는 UWB 롱신 대역폭을 포함하는 2.9 GHz에서 10.85 GHz까지의 넓은 대역폭과 전방향에 대한 최대/최소 복사이득의 차가 0.1 dBi 이내인 우수한 모노폴 안테나 복사패턴을 갖는 크기
$14 mm{\times}14 mm{\times}14mm$ 의 광대역/소형 안테나를 설계하였다. -
Through AIS(Automatic Identification System), ITU-R suggested the navigational data communication between ships and between ships and shore stations for the better safety of navigation, and it requires two different the transmitting output power level depending on its operating mode. According to ITU's recommendation, these levels should reach within 20% of its final value in 1ms. In this paper, an adequate feedback control circuit for power amplifier module is designed and implemented.