Map integration usually involves matching the common spatial objects in different datasets. There have been recent studies on object matching using relative location as defined by spatial relationships between the object and its neighbor landmark. Therefore the landmark selection process is an important part of map integration using relative location. In this research, we describe an approach to determine landmarks automatically in different geospatial datasets.

Needs for the methodology of segmentation of linear feature according to the shape characteristics of line feature are increasing in cartographic linear generalization. In this study, the line segmentation method using expansible moving window is presented. This method analyzes the generalization effect of line simplification algorithms depend on the line characters of linear feature and extracts the sections which show exclusively low positional error due to a specific algorithm. The description measurements of these segments are calculated and the target line data are segmented based on the measurements. For segmenting the linear feature to a homogeneous section, expansible moving window is applied. This segmentation method is expected to be used in the cartographic map generalization considering the shape characteristics of linear feature.

무선인터넷 환경과 휴대용 장비의 발달로 차량 외부에서도 내비게이션이 가능하다. 특히, 보행자의 경우는 이동이 자유로와 기존의 차량 내비게이션에서 활용된 네트워크 데이터를 활용하는데 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기 구축된 공간정보에서 보행자 네트워크를 생성하는 방법에 대하여 제안하고자 한다.

Spatial conflict problem can be solved by computing the space in which a new input object can be located avoiding conflict, and displacing it in the computed space. In this study, we propose a optimal method to displace an input object to given space.

Combined with the indeterminate boundaries of spatial objects, n:m correspondences makes an object-based matching be a complex problem. In this study, we model the boundary of a polygon object with fuzzy model and describe their overlapping relations as a weighted bipartite graph. Then corresponding pairs including 1:0, 1:1, 1:n and n:m relations are identified using a spectral singular value decomposition.

인터넷이나 모바일 기기를 이용한 지도 서비스를 이용하는 사용자가 많아지고 그에 따라 다양한 형태의 서비스가 제공되고 있어 이를 위한 자료 구축의 필요성이 커지고 있다. 이종의 자료를 Conflation하여 직관적으로 사용자가 공간정보를 얻을 수 있게 하기 위해서는 자료 간에 공간 편이가 없어야 하나 다양한 원인으로 인해 공간 불일치가 발생하고 있어 이를 조정하는 것이 필요하다. 이를 위해서 도로의 교차로에서 템플릿을 형성하고 도로 후보영상과 매칭을 수행하여 자료간 조정을 수행하였다.

In this study, regarding to the generalization of the map, we analyze how the different tolerances influence on the performances of linear generalization operators. For the analysis, we apply the generalization operators, especially two simplification algorithms provided in the commercial GIS software, to 1:1000 digital topographic map for analyzing the aspect of the changes in positional error depending on the tolerances. And we evaluate the changes in positional error with the quantitative assessments. The results show that the analysis can be used as the criteria for determining proper tolerance in linear generalization.

In this paper, we studied linking method for updating navigation map with new address map. This method is hierarchical as we chose candidate using attribute data for geometry matching. Limiting a matching range, we conducted a experiment ICP with geometry matching. As a result, for linking method it's quite satisfied but for updating method, we decided that we have to do more precise method for updating.

Finding shortest path technique running time differs depending on applying of the algorithm and data, and also used a lot of difference in effectiveness depending on the environment occurs. Therefore, the algorithm and environment based on this study, the relationship between optimal solutions and compare running time.

이중차분을 통한 GPS 측위시 이동국의 위치는 기준국에 대한 상대위치로 결정된다. 단기선의 경우는 조석에 의한 변위량의 상대적인 차이가 거의 없기 때문에 조석보정이 필요하지 않다. 하지만 기선의 길이가 길어지고 망 전체의 크기가 우리나라 전체 면적을 포함하는 경우 조석 변위량의 상대적인 차이로 인해 측위 오차가 발생할 수 있으므로 적절한 조석보정이 수반되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 우리나라 규모에서 조석영향에 의해 발생할 수 있는 변위량을 분석하였다. 분석결과 GPS를 이용한 정밀측위시 조석영향에 대한 보정이 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

To construct precision geoid model, the gravity data having equal distribution and quality is necessary. In previous study, however, the geoid model has low precision since the biased distributed gravity data and some unverified data has been used and the gap between land and ocean exists. Now, the airborne and land gravity data was collected by various survey and the ship-borne gravity data and altimeter data has been achieved. Therefore, the precision geoid model development would be possible. And the GPS/Leveling data obtained by NGII could be used for construction of hybrid geoid in Korea. In this study, the procedure of geoid construction based on airborne, land, ship-borne and altimeter data using Remove-Restore technique will be explained. And the verification of gravimetric geoid and hybrid geoid would be introduced.

This Study describes the mountainous area which is located in Gyeongsangbuk-do and Jeollanam-do used the relative gravimeter in the object and is measured and the gravity data which used orthometric correction, is a physical height the altitude in compliance with the level measurement which is an altitude and a geometric height is really a difference in compliance with the method which is various calculated orthometric height. In addition, calculated by various were compared & analyzed by orthometric correction against the objective area to determine the appropriate orthometric correction method of calculation.

We present the analysis of space geodetic technique observation, Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), to LAGEOS1 and LAGEOS2 for the definition of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF). The data were analyzed in 7day arcs during about 9 years (2000/01/10 ~ 2008/12/29) using NASA Goddard's GEODYN/SOLVE II software. The comparison of the coordinates between ITRF2005 and TRF solutions determined in this work shows that there is no significant bias.

Terrestrial Laser Scanner is widely useful in the cultural heritage documentation, acquisition of three-dimensional spatial information in the field of civil engineering and construction, and the safety monitoring for the inaccessible sites such as a few bridges and landslides. This study deals with the investigation of distance measurement and the performances assesment with waveform clouds-based(TLS).

항공용 Multi-looking 카메라는 1대의 사진기 몸체에 5대의 카메라를 설치하여 동시에 1장의 연직사진과 4개의 경사사진을 획득하므로, 연직방향으로 촬영된 일반 항공사진에 비해 현장에 대한 다양한 정보를 제공한다. 그러나 3차원 공간정보 구축시 다각사진촬영시스템은 대형CCD를 사용하는것이 아니라 중형CCD를 사용하므로, 주요대상물의 전후좌우 영상을 취득하려면, 촬영시 중복도 설정을 고려하여야 하며, 특히 Sideward-looking 카메라의 경우 횡중복도 설정에 의해 특정대상물 촬영 여부를 확인할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 촬영시 횡중복도 변화에 의한 다각사진의 Sideward Footprint 및 촬영의 효율성에 대하여 분석하였다.

현재 수치지도는 그 이력관리의 방법이 모호해 파일기반으로 영역단위 혹은 도엽단위로 관리되고 있다. 이는 변화되지 않은 지역을 중복적으로 관리하여 비용의 소모가 클 뿐 아니라 수치지도의 시간적, 공간적 관리방법이 제시되지 못하고 있다. 또한 수치지도를 파일기반으로 관리하기 때문에 관리의 보안성의 보장을 받지 못하며 관리의 체계화가 이루어지지 않는다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 수치지도의 각 객체별 이력관리를 위해 객체단위에 UFID를 부여 후 객체의 갱신이 이루어질 때마다 객체단위로써 이력관리 할 수 있는 방안을 연구하고자 한다.

The R&D of Geospatial Information Infrastructure, which is the one of the KLSG(Korean Land Spatialization Group) mian projects, is core project for promotion of digital korean land. It has been conducted during 4 years, and it will be tested and assessed via TestBed in the 5th & 6th years. The application of Testbed for R&D results will make contributions of stability, enhancement and external reliability for R&D results.

Segmentation of LiDAR data is an important procedure in building modeling. Therefore, in this study, aerial imagery is used to group LiDAR data for both improving segmentation accuracy and modeling detail surface patches of the roofs. The results show that the proposed method is efficient to analyze and to model various types of roof shape.

In this paper, we focus on the accuracy estimation of laser scanning mobile mapping system using Lynx Mobile Mapper. For this, we surveyed checkpoints(181 points) in study areas. A method to estimate the accuracy of laser scanning mobile mapping system based on the measurement range, interval of control points and gps signal environments. As a result, to ensure reliable measurement results, we must be made a plan considering Measure range(60m or under) and operation. The estimation results showed the need for improving accuracy using control points about 150m interval according to environment error source.

The more High-Tech City developed, the more Utility-Pipe Conduit becomes necessary. However, the existing management methods is difficult to cope with the accident. Therefore this study suggests on the effective way using the CCTV Camera.

The demand for human security significantly promotes the development of surveillance applications using a multi-sensor integrated UAV system. For more sophisticated operations, the system should provide a sequence of images rectified in a ground coordinate system in realtime. This rectification requires accurate position and attitude of the camera at the time of exposure of each image, which can be estimated through an Aerial Triangulation process using the GPS/INS data and tie points between adjacent images. In this work, the KLT tracker is utilized to obtain the tie points. To satisfy the realtime requirements, we present an approach to speed up the tracker by supplying the initial guessed positions of tie points based on the exterior orientation. The experimental results show that, when the guessed positions are supplied, the KLT tracker consumed less computational time than the ordinary KLT which is more suitable to be incorporated into the realtime image georeferencing process.

Recently, 3D stereo movies, 3D TV broadcasting, and stereoscopic monitors become hot issue. Worldwide engagement in an intense competition for stereo viewing technology just begins. Photogrammetry is the originator of dealing obtaining stereo imagery, processing and display. Non-glasses stereo monitors will replace existing monitors in near future. This study introduces real 3D stereo viewing methods of geospatial data on the non-glasses stereoscopic monitors.

The "Green Policy" of Korean government is classified as three categories, the first is 'reduction of fossil fuel use', the second is 'clean energy development' and the last is 'sustainable green property which has a continuous value in the use'. In this matter, this study provides how the green property concept include green infrastructure and how to link the green infrastructure to effective geo-spatial management by cadastre system. The establishment of green infrastructure is not a simple procedure, but definitely starts from the cadastre system. If the green policy includes sustainable way of land/marine use, the green cadastre is significant because of its possibilities to be used as a powerful implementation.

After 2000 year, cremation rate have increased constantly as public concepts change, while grave area where occupy over 1% of South Korea territory also increase steadily. The purpose of this study is to establish the foundation of maintenance and implementation of temporary burial system introduced in 2011 through research on the actual condition. In this paper, improvement of guideline for the study area and prototype of across the board burial mound survey are offered through carry out research on the five case study area. In addition effective way for nationwide project also is suggested.

우리나라는 지리적 메커니즘을 고려할 때 지각판 거동에 의한 지진발생 가능성을 가지고 있으며, 최근들어 지진 횟수가 증가됨에 따라 지진에 대한 우려와 관심이 커지고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지진 발생 가능성이 높은 단층지역에 위치하고 있는 양산 상시관측소로부터 수신한 GPS 자료를 정밀절대측위 방법으로 처리하고, 양산지역의 지각변동량을 계산하였다. 연구결과 양산지역은 방위각 약 $131^{\circ}$의 4cm/year 속도로 이동하고 있음을 알 수 있었으며, 이러한 결과는 양산단층지역에 대한 지구 물리 해석의 기초자료로 활용이 가능할 것으로 기대된다.

The MLTM(Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs) has been performed NGIS project Assessment every year. But it has a couple of problems which are contents of assessment and the time of dealing in the assessment system. Considering the driven conclusions, this study proposed the improvement plan of NGIS project Assessment.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the business process in which Korea Land & Housing Corporation utilizes spatial DB of NSDI(National Spatial Data Infrastructure) for compensation service. By the analysis of spatial data connected with compensation service, the influence of the matching error among spatial data on the business process for the service is identified and it is required to draw a direction for improvement in it.

We studied the methods to utilize vehicle-based mobile mapping system for field investigation work of digital map generation process. Map layers which should be checked by field investigation were analyzed to find the possibility of being checked with data from vehicle-based mobile mapping system. Also new process for digital map generation were suggested to adopt field investigation by vehicle-based mobile mapping system. We performed field investigation work on the Kangneung area by vehicle-based mobile mapping on a trial bases and compared the results with a results from usual field investigation method.

Geoid is the equi-gravity potential surface. Gravimetric geoidal heights could be determined by the gravity observation values and geometric geoidal heights could be determined by the GPS ellipsoidal heights at benchmark station. In this study, both gravimetric geoidal heights and geometric geoidal heights were determined and compared in mountainous area. For the study, GPS surveying and gravity observation were accomplished at 1st and 2nd order levelling network located in mountainous area in Kyungsanbukdo and Chollanamdo.

현재 각 지자체 및 연구기관들은 이기종(異機種) 데이터베이스 상에서 각각의 목적에 맞도록 DB를 구축하며 활용하고 있다. 이러한 국토공간정보를 통합하기 위해 일반적으로 물리적 통합방식을 사용하고 있으나 이는 시간과 자원의 소모가 크며 주기적인 갱신 및 동기화가 요구된다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 물리적 통합방식의 비효율성을 극복하기 위해 이기종 데이터베이스의 속성 정보(attribute information)기반의 논리적인 연계 통합방식을 제안하고 이를 구현하기 위한 시스템 설계 및 구축 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 통해 사용자 맞춤형 국토공간정보를 제공할 수 있는 시스템을 구축한 후, 실제 특정 지역의 도로데이터를 이용하여 기능을 검증하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 인천지역의 자연경관정보를 보존하고 시민들에게 제공하기 위한 웹서비스기반의 자연경관정보의 관리방안에 대하여 연구하는데 있다. 지금까지의 인천시 관광전자지도는 관광지도로써 영상정보나 텍스트정보 중심으로 제공되고 있으나 인천지역의 특성에 맞는 위치정보기반 서비스 등 실용적인 정보가 부족한 형편이어서 GIS등 위치정보를 기반으로 한 사용자 참여 중심의 3차원 자연경관정보 관리방안을 연구할 필요가 있다.

본 연구에서는 고해상도의 비측정용 디지털 카메라를 이용하여 강구조 철도교량의 3차원 변형량을 측정하고자 하였다. 변형량 측정은 현장관측 시간을 단축하고, 작업의 효율을 높이기 위해 공면조건에 의한 상호표정 방법(기준 타겟점의 3차원 측량이 필요 없다)을 적용하고자 한다. 이 방법으로 측정한 변형량을 토털스테이션을 이용하여 기준점의 3차원 측량으로 구한 외부표정요소로부터 획득한 변형량과 비교하여, 적용방법의 정확도를 확인하고자 한다.

A lot of GIS DB in Korea is distributed and integration for decision making is difficult. Therefore, the SDW is needed to improve the problems and enhance efficiency. The SDW is used for making decisions about various problems by integrating scattered spatial information. This study analyzes business activity of a local government and plan the data cube to implement spatial OLAP for an efficient decision making.

On this paper, it's investigating about the coastal area of In-Cheon, northern Jin-Do, and therefore it's aimed to modernize the surveying information, which was made by the old equipments, and establish the total information infrastructure by collecting the basic information of national coastal area for the marine policy, and create the new growth engine from managing the national coastal information.

최근, 세계 각국들은 자국의 해양영토 확보에 총력을 기울이는 가운데, 이로 인한 국가 간의 잦은 분쟁이 유발되고 있어 삼면이 바다인 우리나라의 경우 주변국들과의 분쟁의 소지가 높아 우리나라 해양영토의 확보를 위한 노력이 필요한 시점이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 해양영토 관할권의 기준이 되는 영해기준점의 실태 조사 및 분석을 통해 효과적이고 종합적인 영해기준점 활용방안을 제시함으로써, 향후 해양영토의 기준 및 해양영토 확장을 위한 기반을 마련하고자 한다.

In Korea, land mapping and ocean charting have traditionally different vertical datum for purposes. Ministry of Land, Transportation and Maritime Affairs(MLTM) has promoted National Unified Vertical Datum project in 2009. In this study the development of National Unified Vertical Datum is proposed.

현재의 수심측량은 고무보트를 타고 사람이 직접 측량하거나 측량선을 이용하여 목표지점을 측정하는 방법 등으로 이루어지고 있다. 기존 측량방법은 환경조건의 제약이 많으며 이와 더불어 다수의 필요인원과 경비의 과다소요 뿐만 아니라 시간적 낭비가 많이 발생하는 비효율적 작업의 형태를 갖추고 있다. 따라서 환경적 제약을 적게 받으면서 적은 인원과 비용으로 단시간 측량이 가능하며 높은 측량 성과를 얻을 수 있는 차세대 수심측량시스템의 필요성이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 수심측량의 자동화를 위한 시스템 개발의 기초적 연구로서 유인측량과 무인측량의 각각의 단점을 보완하고 장점을 살리면서 기존측량에 비해 효율성 및 경제성을 높이는 동시에 정밀한 측정데이터를 취득 할 수 있도록 하는 것이다.

Ionopheric deley is the largest error sources in GNSS positining. The single frequency receiver user needs an ionospheric model like the Klobuchar model or NeQuick model to eliminate the ionospheric error. In this study we estimated VTEC(Vertical Total Electron Content) over DAEJ station using the two models in each season. We compared the results with Global Ionosphere Maps and International Reference Ionosphere model predictions. As a result, the NeQuick model was more accurate than Klobuchar model.

This paper describe the optimal design of geodetic network by analytical technique based on the quality criteria of network. We described an example of geodetic network design taking into account the precision, reliability and strength that are the main criteria of network design. The main goal of this paper is to evaluate the criteria to design the geodetic network coinciding with the criteria of geometrical strength and high reliability. From this study, the result shows relatively weaker strength in marginal part than the center of network. This indicated that the precision of observation in marginal part is relatively lower than the center.

Terrestrial LiDAR data contains outliers which do not need in processing purpose. That is inefficient in the aspect of productivity. These noise requires manual process to be removed, which causes inefficiency in aspect of productivity. The purpose of this research is to demonstrate a possibility of automatic outlier removal of LiDAR data using 3D Tensor Voting method. For this, we presented in this article about the procedure to perform the application of Tensor Voting algorithm to the real data from terrestrial LiDAR.

The study on terrain referenced navigation has been proceeded from 1940s in advanced country with the object of military. In this study, the analysis regarding algorithm developed using cross-correlation matching algorithm and extended Kalman filter and simulation will be introduced. As a result, the standard deviation of position error from cross-correlation matching algorithm has been calculated 34.3m. It meant that the result has stable accuracy on the navigation. However, further study on terrain referenced navigation based on analysis of various topographic characteristics should be performed.

This paper describes the results of complete Bouguer anomalies computed from the Free-air anomalies that derived from Sandwell and DNSC08 mairne gravity models. Complete bouguer corrections consist of three parts: the bouguer correction (Bullard A), the curvature correction (Bullard B) and the terrain correction (Bullard C). These all corrections have been computed over the East Sea on a $1'{\times}1'$ elevation data (topography and bathymetry) derived from ETOPO1 global relief model. In addition, a constant topographic (sea-water) density of $2,670kg/m^3$ ($1,030kg/m^3$) has been used for all correction terms. The distribution of complete bouguer anomalies computed from DNSC08 are -34.390 ~ 267.925 mGal, and those from Sandwell are -32.446 ~ 266.967 mGal in East Sea. The mean and RMSE value of the difference between DNSC08 and Sandwell is $0.036{\pm}2.373$ mGal. The highest value of complete bouguer anomaly are found around the region of $42{\sim}43^{\circ}N$ and $137{\sim}139^{\circ}E$ (has the lowest bathymetry) in both models. Theses values show that the gravity distribution of both models, DNSC08 and Sandwell, are very similar. They indicate that satellite-based marine gravity model can be effectively used to analyze the geophysical, geological and geodetic characteristics in East Sea.

The goal of this study is to evaluate the performance of different solution types(a GPS-only, a GLONASS-only, and a GNSS solution) on GNSS positioning modes which are point positioning and relative positioning(DGNSS-, Static-, and Kinematic-solutions). I started with GNSS sites of seoul metropolitan government's RTK network which providing combined GPS/GLONASS observations : Gangseo(GANS), Dobong(DBON). The positioning accuracy of different solution types on positining modes are compared. Considering the compared results of all cases, can find not only the difference of the performance between the GNSS solution and the GPS-only solution is very small, but also the GLONASS-only solution is not far from the other solution types taking into consideration that GLONASS system is not (yet) a complete system.

The Internet map service is word-wide trend and suggest to build up surveying control point management by mashup and API functions. In traditionally many surveyor used the record book. The result of mashup with cadastral control point and Web's map services as Daum and Google map was well matched which is transformed common points and should be useful manage the it and field recognitions.

In cadastral field GPS mainly applies to fundamental survey, while there are numerous research about cadastral detail survey using GPS application in order to increase surveying efficiency as survey technology improve. The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the accuracy of position and estimate the efficiency of GPS/GLONASS combination surveying with control points. As the result of this experiment, Network RTK-GPS/GLONASS combination survey is superior to Newtork RTK-GPS with respect to position accuracy and work efficiency.

For real-time displacement monitoring of large-scale structures, the high-rate (>1 Hz) GPS data processing is necessary, which is not possible even for the scientific GPS data processing softwares. Since the baseline is generally very short in this case, most of the atmospheric effects are removed, resulting in the unknowns of position and integer ambiguity. The number of unknowns in real-time kinematic GPS positioning makes the positioning impossible with usual approach, thus two-step approach is tested in this study.

There are many error sources in GPS signal propagation because the signals do not propagate in vacuum. The GPS observations should be preprocessed before they are used for positioning. The cycle slip and outlier detection algorithms are tested in this study in RINEX level using various linear combinations of the observables. The elbourne-Wubbena (M-W) linear combination has an advantage of long wavelength with low noise, and the geometry-free and ionosphere-free linear combinations are used as well to clean the measurements.

GPS survey came into wide use, but there are inefficient parts in related laws and regulations. Especially, to get GPS surveying results under 1.5cm permissible error the observation time must be longer than 8 hours in triangulation points surveying regulations. However, GPS surveying technology is developing now, so results could be acceptable under 4 hours observation time. Therefore, this study made a stable standard of observation time in GPS survey by comparing the errors due to observation time, and used PAJU, DOND and YANP's GPS data and 6 cadastral points' survey data. Also, to analyze the variations of results due to baseline distance, applied each GPS site as a fixed point and compared the positions. As a result, the stable satisfactory results were calculated under 4 hour survey, when the baseline distances were under 30km.

In this study, compared with national control point offering in NGII executing Network-Based RTK measurement. As a result, can utilize in various field such as Geodetic Survey/GIS, ITS, Car Navigation, Mobile because error of actuality coordinate and about 0.5m publishes.

This study aims to methodology a system which is able to monitoring and analysis of long span bridge in real time using multi GPS. Through setting up many GPS at the important points of long span bridge and measuring displacement in real time, over all 3D configuration of bridge could be analyzed. Behavior analyzing system developed in this study is able to digitize and visualize the overall and points displacement of bridge and deal with events actively. Also it is able to calculate statistical data related to analyze behavior through the constricting database of measuring data.

A gravity survey is a base of research earth gravity field determined, perception of the vertical motion, change of Geoid, sea-level changes, climate change etc. Recently, FG-5 was adopted in NGII. NGII has completed 4 points of absolute gravity survey and 1,400 points of relative gravity survey in 2009 to aim to observe 20 points of absolute gravity survey and 6,000 points of gravity control point by 2013. Using results of gravity survey, NGII will provide citizen with data for research about renewal of geoid model and geophysics. This study aims to go over examples of utilization of absolute gravimeter & method of utilization in korea.

한국 측지 VLBI 시스템 건설 프로젝트는 2008년 11월에 공식적으로 시작되었으며, 2011년 말까지 완료하는 것을 목표로 하고 있다. 프로젝트의 공식 명칭은 한국 측지 VLBI 시스템(Korea VLBI system for Geodesy)이며 주목적은 한국측지 기준점을 유지 관리하는 것이다. KVG의 경우 수소 메이저 주파수 표준이 위치한 관측실은 안테나와 수십 m 떨어진 분리된 건물에 있다. 따라서 KVG는 위상 변동 효과가 축소된 기준신호를 안테나로 전달하는 라운드 trip 시스템을 갖출 것이다. KVG의 라운드 trip 시스템은 metal이나 광케이블을 모두 사용할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 K5/VSSP32 샘플러를 이용하여 위상 변동을 직접적으로 측정하는 것도 가능하도록 설계되었다. 여기서는 라운드 trip 시스템의 기본원리와 KVG를 위한 새로운 타입의 라운드 trip 시스템을 소개할 것이다.

In this paper, we carried out calibration of laser scanning MMS(Mobile Mapping System) using Lynx Mobile Mapper, a new MMS developed at Optech Incorporated. Laser scanning MMS could be defined as an integration of several subsystems. Subsystems are composed of laser scanner, gps receiver and antenna, INS(Inertial Navigation System), DMI(Distance Measurement Instrument). These are obtained 3D spatial information by direct-georeferencing technology. To obtain 3D spatial information, calibration of laser scanning MMS is required prior to operation system, it is similar to airborme lidar system. 145 checkpoints were used to accuracy estimation. The accuracy results are about 5cm(RMSE) for calibration in all directions(east, north, ellipsoidal height).

This study is on the effective methods for non metric camera calibration for its use in accurate close range photogrammetric surveying. We tested four estimation methods used for calculating interior orientation parameters and two methods for building calibration field, one is using targets which have three dimensional coordinates and the other is using two dimensional grid targets. By analysing test results effective and accurate calibration methods were suggested.

Sensor modeling is the basic step to extract and to use the information from satellite images. Sensor modeling requires ground control points. If we use a single image, we have limitations on modeling about images captured from regions that we can not approach or take GCPs. In this research, we use strip images to do sensor modeling by two methods. At first, we apply sensor modeiling to single image and apply the results by extrapolation. Next, we consider strip images to single image. As a result, we find the second method is more accurate about whole image.

When the image registration methods which were generally used to the low medium resolution satellite images is applied to the high spatial resolution images, some matching errors or limitations might be occurred because of the local distortions in the images. This paper, therefore, proposed the automatic image-to-image registration of high resolution satellite images using local properties of control points to improve the registration result.

The problem in orthoimage generation is to recover occlusion areas. In this study, occlusion areas - double mapping regions of the building roofs - were mutually corrected by using multiple images. The proposed method could be efficient for generating true orthoimages in urban areas.

This study presents an application of the 3D patch extraction method which is based on gradient-driven properties to obtain 3D planar patches over the terrain and man-made objects from lidar data. The method which was exploited in this study is composed of a sequence of processes: segmentation by slope, initiation of triggering patches by mode selection, and expansion of the triggering patches. Since urban areas contain many planar regions over the terrain surface, application of the method has been experimented to extract 3D planar patches not only from non-terrain objects but also from the terrain. The experimental result shows that the method is efficient to acquire 3D planar patches.

Many algorithms for processing LIDAR data are being developed for diverse applications not limited to patch segmentation, bare-earth filtering and building extraction. However, since we cannot exactly know the true locations of LIDAR points, it is difficult to assess the performance of a LIDAR data processing algorithm. In this paper, we thus attempted the performance assessment of the segmentation algorithm developed by Lee (2006) using the LIDAR data generated through simulation based on sensor modelling. Consequently, based on simulation, we can perform the performance assessment of a LIDAR processing algorithm more objectively and quantitatively with an automatic procedure.

Since the mid 1990s airborne LiDAR data have been widely used, automation of building modeling is getting a central issue. LiDAR data processing for building modeling is involved with extracting surface patch elements by segmentation and surface fitting with optimal mathematical functions. In this study, simulation LiDAR data were generated with complex polyhedral roofs of buildings and an automatic modeling approach was proposed.

본 연구에서는 유역내 토사유실을 효과적으로 저감하기 위한 GIS 기반의 식생지수분석 방법을 제시하였다. 토사유실은 강우, 토양, 지형 그리고 식생의 피복상태가 복합적으로 작용하여 발생하는 것으로 이를 저감하기 위해서는 비용 및 시간적 측면을 고려해야한다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 자료원으로 유역내의 지형인자, 토양인자, 식생지수등을 비교분석 하여 GIS기반의 DB를 구축하여 향후 활용 가능성에 대해 분석하였다. 본 연구에서 활용한 자료는 토사유출구간의 토양 및 식생정보, GPS 식생 측점에 의한 측점별 식생정보, KOMPSAT-2 위성영상을 활용한 NDVI 식생지수 정보 등을 활용하여 연구를 진행하였다.

This research presents both system structure analysis to improve performance of 3D laser scanner, which has time of flight method, and scheme to minimize distance measurement errors during signal process. With the help of reference source, we minimized the instability of electronic signal processing time and possibility of distance measurement errors. Furthermore, it helps easy alignment and accuracy of system by using fiber delay line and coupler.

The study aims to propose a method that shall rapidly acquire 3D spatial information of the frequently changing city areas by using the low altitude aerial images taken by the UAV. The artificial 3D model of the artificial structures was constructed using the aerial image data photographed at the test area, calibration data of the non-metric camera and the results of the ground control point survey. Also, the digital surface model was created for areas that were changed due to a number of civil works. Through the above studies, the possibilities of constructing a 3D virtual city model, renewal of 3D GIS database, abstraction of changed information in geographic features and on-demand updating of the digital map were suggested.

최근 항공측량분야에서 항공디지털카메라 및 항공레이저측량시스템은 DEM제작 및 지형분석 등의 지리정보 구축에 활용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 ALS50II에 포함된 중형CCD카메라인 RCD105에 대한 3차원 위치정확도를 고해상도 항공디지털카메라인 DMC와 비교하였다. 이를 위해 촬영지역을 선정 및 항공사진촬영을 실시하였으며 1/1,000 수치지형도에서 지상기준점을 선점하였다. RCD105와 DMC에 대해 항공삼각측량 후 최소제곱오차(RMSE)를 비교하였다.

항공사진측량과 위성영상측량에서 거리측정정확도에 대한 연구의 필요성이 급증하고 있다. 그러나 기존 연구들에서는 표준편차와 제곱평균편차간은 물론이고 측정정확도와 측정정밀도간의 정의에 대한 경향성 있는 혼동된 이해가 들어있다. 따라서 본 연구는 항공사진측량과 위성영상측량에서 거리정확도에 관한 표준편차와 제곱평균편차간은 물론이고 측정 정확도와 측정 정밀도간의 관계에 대한 제한적인 정의를 제안한다. 실험결과는 제안한 정확한 정의가 거리측정 정밀도가 아닌 항공사진측량과 위성영상측량에서 거리정확도에서의 개선을 가져옴을 보여준다.

최근 넓은 지역에 대해 신속하게 3차원 위치좌표 데이터를 취득하기 위하여 항공레이저 스캐닝 시스템에 의해 취득된 데이터가 활용되고 있다. 현재 작업규정에 따르면 GPS 기준국과 항공기 GPS 거리가 반경 30km 이내로 정해져 있다. 본 연구에서는 항공라이다측량을 수행하는 데 있어 국토지리 정보원에서 운영중인 GPS상시관측소를 이용한 데이터와 비교하고자 한다.

This paper describes the results and possibility of continuous cadastral map compilation with digital camera image. A high quality serial cadastral map can be produced and work efficiency can be increased with using digital aero-photogrammetry when edge matching method could be used to match digital cadastral map.

The research design of the road for the LiDAR survey data was available, LiDAR data currently exists for this area Daejeon, Gongju area two map sheet selected of the LiDAR data and figures were produced using the DEM, respectively. The scale 1 / 5, 000 of figures produced by using the DEM and LiDAR DEM data comparing the results produced by the difference in some areas or That could be found. The accuracy of LiDAR data in the road design to use more accurate information on terrain, roads and construction of the linear installation cost savings Contribution will be considered.

In filtering of urban lidar data, low outliers or opening underground areas may cause errors that some ground points are labelled as non-ground objects. To solve such a problem, this paper proposes an automated method which consists of RANSAC algorithm, one-dimensional labeling, and morphology filter. All processes are conducted along the lidar scan line profile for efficient computation. Lidar data over Dajeon, Korea is used and the final results are evaluated visually. It is shown that the proposed method is quite promising in urban dem generation.

고해상도 위성영상을 이용하여 대상물을 분류하는 것은 원격탐사의 중요한 분야이며, 위성영상 분류에 대한 주요 주제 중 하나는 분류정확도를 높이는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 KOMPSAT-2 영상을 이용하여 SVM(Support Vector Machine)과 MLC(Maximum Likelihood Classification) 방법으로 감독분류를 수행하고 각 분류결과의 비교를 통해 분류방법에 따른 정확도를 평가하고자 하였다. 적은 수의 표본 데이터를 이용한 고해상도 위성영상의 분류결과 SVM이 MLC에 비해 양호한 분류결과를 나타냄을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 산불피해지역의 위성영상과 수치임상도를 이용하여 산불피해량을 산출하고자 하였다. 산불피해지역에 대한 효과적인 피해량 산출을 위해 위성영상을 이용하여 산불피해지역을 추출하고 피해지역에 해당하는 수치임상도를 통해 각 임상 종류별 피해량을 산출할 수 있었다. 향후 위성영상과 수치임상도를 이용한 산불피해량 산정방법은 산불피해복원에 중요한 정보를 제공할 것이다.

There is a need to convert the old low- or medium-resolution satellite image-based thematic mapping to the high-resolution satellite image-based mapping of GSD 1m grade or lower. There is also a need to generate middle- or large-scale thematic maps of 1:5,000 or lower. In this study, the DEM and orthoimage is generated with the KOMPSAT-2 stereo image of Yuseong-gu, Daejeon Metropolitan City. By utilizing the orthoimage, automatic extraction experiments of land cover information are generated for buildings, roads and urban areas, raw land(agricultural land), mountains and forests, hydrosphere, grassland, and shadow. The experiment results show that it is possible to classify, in detail, for natural features such as the hydrosphere, mountains and forests, grassland, shadow, and raw land. While artificial features such as roads, buildings, and urban areas can be easily classified with automatic extraction, there are difficulties on detailed classifications along the boundaries. Further research should be performed on the automation methods using the conventional thematic maps and all sorts of geo-spatial information and mapping techniques in order to classify thematic information in detail.

Recently the development of digital based measurement sensor with which a variety of surveying equipment and methods are being developed. In the field of aerial mapping using GPS, INS and Digital Camera instead of Film based Camera. In case of aerial photogrammetry for mapping, it is effective on wide area. But it is ineffective on narrow area. Therefore, the research experimented that used LiDAR sensor based mobile mapping systems for modify and update about region of Suwon and Yeouido. From these results a possibility and an effectiveness analyzed and evaluated LiDAR sensor based mobile mapping systems.

It is recently enlarged to necessity of 3D spatial information model in urban areas. and in order to that, It is increased to use the terrestrial LiDAR. The Point clouds which are received by terrestrial LiDAR take a relateive coordinate. For transform into absolute coordinate, it carry out GPS surveying. However, it is difficult to geo-referencing of point clouds using the GPS due to high buildings and facilities in urban area. This study suggests a methodology, that is geo-referencing of point clouds which is received from terresstrial LiDAR in urban area and then verified accuracy of geo-referencing of point clouds. In order to geo-Referencing of point clouds which are received in Engineering building of Yonsei Univ., it was be setout through GPS surveying, and then obtained absolute coordinate of real building. Using this coordinate, It was operated geo-referencing of point clouds, verified accuracy between check point and geo-referenced point clouds. As a result, RMSE of check point shows that GPS surveying is 6.9~8.0cm.

Orthoimage, digital map, cadastral map, and areas and district were converted and overlaid so as to apply legal restrictions on boundaries set by a land object concept restriction line and to analyze boundaries formed by overlaying areas and districts and characteristics of restrictions. With the restriction lines made on the basis of orthoimage.

Terrestrial LiDAR can be used to accurately measure the 3D slope terrain because it can obtain the entire shape of the object, instead of only a specific location, while not much influenced by the environment, and it can create more dense and precise 3D coordinates than those of aerial LiDAR. Therefore, in this study, subject areas with different terrain conditions were selected, the terrestrial LiDAR device was used to observe the slope terrain, and a slope terrain analysis technique was proposed based on the observation results.

기존의 수직 사진은 지도 제작 목적으로 충분한 역할을 하였으며, 현재도 영상 지도 등의 용도로 다양하게 사용되고 있다. 하지만, 3차원 입체 영상 지도 제작이나, 3차원 모델링 등에 있어서는 대상물의 측면정보를 취득하는데 있어서는 한계가 있다고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 항공 경사 영상을 이용하여 건물의 수직, 측면 정보를 동시에 취득하여 도시 행정에 활용하기 위한 방안을 연구하였다. 본 연구의 결과 다양한 도시정보의 추출이 가능하였으며, 기존의 수직 사진의 한계를 극복할 수 있는 기법으로 사용이 가능한 것으로 사료된다.

최근 GIS는 2차원 공간상에서 정보를 표현하고 서비스하는 형태에서 벗어나 3차원 공간상에서 정보를 표현하고 서비스를 제공하는 형태로 급속도로 변화하고 있으며, 기술 개발 또한 활발하게 진행되고 있다. 3차원의 정보를 표현하기 위해서 기반이 되는 것은 지형의 표고정보(DTM)이다. 일반적으로 DTM을 얻기 위하여 LIDAR 데이터나 수치지도의 등고선 자료를 사용하고 있지만 이러한 데이터를 사용하여 DTM을 제작할 경우 추가적인 비용과 데이터 처리 시간이 발생할 뿐만 아니라 신속한 지형의 갱신이 어려운 문제점이 있다. 본 논문에서는 디지털 항공사진을 이용하여 문제 해결의 가능성을 판단하기 위해 항공사진 모델의 자동 매칭 방법을 사용하여 DTM을 추출하였으며, 수치사진측량으로 부터 추출된 DTM과 GPS 측량에 의한 정표고 성과 데이터와 정확도 분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 RMSE는 0.215m로 비교적 높은 정확도를 얻을 수 있었다.

The present research carried out displacement measurement and section & capacity measurement of a archcrown of a tunnel by using a laser scanner in underground tunnel excavation work that a bridge construction is being executed.

This study is on the adapting vehicle-based mobile mapping system to the frequent unscheduled revision of 1:5000 scale national base map. We analyzed map layers which could be built by vehicle-based mobile mapping systems and studied surveying methods for each layers. Also, the methods of maintain surveying accuracy to satisfy accuracy standards of national base map were suggested. The maps of Yeouido, Hyangnam, and Suwon area were revised by vehicle-based mobile mapping system on a trial bases and possibility of utilizing vehicle-based mobile mapping system for map revision was analyzed. As a results it was revealed that vehicle-based mobile mapping systems were adequate for a irregular revision of national base map.

This study refer to make a selection of a location using multi-dimension spatial information for University's facilities management. Structures and new construction plane of the building for the simulation through the use of space to maximize the optimal location decisions. As a result, making a rational decision of facilities plan and management can be maximized.

VRS는 현재 여러가지 토목공사에 이용되고 있으나 지하공사와 연계하는데는 아직 어려운 문제이다. 본 연구에서는 터널공사에 VRS를 통합하여 TBM 안내시스템을 TBM감시시스템으로 업데이트하도록 소프트웨어의 활용성을 높이고자 하였다. 여기서 개발된 TBM감시시스템은 설계경로와의 편차는 물론 여러가지 다른 측면들을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 위치인식기술의 적용을 위해 요구사항을 분석하고, 분석된 결과에 따라 기술의 특성에 적합한 단지 현장 도출을 목적으로 수행되었다.

본 연구는 위치인식기술의 적용을 위해 요구사항을 분석하고, 분석된 결과에 따라 기술의 특성에 적합한 도로현장 및 수리시설 도출을 목적으로 수행되었다.

용지경계의 불부합은 공사 현장의 용지 보상 때마다 발생되는 커다란 문제점으로 대두대고 있으며 이로 인한 공사비증액, 재설계, 공사지연등 많은 국가적 예산을 소모하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 금번 연구에서는 "광명시대로 3-15호선 외 2개도로 개설공사"에 대하여 용지 불부합에 대하여 그 원인을 분석 하였다. 그 결과 연속지적도와 지형의 불일치로 인하여 공사용지보상선이 3m-4m 좌측으로 편측되어 있음을 알 수 있었으며 이로 인한 추가 용지보상과 재설계가 불가피 하게 되었다. 향후 연속지적도의 좌표체계의 정확도 개선 및 수정 그리고 지형 지적도의 일치하는 작업이 시급한 것으로 나타났다.

Global warming gas caused an increase in a direct and indirect problems like the rising sea level, seawater overflowing and a coastal flooding. The loss and damage of the republic of korea are increasing because of the rising sea level. As a result, It is necessary to establish the foundation of the monitoring of the sea level changes for the flooding prevention. A new measurement technique is developed using GPS equipped ship to make up for the spatial-temporal and economical problems by this study. We compared the data using GPS with the value for height of the tide. And we corrected the errors using the more accurate data that we studied. In addition to we studied that the corrected value had statistical significance and similarity compared with the observed value using GPS. The following studies also performed : When the observed value of tide by a tide observatory and by using GPS are applied to sounding ; How the values of the water depth are being, and if the values are similar, whether the observed value of tide using GPS is valid or not.

본 연구에서는 재해관리 및 대응의 일환으로 재해 현장에서 필요한 정보를 효과적으로 제공하기 위해 과거 풍수해로 인한 침수피해 이력정보를 분석하여 수치영상을 이용한 침수흔적도를 구축하였다. 기존의 지형도 및 지적도를 대체하여 생성한 수치영상 기반의 침수흔적도는 침수관련 정보를 표기함에 있어 그 가능성과 활용성에 초점을 두고 향후 재해관리 업무효율성 향상 및 재해대응 능력 강화에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

It is known that the accuracy of DEM is related with terrain morphology, sampling density, and interpolation method. However, the theoretical reasons for these correlations have rarely been accounted for so far. This study aimed to verify a theoretical basis that DEM accuracy can be assessed based on approximation theory when we generate a DEM using lots of precise and accurate source data such as digital maps and LIDAR data.

The purpose of this study lies in presenting a methodology to estimate the amount of water to be used in the future by grasping the state of water use in real time based on a statistical analysis using water unit factor application of urban water demand of existing housing, education facilities, and industrial water as well as sensing data by water type. The results of the study would provide in real time the state of water use per water type and the amount of water to be consumed in the future in order to provide basic data for decision-making when planning and managing water facilities based on GIS at times water lacks.

지적측량은 지난 100여 년간 국민의 재산권보호를 위한 사명을 수행하여 왔다. 1999년부터 시작된 도면전산화 업무가 2003년도에 종료되면서 디지털(수치화) 도면을 사용할 수 있는 기반이 마련되었으며, 현재는 컴퓨터로 지적측량을 수행하여 보다 정확한 성과를 제시하고 있다. 통계학뿐 아니라 측량계산 분야에 있어서 최소제곱법만큼 유용하고 넓게 이용되고 있는 원리는 없다. 지적측량의 성과를 보다 정확히 향상시키기 위해서는 관측된 데이터의 처리가 중요함은 두말할 나위가 없다. GPS 측량의 경우는 그 계산방법에 최소제곱법이 도입되어 활용되고 있지만 도근측량과 세부측량의 계산방법은 아직도 100여 년 전의 방법을 그대로 사용하고 있어 오차의 적절한 처리가 이루어진다고 할 수 없다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 GPS이외에 각과 거리 등 원시 데이터를 이용하여 최소 제곱법을 적용 지적측량에 응용할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고자 한다.

The objective of this study is to predict and minimize annual damage by flood. We approached this problem by implementing simple algorithm instead of using commercial programs. The biggest weak area was selected as the simulated damage range per rainfall scenario.

This research is thing about location choice of solar power generation equipment to increase efficiency of solar power generation equipment. In the case of current solar power generation equipment, location of large scale solar power generation equipment facilities choice or, have localized in small scale equipment by individual. This research uses various climatic elements of small scale area for efficient location choice of solar power generation facilities and quantity of solar radiation did back-tracking.

In this study, based on numerical map GIS-T Dataset build and by using ArcGIS Network Analysis emergency vehicle's reach time were analyzed. AutoCad using 1: 50,000 based on roads and hospitals of numerical map were creating a Polyline and Point and Network Dataset made using ArcCatalog. ArcGIS Analysis setting the interval for the period reached 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 15 minutes was set and then U-Turn was set to not allow because U-turn takes a long time to calculate and does not happen often on the real road. Intersection of the passage of time, considering that the emergency vehicles were set to 3 seconds. To expand by taking advantage of this facility on Vulnerable area will be used as base material. If we focus on analyzing the emergency activity to convert little data, To prepare for disaster and disaster will be able to use the materials.

The purpose of this study is to develop a campus facility management system, construct 3D graphic data and attribute data of facilities on the Kumoh National Institute of Technology and then verificate the developed system's practicability. Utilized the existing campus facility data from the existing drawings, images, cadastre records and so forth, 3D position data of underground facilities surveyed with a total station and high-resolution aerial photos, 3D realistic models were produced by means of a XD2D software and a XDWORLD Builder Professional software of GIS engines. We intend to embody not only campus guide service in virtual reality space but visualization of 3D virtual campus by providing 2D and 3D data to web space using XDWORLD server soon after. It is expected that the campus facility management system is able to contribute to the integrated management of 3D facility data service, the support of prompt decision-making related to spatial affairs, the work simplification through data holding in common between the members of the staff and so forth.

Gumi is surrounded by mountains and Provincial parks are located. A high risk of forest fires that cause the spread of damage effects, and is forecast to have forest fire prevention and Geumohsan Provincial Park to preserve the target Gumi analysis was likely to cause fires. Numerical analysis to the probability of fire, clinical way, even in land cover, using Arc Gis aspect, altitude, slope, watersheds, vegetation, soil characteristics were extracted. Logistic analysis to extract the data in pixels by dividing the number analysis of forest fire risk indices presented in Gumi.

Digital photogrammetry workstations are usually based on independent systems which are both expensive and complex. In this paper, through Web Processing Service, which is an Open Geospatial Consortium standard for GIS, is applied to suggest a new approach for processing photogrammetry tasks. WPS profiling is a procedure that defines generic unit process and then categorizes these processes for a specific task. The WPS profile for aerial photogrammetry was designed in this paper to help users to reuse the processes of the profile in different combinations for different tasks.

GIS has the basic ability to process high-dense and precise digital data like LiDAR. But the software that common users can use when necessary is expensive and practically impossible for actual use. Thus this study set out to research the methodologies to process and service time series LiDAR data for landslide monitoring.

The management system of next digital map will contributes the systematic management for large dataset and huge data. To develop the management system, the requirements are analyzed and applied through the analysis of characteristics of middleware management, editor and component.

This study analyzed the change of flowout and suspend solid in Andong and Imha basin according to the climate change to develop evaluation index about turbid water occurrence possibility and to support the countermeasures for turbid water management using GIS-based Soil and Water Assessment Tools (SWAT). MIROC3.2 hires model values of A1B climate change scenario that were supplied by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) were applied to future climage change data. Precipitation and temperature were corrected by applying the output value of 20th Century Climate Coupled Model (20C3M) based on past climate data during 1977 and 2006 and downscaled with Change Factor (CF) method. And future climate change scenarios were classified as three periods (2020s, 2050s, 2080s) and the change of flowout and suspended solid according to the climate change were estimated by coupling modeled value with SWAT model.

There is no generalized and systematic method yet to data pre-processing for point cloud data classification even if there have been lots of previous studies such as local maxima filter, morphology filter, slope based filter and so on. Main focus of this study is to present classification method for bare ground information from LiDAR data for the mountainous area.

The Objective of this study was to develop a system for visualizing inundation area by using 1-D numerical model analyzing damage information such as inundation area, facilities, land usages, population, building, loads. In this study, we have reviewed hydraulic models to select a flood model for simulation of discharges, water depths and velocities. The study area is Namhan River from Youngwol to Paldang Dam which had a flood damage on upper and below regions of Chungju Dam by a storm event in 2006. At the first, we developed the DB system base on GIS thematic map, ortho images, cadastral maps to analyze flood damages and support decisions making. Changing the boundary conditions such as discharge at the gauging stations, flood simulations were performed and then damages were extracted from the databases information support system based on 1-D numerical hydraulic model, it is expected to be able to analyze flood damages and support a decision making for reduce flood relate damages. In the future, the system developed in this study could be applied for flood forecasting system of small scaled streams.

AWS that exist in Pusan is watching local meteorological phenomena established in place that the weather observatory does not exist by real time, and is used usefully to early input data of numerical weather forecasting model. I wished to display downtown of Pusan and air temperature change of peripheral area using this AWS data. Analyzed volatility using AWS observation data for 5 years to recognize air temperature change of Pusan area through data about temperature among them. Drew air temperature distribution chart by season of recapitulative Pusan area applying IDW linear interpolation with this.

Heat island phenomenon is explained that rapid urbanization according to increase population, traffic amount etc. Meantime it has approximately analyzed through the climatic element, satellite image. GIS technology is developing in many fields high resolution satellite, virtual geographic information system (VGIS), lidar, a highly spatial analysis. In this technology progress to get a accuracy and improve efficiency of heat island analysis

우리나라 해안선 조사측량은 '01년도 태안군 시범사업을 시작으로 '09년까지 경남 통영시까지 완료를 하였고 '10년에 강원도 고성군까지 육지부 해안선 조사측량을 완료할 계획이다. 해안선조사측량은 국토의 형상을 정립하고 정확한 해안선를 제작하기 위하여 '07년까지 기준점측량, 수준측량, 지형현황측량, 수심측량, 조석관측, 속성조사 등으로 수행을 하였고 '07년부터 지형현황을 측량을 항공레이저측량을 대체하여 수행하였다. 본 연구에서는 그간 해안선 조사측량사업의 현황, 문제점, 개선점을 분석하여 향후 육지부 해안선에 갱신방안과 도서부 해안선조사측량 방안을 제시하고자 한다.

본 연구는 위치인식기술의 적용을 위해 요구사항을 분석하고, 분석된 결과에 따라 기술의 특성에 적합한 건설현장 도출을 목적으로 수행되었다.

The purpose of this research is to study use method of mobile system for effective field management for urban facilities. GIS database could be standardized commonly useful for the site management of city facilities through standard list, standard items and standard specification appropriate for the mobile system, and this is effective to manage the city facilities on the site in real time.

In this study, I executed civil engineering design and compared it with the existing method in order to analyze the expected effect of civil engineering design by using three dimensional space information and its advantages. Through a series of processes, it is possible to enhance the usability of three-dimensional space information, expected more accurate calculation of earth work and proceed with more reasonable construction in soil conversion and civil engineering work. Also, it enables improvement of productivity by establishing efficient construction plan.

현재 GPS/INS 운영 방법은 일정한 범위 내에 GPS 지상기준국을 설치하도록 되어있다. 그러나 촬영지역이 넓을 경우나 작업의 우선순위 등에 따라 지상기준국의 운영이 곤란한 상황이 발생할 수 있으며, 작업자의 실수, 수신기의 오류 등으로 지상기준국을 항상 안정적으로 운영하기 어렵다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국토지리정보원의 GPS 상시관측소를 활용하여 항공레이저측량 원시자료를 구축하고, 지상 기준국을 사용한 결과와의 비교를 통해 기준국이 항공레이저측량 결과에 미치는 영향을 분석하고자하였다.

The hybrid geoid model should be determined by fitting the gravimetric geoid to the geometric geoid which were presented the local vertical level. Therefore, it is necessary to find firstly the optimal scheme for improving the accuracy of gravimetric geoid in order to development the high-precision hybrid geoid model. Through finding the optimal scheme for determining the each part of gravimetric geoid, the most accurate gravimetric geoid model in Korea will be developed when the EIGEN-CG03C model to degree 360, 4-band spherical FFT and RTM reduction methods were used for determining the long, middle and short-frequency part of gravimetric geoid respectively. Finally, we developed the hybrid geoid model around Korea by correcting to gravimetric geoid with the correction term. The correction term is modelled using the difference between GPS/Levelling derived geoidal heights and gravimetric geoidal heights. The stochastic model used in the calculation of correction term is the LSC technique based on second-order Markov covariance function. 503 GPS/Levelling data were used to model the correction term. The degree of LSC fitting to the final hybrid geoid model in Korea was evaluated as 0.001m ${\pm}0.054m$.