Food Science and Biotechnology
Korean Society of Food Science and Technology (KOSFOST)
- Monthly
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- 1226-7708(pISSN)
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- 2092-6456(eISSN)
Domain
- Agriculture, Fishery and Food ＞ Science of Food and Crops
- Agriculture, Fishery and Food ＞ Food Science
Aim & Scope
The Food Science and Biotechnology (Food Sci. Biotechnol.; FSB) was launched in 1992 as the Food Biotechnology and changed to the present name in 1998. It is an international peer-reviewed journal published monthly by the Korean Society of Food Science and Technology (KoSFoST). The FSB journal covers; Food chemistry/food component analysis Food microbiology and biotechnology Food processing and engineering Food hygiene and toxicology Biological activity and nutrition in foods Sensory and consumer science s Consumer perception and sensory evaluation on processed foods are accepted only when they are relevant to the laboratory research work. As a general rule, manuscripts dealing with analysis and efficacy of extracts from natural resources prior to the processing or without any related food processing may not be considered within the scope of the journal. The FSB journal does not deal with only local interest and a lack of significant scientific merit. The main scope of our journal is seeking for human health and wellness through constructive works and new findings in food science and biotechnology field.
http://www.fsnb.or.kr/submission/ KSCI KCI SCOPUS SCI SCIEVolume 17 Issue 6
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Diabetic complications are a leading cause of blindness, renal failure, and nerve damage. Additionally, diabetes-accelerated atherosclerosis leads to increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and limb amputation. At the present time, 4 main molecular mechanisms have been implicated in hyperglyceamia-mediated vascular damage. In particular, advanced glycation endproducts (AGE), which are formed by complex, heterogeneous, sugar-derived protein modifications, have been implicated as a major pathogenic process for diabetic complications. Recently, AGE inhibitors such as aminoguanidin, ALT-946, and pyridoxamine have been reported. Such an integrating paradigm provides a new conceptual framework for future research on diabetes complications and on discovering drugs to prevent the progression of AGE-induced maladies.
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Choi, Young-Jin;Ahn, Soon-Cheol;Choi, Hyun-Shik;Hwang, Duck-Ki;Kim, Byung-Yong;Baik, Moo-Yeol 1139
Bread is an essential food consumed worldwide. Bread rapidly loses its desirable texture and flavor qualities associated with freshness through a process known as staling. The shelf life of bread is limited by this staling leading to economical losses in the range of one billion dollars per year. There are a number of mechanisms thought to be related to the staling process, such as water migration and redistribution, starch retrogradation, and gluten transformation. In this review, roles of water and water migration on bread staling are summarized and discussed. -
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (
$PPAR_{\gamma}$ ), a member of the nuclear receptor of ligand-activated transcription factors, plays a key role in lipid and glucose metabolism or adipocytes differentiation. A lignan compound was isolated from mace (the aril of Myristica fragrans Houtt.) as a$PPAR_{\gamma}$ ligand, which was identified as fragrin A or 2-(4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-propane. To ascertain whether fragrin A has$PPAR_{\gamma}$ ligand-binding activity, it was performed that GAL-4/$PPAR_{\gamma}$ transactivation assay.$PPAR_{\gamma}$ ligand-binding activity of fragrin A increased 4.7, 6.6, and 7.3-fold at 3, 5, and$10{\mu}M$ , respectively, when compared with a vehicle control. Fragrin A also enhanced adipocytes differentiation and increased the expression of$PPAR_{\gamma}$ target genes such as adipocytes fatty acid-binding protein (aP2), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK). Furthermore, it significantly increased the expression level of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). These results indicate that fragrin A can be developed as a$PPAR_{\gamma}$ agonist for the improvement of insulin resistance associated with type 2 diabetes. -
This study aimed to investigate the alterations in plasma antioxidant activity after the consumption of a single oral dose of curcumin, vitamin C, and E administered individually or in combination to (i) assess possible synergies or antagonism between the antioxidants and (ii) determine the optimal composition of the antioxidant mixture such that the duration of action is prolonged to beyond that of individual antioxidants. Each antioxidant was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats, and blood samples were drawn at different time points up to 180 min to measure the plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Five antioxidant compositions (M1-M5) were evaluated to assess the possible synergies or antagonisms among them and to determine the optimal composition of the antioxidant mixture. Blood samples were collected up to 360 min post-consumption. A single oral dose of individual antioxidants significantly increased the TAC values; however, the time to reach the peak TAC value varied. Among the 5 antioxidant compositions, M2 exhibited the highest and most prolonged antioxidant effect in plasma; this was greater than the proportional sum of the effects of the individual antioxidants in the composition. This result indicates a synergistic interaction among antioxidants in the optimal composition M2.
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The antioxidant activity of hot water extracts of various parts, the leaf, stem, and root of Synurus deltoides was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including total phenolic content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, hydroxyl radical (
${\cdot}OH$ ) scavenging, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and xanthine oxidase (XOI) activities. The various antioxidant activities were compared with the standard antioxidants such as L-ascorbic acid,$\alpha$ -tocopherol, and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). Among the different plant parts, stem has been found to possess the highest activity in all tested model systems, the activity decreased in the order stems>roots>leaves. These results indicate that stem extract could be used as potential source of natural antioxidant. -
An novel amylolytic yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae HA 27, isolated from nuruk, displayed resistance against high sugar (50% glucose) and alcohol (15%). Maximal production of amylolytic enzyme by S. cerevisiae HA 27 was achieved on 9 days of cultivation at the optimal temperature
$20^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0. The activity of amylolytic enzyme produced by S. cerevisiae HA 27 was stable, even at$70^{\circ}C$ , and over a broad pH range (4.0-11.0). Also, the amylolytic enzyme of S. cerevisiae HA 27 showed optimal activity in pH 5.0 at$50^{\circ}C$ . S. cerevisiae HA 27 exhibited 6.2%(v/v) alcohol fermentation ability using starch as a carbon source. -
Song, Kyung-Sik;Choi, Sun-Ha;Hur, Jong-Moon;Park, Hyo-Jun;Yang, Eun-Ju;MookJung, In-Hee;Yi, Jung-Hyun;Jun, Mi-Ra 1165
The deposition of the amyloid$\beta}$ ($A{\beta}$ )-peptide following proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by$\beta$ -secretase (BACE1) and$\gamma$ -secretase is critical feature in the progress of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Consequently, BACE1, a key enzyme in the production of$A{\beta}$ , is a prime target for therapeutic intervention in AD. In the course of searching for BACE1 inhibitors from natural sources, the ethyl acetate fraction of Petasites japonicus showed potent inhibitory activity. Two BACE1 inhibitors quercetin (QC) and kaempferol 3-O-(6"-acetyl)-$\beta$ -glucopyranoside (KAG) were isolated from P. japonicus by activity-guided purification. QC, in particular, non-competitively attenuated BACE1 activity with$IC_{50}$ value of$2.1{\times}10^{-6}\;M$ and$K_i$ value of$3.7{\times}10^{-6}\;M$ . Both compounds exhibited less inhibition of$\alpha$ -secreatase (TACE) and other serine proteases including chymotrypsin, trypsin, and elastase, suggesting that they ere relatively specific and selective inhibitors to BACE1. Furthermore, both compounds significantly reduced the extracellular$A{\beta}$ secretion in$APP_{695}$ -transfected B103 cells. -
This study was undertaken to classify Enterobacter sakazakii isolates from 13 powdered infant formula products, 25 powdered weaning diet products, and 33 weaning diet ingredients on polymerse chain reaction (PCR) methods. The numbers of the isolates from 1 powdered infant formula product, 7 powdered weaning diet products, and 6 weaning diet ingredients were 1, 14, and 8, respectively. The contaminated ingredients were 1 rice powder, 2 millet powders, 2 vegetable powders, and 1 fruit and vegetable premix. PCR with the primer of repetitive extragenic palindromic element (REP-PCR) and random amplification of polymorphic DNA(RAPD) were effective in discriminating among the isolates, but tRNA-PCR and PCR with the primer of l6S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS-PCR) were not. Some of E. sakazakii isolates from vegetable powders, fruit and vegetable premix, and millets powders were classified into the clonal groups based on the DNA patterns in the REP-PCR and RAPD analysis. A close genetic relationship among the isolates from some of the powdered weaning diet products and the rice powder was also detected in the cluster analysis based on the DNA patterns in RAPD.
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Ohba, Kiyoshi;Han, Kyu-Ho;Liyanage, Ruvini;Nirei, Megumi;Hashimoto, Naoto;Shimada, Ken-ichiro;Sekikawa, Mitsuo;Sasaki, Keiko;Lee, Chi-Ho;Fukushima, Michihiro 1178
The effect of some peptides on hepatoprotection and cecal fermentation against D-galactosamine (GalN)-treated rats was studied. In acute hepatic injury tests, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotranferase (AST), and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were remarkably increased after injection of GalN. However, potato and soybean peptides significantly decreased GalN-induced alterations of serum ALT and AST activities. Hepatic thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) concentration in GalN-treated groups fed potato and soybean peptides was significantly lower than that in GalN-treated control group. Hepatic glutathione level in the GalN-treated group fed potato peptide was significantly higher than that in GalN-treated control group. Furthermore, cecal Lactobacillus level in GalN-treated groups fed potato and soybean peptides was significantly higher than that in GalN-treated control group, and cecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations in GalN-treated group fed potato peptide were significantly higher than in GalN-treated control group. These results indicate that potato peptide may improve the cecal fermentation and prevent the GalN-induced liver damage in rats. -
When 10 kinds of herbal medicines were fractionated into hexane, MeOH, cold-water, and hot-water extracts, hot-water extracts from Acanthopanax senticosus (AS), Glycyrrhiza uralensis (GU), Cichorium intybus (CI), and Polygonatum odoratum (PO) showed the potent intestinal immune system modulating activity (1.72-, 1.62-, 1.60-, and 1.53-fold of control at
$100{\mu}g/mL$ , respectively). Especially, hot-water extracts from AS (215% compared with the control) and GU (187%) also had macrophages stimulating activity and mitogenic activity of splenocytes (7.1- and 6.5-fold) at$100{\mu}g/mL$ . In addition, the effects of hot-water extracts from herbal medicines on anticancer activities were studied in mice. Hot-water extracts from AS and GU enhanced cytotoxicity of natural killer cell against cancer cell, Yac-1 (37 and 34% cytotoxicity) at E/T ratio 100:1, and colon 26-M3.1 cancer cell lines had significantly inhibited (82.1 and 75.2%) in experimental lung metastasis. These results suggest that hot-water extracts from A. senticosus and G. uralensis can be used as biological response modifiers to stimulate immune system and inhibit tumor. -
The antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of extruded ginseng extract (EGE) with 60% ethanol and methanol were investigated. The inhibitory activity of the EGE in Gram-positive bacteria was significantly higher than in Gram-negative bacteria. Higher antibacterial activity was observed with methanol ginseng extract when moisture content and barrel temperature were 20% and
$115^{\circ}C$ , respectively, that diameter of inhibition zone at 1,500 mg/mL was$15.40{\pm}0.13\;mm$ for Bacillus subtilis and$9.31{\pm}0.05\;mm$ for Salmonella typhimurium. The amount of total phenolics was highest in extruded ginseng at 20% moisture content and$115^{\circ}C$ barrel temperature. Especially, a positive correlation was observed between the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the extracts. In the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl radical (DPPH) system, all tested extract of extruded ginseng at 20% moisture content exhibited very strong antioxidant properties when compared to red ginseng with percent scavenging effect of 23-35% at 20mg/mL. In conclusion, it can be said that the extracts of extruded ginseng could be used as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in the food preservation. -
Jeon, Won-Kyung;Yoo, Bo-Kyung;Kim, Yeong-Eun;Park, Sun-Ok;Hahn, Eun-Joo;Paek, Kee-Yoeup;Ko, Byoung-Seob 1197
Present study investigated the effects of the 70% ethanol extracts of tissue-cultured mountain ginseng (TCMG), Korean red ginseng (KRG), and Panax ginseng (PG) on agonist-induced platelet aggregation and activation in human whole blood. The$IC_{50}$ values for TCMG, KRG, and PG were 1.159, 3.695, and 4.978mg/mL for collagen-induced aggregation, 0.820, 2.030, and 4.743mg/mL for arachidonic acid-induced aggregation, and 1.070, 2.617, and 2.954 mg/mL for ADP-induced aggregation, respectively. Also, this study assessed the effects of the most active extract, TCMG, on markers of platelet activation by determining receptor expression on platelet membranes in healthy subjects, including expression of GPIIb/IIIa-like (PAC-1) and P-selectin (CD62), by flow cytometry. A significant decrease in PAC-l expression (p=0.018) was observed in the presence of TCMG. These results show that TCMG has potent anti-platelet activity. -
Silk fibroin (SF) film containing catechin was prepared and the antimicrobial activity as well as physical property of the film was examined. Tensile strength of the SF film decreased with increasing concentration of catechin, and water vapor permeability of the film decreased. The film's antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 increased with increasing catechin concentration. Sausage samples were inoculated with E. coli 0157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes, and the sausage packaged with the SF film containing catechin had a decrease in the populations of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes by 0.83 and 0.85 log CFU/g after 12 days of storage, respectively, compared to the control. In addition, the sausage had a better quality than the control regarding lipid oxidation. Our results indicate that sausages can be packed with the SF film containing catechin to extend shelf life.
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The possible protective effects of highly zinc-containing yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FF-10 strain, isolated from tropical fruit rambutan on acute alcoholic liver injury in rats were evaluated. Zinc concentration in this strain was 30.6mg%. The activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and
$\gamma$ -glutamyl transpeptidase ($\gamma$ -GTP) were highly increased when alcohol was treated, relative to the normal rats. Also, a highly significant increase in the blood alcohol and acetaldehyde levels by alcohol treatment was observed. Administration of FF-10 strain markedly prevented alcohol-induced elevation of the activities of serum ALT, AST, and$\gamma$ -GTP, and the levels of blood alcohol and acetaldehyde, and these reduced levels reached to that of normal rats. As compared with alcohol treated control rats, the FF-10 strain supplementation showed highly decreased the triglyceride concentration in serum. Alcohol treatment induced the marked accumulation of small lipid droplets, hepatocytes necrosis, and inflammation, but FF-10 strain administration attenuated to alcohol-induced accumulation of small lipid droplets and hepatocyte necrosis in the liver. Therefore, the current finding suggests that zinc-enriched yeast FF-10 strain isolated from tropical fruit rambutan may have protective effect against alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity. -
Lyu, Ha-Na;Lee, Dae-Young;Kim, Dong-Hyun;Yoo, Jong-Su;Lee, Min-Kyung;Kim, In-Ho;Baek, Nam-In 1214
Secondary metabolites from the fruit body of Phellinus linteus were evaluated for their proliferative effect on human osteoblast-like cells. 3-[4,5-Dimethylthiazole-2-y1]-2,5-diphenyl-tetraxolium bromide (MTT) assay and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay were used to assess the effect those isolates on the human osteoblast-like cell line (Saos-2). Activity-guided fractionation led to the isolation of ALP-activating phenolic compounds through the extraction of P. linteus, solvent partitioning, and repeated silica gel and octadecyl silica gel (ODS) column chromatographic separations. From the result of spectroscopic data including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR), the chemical structures of the compounds were determined as 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one(1), 2-(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-5-aldehyde (2), 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3-buten-2-one (3), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (4), and protocatechuic acid methyl ester (5), respectively. This study reports the first isolation of compounds 1-3 and 5 from P. linteus. In addition, all phenolic compounds stimulated proliferation of the osteoblast-like cells and increased their ALP activity in a dose-dependent manner ($10^{-8}$ to$10^{-1}\;mg/mL$ ). The present data demonstrate that phenolic compounds in P. linteus stimulated mineralization in bone formation caused by osteoporosis. The bone-formation effect of P. linteus seems to be mediated, at least partly, by the stimulating effect of the phenolic compounds on the growth of osteoblasts. -
The application of the cellulase gene (celA) as a selection marker of food-grade integration system was investigated in Lactobacillus (Lb.) casei, Lactococcus lactis, and Leuconostoc (Leu.) mesenteroides. The 6.0-kb vector pOC13 containing celA from Clostridium thermocellum with an integrase gene and a phage attachment site originating from bacteriophage A2 was used for site-specific recombination into chromosomal DNA of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). pOC13 was also equipped with a broad host range plus replication origin from the lactococcal plasmid pWV01, and a controllable promoter of nisA (
$P_{nisA}$ ) for the production of foreign proteins. pOC13 was integrated successfully into Lb. casei EM116, and pOC13 integrants were easily detectable by the formation of halo zone on plates containing cellulose. Recombinant Lb. casei EM 116::pOC13 maintained these traits in the absence of selection pressure during 100 generations. pOC13 was integrated into the chromosome of L. lactis and Leu. mesenteroides, and celA acted as an efficient selection marker. These results show that celA can be used as a food-grade selection marker, and that the new integrative vector could be used for the production of foreign proteins in LAB. -
Having idea to develop more effective anti-diabetic agent from ginseng root, we comprehensively assessed the anti-diabetic activity and mechanisms of ginsam in C57BL/KsJ db/db mice. The db/db mice were divided into 4 groups; diabetic control (DC), ginsam at a dose of 300 or 500 mg/kg (GS300 or GS500) and metformin at a dose of 300 mg/kg (MT300). Ginsam was orally administered for 8 weeks. GS500 reduced the blood glucose concentration and significantly decreased an insulin resistance index. In addition, GS500 reduced the plasma non-esterified fatty acid, triglyceride, and increased high density lipoprotein-cholesterol as well as decreased the hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride. More interestingly, ginsam increased the plasma adiponectin level by 17% compared to diabetic control group. Microarray, quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme activity results showed that gene and protein expressions associated with glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation were changed to the way of reducing hepatic glucose production, insulin resistance and enhancing fatty acid
$\beta$ -oxidation. Ginsam also increased the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and glucose transporter expressions in the liver and skeletal muscle, respectively. These changes in gene expression were considered to be the mechanism by which the ginsam exerted the anti-diabetic and anti-dyslipidemic activities in C57BL/KsJ db/db mice. -
To study the health promoting effects of medicinal plants, 30 medicinal plants commonly available in Korea have been evaluated for their antioxidant compounds and antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Total polyphenolics and flavonoids in the methanolic extracts were measured by spectrophotometric methods and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities and chelating effects have been determined for antioxidant activities. Moreover, the effects of medicinal plants on cell proliferation of intestinal (Caco-2) and pituitary (GH3) tumor cells were investigated using thiazolyl blue terazolium bromide (MIT) assay. The methanolic extracts of Pueraria thunbergiana and Artemisiae asiatria contained the highest total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. P. thunbergiana exhibited the highest antioxidant activities. A. asiatria showed the strongest antiproliferative activity against Caco-2 and Ponciruc trifoliata Rafin and Lophathrum gracile Bronghiart exhibited the highest activities against GH3. Although there was positive correlation between ABTS radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic contents (
$R^2=8189$ ), no relationship was found between antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. -
Cho, Kye-Man;Kambiranda, Devaiah M;Kim, Seong-Weon;Math, Renukaradhya K;Lim, Woo-Jin;Hong, Su-Young;Yun, Han-Dae 1240
Kimbab is the most popular ready-to-eat (RTE) food in Korea. A rapid detection method based on multiplex PCR technique was developed for detection of major food-borne pathogens like Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytongenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Specific bands were obtained as 108 bp (Sau, S. aureus), 284 bp (Sal, S. enterica, S. enteritids, and S. typhmurium), 404 bp (Lmo, L. monocytogenes), 475 bp (Bce, B. cereus), and 600 bp (Shi, S. flexineri and S. sonnei). Visible cell numbers varied from 4.14-5.03, 3.61-4.47, and 4.10-5.11 log CFU/g in randomly collected June, July, and August samples, respectively. Among the 30 kimbab samples obtained 83.3% samples were contaminated and 16.7% samples were free from contamination. The highest rate of contamination was with S. aureus (56.7%) followed by B. cereus (43.3%), Salmonella spp. (36.7%), Shigella spp. (13.3%), and L. monocytogenes (6.7%). The identification of the pathogenic species could be faster using one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the ability to test for food-borne pathogenic species in kimbab will save time and increase the ability to assure its quality. -
Phyllosticta melochiae, an endophytic fungus isolated from the healthy leaves of Melochia corchorifolia, was screened for the production of an anticancer drug, taxol on modified liquid medium and potato dextrose broth medium in culture for the first time. The presence of taxol was confirmed by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods of analysis. The amount of taxol produced by this fungus was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The maximum amount of fungal taxol production was recorded as
$274{\mu} g/L$ . The production rate was increased to$5.5{\times}1,000$ fold than that found in the culture broth of earlier reported fungus, Taxomyces andreanae. The fungal taxol extracted also showed a strong cytotoxic activity in the in vitro culture of tested human cancer cells by apoptotic assay. The results designate that the fungal endophyte, P. melochiae is an excellent candidate for an alternate source of taxol supply and can serve as a potential species for genetic engineering to enhance the production of taxol to a higher level. -
Qadir, Syed Abdul;Kwon, Min-Chul;Han, Jae-Gun;Ha, Ji-Hye;Jin, Ling;Jeong, Hyang-Suk;Kim, Jin-Chul;You, Sang-Guan;Lee, Hyeon-Yong 1254
The aim of the present study was to prepare nanosample of fucoidan using lecithin as encapsulated material and to investigate the anticancer and immunomodulatory activity of nanoparticle in vitro. The nanoparticles have been characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Confocal microscopy confirmed the internalization of the fucoidan conjugates into the immune cells. The uptake of nanoparticles was confirmed with confocal microscopy demonstrating their localization in the cells. The anticancer activity was increased over 5-10% in different cancer cells of fucoidan nanoparticle as compare with fucoidan. The human B and T cells growth and the secretion of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-a from B cell were also improved by fucoidan nanoparticle because of the rapid absorption of nanoparticle into the cells as compare to fucoidan. At 0.6 mg/mL concentrations, the fucoidan nanoparticle showed better activity than 1.0 mg/mL concentration in T cell growth because the cells reached their saturation capacity. When the fucoidan was encapsulated in lecithin, its anticancer as well as its immunomodulatory activity proved to be superior from that of itself in pure form. -
In the present study, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation (50:50 ratio of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 isomers) for 8 weeks on body composition and biochemical parameters in healthy overweight/obese (body mass index, BMI
${\geq}23\;kg/m^2$ ) Korean subjects was performed, Thirty participants (3 males and 27 females) were randomized to receive placebo (2.4 g olive oil/day) or 2.4g/day CLA (mixture containing 36.9% of cis-9, trans-11 and 37.9% of trans-10, cis-12). Eight weeks of CLA supplementation significantly decreased body weight by -0.75kg, BMI by$-0.27\;kg/m^2$ , and hip circumference by -1.11 cm. The reduction of body weight was ascribed to the reduction of body fat mass (-0.59 kg) and lean body mass (-0.18 kg), although these changes were not significant. No significant differences in serum lipid profiles, liver function enzyme activities, and protein concentration were observed in either the CLA or placebo groups. These results indicate that short tenn supplementation (8 weeks) with CLA (2.4 g/day) may decrease body weight in Korean overweight/obese subjects. -
Adlay bran is a waste product previously thought to have no commercial value, Its methanolic extract was fractionated using n-hexane (ABM-Hex), ethyl acetate (ABM-EtOAc), 1-butanol (ABM-BuOH), and water (ABM-
$H_2O$ ). The ABM-EtOAc fraction exhibited a strongest inhibition against growth of human lung cancer cell A549 and human colorectal carcinoma cells HT-29 and COLO 205. Inhibition of cell cycle progression at$G_0/G_1$ transition, increase of cells at the sub-$G_1$ phase, and DNA ladders were observed in cells treated with ABM-EtOAc. The ABM-BuOH fraction showed the strongest inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ and interlukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ in stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Further, ABM-EtOAc and ABM-BuOH inhibited cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in A549 and HT-29 carcinoma cells, while COX-l expression was not affected. These results reveal that both ABM-EtOAc and ABM-BuOH may aid the prevention of cancers and the applications in cancer chemotherapy. -
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Kyung Hee Allergic Disease Herbal Formula (KAHF) on atopic dermatitis (AD) and its mode of action. Our clinical study showed KAHF reduced Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) indexes and subjective symptom scores. In parallel, the decreased levels of interferon (IFN)-
$\gamma$ and interleukin (IL)-5 in serum, which contributed to its AD-mitigating effect was observed. To reveal the underlying mechanisms of KAHF in AD, its anti-inflammatory effect on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced responses in RAW 264.7 cells was examined. KAHF was found to significantly inhibit the productions of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin$E_2$ ($PGE_2$ ), and IL-$1{\beta}$ in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Consistently, KAHF potently inhibited protein and mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Furthermore, KAHF inhibited LPS-induced activation of nuclear factor (NF)-$\kappa}B$ . Taken together, our data suggest that KAHF has a beneficial effect on several eicosanoid-related skin inflammations, such as atopic dermatitis. -
When cheonggukjgang was manufactured using a Bacillus subtilis CH10-1 starter culture, a short-term fermentation for 14-18 hr appeared to be the optimal for the raw cheonggukjang to avoid the formation of a bitter taste and to contain a high concentration of free sugars, whereas a long-term fermentation for more than 4 days was the optimal for the cheonggukjang for stew in order to contain a high concentration of free amino and organic acids, which are responsible for sweet, savory, and bitter tastes present in stewed cheonggukjang, During activation of murine splenic T cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), the presence of either poly-
$\gamma$ -glutamic acid ($\gamma$ -PGA) or partially hydrolyzed$\gamma$ -PGA resulted in reduction in the level of interferon-$\gamma$ production and enhancement in the level of interleukin-5 production, possibly due to suppression of Th1 activity and augmentation of Th2 activity. Taken together these results indicate that the raw cheonggukjang and the cheonggukjang for stew are different in their quality and taste as well as immunomodulating activity. -
The purpose of this study was to characterize and investigate the immune activity of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) from Bifidobacterium longum. Bacterial CpG motifs have attracted considerable interests because of their immunomodulatory activities. Genomic DNA from B. longum was prepared and amplified for 4 different 180-188-mer double-stranded ODNs (BLODN1-BLODN4). When immune cells (RAW 264.7 murine macrophages and JAWS II dendritic cells) with these ODNs were treated, BLODN4 induced the highest immune activity. To assess the effectiveness of the CpG sequences within BLODN4, single-stranded 40-mer ODNs containing CpG sequences (sBLODN4-1, sBLODN4-2) were synthesized. sBLODN4-1 induced higher level of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12p40 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-
$\alpha$ by macrophage and IL-6 and TNF-$\alpha$ by dendritic cells than did sBLODN4-2. The results suggest that CpG ODNs-enriched components of B. longum might be useful as an immunomodulatory functional food ingredient. -
Fresh egg yolk (EY) was enzymatically modified using phospholipase
$A_2$ ($PLA_2$ ) to produce an enzymatically modified-egg yolk powder (EM-EYP). The EM-EYP offered significantly higher emulsifying activity, emulsion stability, protein solubility, and mayonnaise stability than the control EYP. By employing$PLA_2$ in the enzymatic modification process, structural changes occurred in the phospholipids and lipoproteins of the yolk, and cleavage of apo-high density lipoprotein (HDL) components (Mw 105 kDa) was detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyaerylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Based on its functional properties, EM-EYP has great potential as a replacement for fresh EY in the production of processed food products such as mayonnaise. -
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) induce innate immune responses recognizing conserved microbial structural molecules. All TLR signaling pathways culminate in the activation of nuclear factor-
${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$ ). The activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ leads to the induction of inflammatory gene products such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Guggul has been used for centuries to treat a variety of diseases. Guggulstreone, one of the active ingredients in guggul, has been used to treat many chronic diseases. However, the mechanism as to how guggulsterone mediate the health effects is largely unknown. Here, we report biochemical evidence that guggulsterone inhibits the NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and COX-2 expression induced by TLR2, TLR3, and TLR4 agonists. Guggulsterone also inhibits the NF-${\kappa}B$ activation induced by downstream signaling components of TLRs, myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88),$I{\kappa}B$ kinase${\beta}$ ($IKK{\beta}$ ), and p65. These results imply that guggulsterone can modulate the immune responses regulated by TLR signaling pathways. -
The potential antioxidant activities of different fractions from a 70% methanolic (MeOH) extract of Sonchus oleraceus were assayed in vitro. All of the fractions exception of n-hexane showed a strong antioxidant activity, especially the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction, which showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity (
$IC_{50}=19.25{\mu}g/mL$ ). The results of hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and a reducing power assay showed concentration dependence, the EtOAc fraction demonstrating a better result than the other fractions at the same concentration in the studies. Additionally, the fractions' total phenolic (TP) contents was measured, phenolic compounds such as tannic acid, p-coumatric acid, quercetin, epicathchin, and kaempferol being detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Meanwhile, a regression analysis revealed a moderate-to-high correlation coefficient between the antiradical activity and the TP contents, suggesting that fractions obtained from the 70% MeOH extract of S. oleraceus are of potential use as sources of antioxidant material. -
Baicalein, one of the major flavonoid in Scutellaria baicalensis, has been known for its effects on proliferation and apoptosis of many tumor cell lines. Most biological effects of baicalein are thought to be from its antioxidant and prooxidant activities. In this report, baicalein was found to induce apoptosis in HL60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Baicalein treatment induced DNA fragmentation and typical morphological features of apoptosis. To elucidate the mechanism of baicalein-induced apoptosis, the activities of the members of caspase family were measured. Interestingly caspase 2, 3, and 6 were significantly activated whereas caspase 1, 8, and 9 were not activated, suggesting selective involvement of specific caspases. Further, treatment with caspase inhibitors also supports the involvement of caspase 2 in apoptosis process. Although it has been reported that baicalein can induce apoptosis through many caspase pathways, the present study indicates that caspase 2 not caspase 9 pathway may be the important step in apoptosis on HL60 cell line.
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This study was to investigate the influence of pH on the antioxidant activity of melanoidins formed from glucose (Glc) and fructose (Fru) with lysine enantiomers in the Maillard reaction. Melanoidins formed from D-isomers were found to be effective antioxidants in different in vitro assays with regard to the ferrous ion chelating activity, 1, l-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity. In particular, the chelating activity of these melanoidins at a pH of 7.0 was greater than those with pH of 4.0 and 10.0. The chelating activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity of the melanoidins formed from the Glc systems were higher than those of the melanoidins formed from the Fru systems. However, the FRAP and ABTS radical scavenging activity of these melanoidins were not different according to pH level, with exceptions being the Fru systems.
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Bang, Woo-Suk;Chung, Hyun-Jung;Jin, Sung-Sik;Ding, Tian;Hwang, In-Gyun;Woo, Gun-Jo;Ha, Sang-Do;Bahk, Gyung-Jin;Oh, Deog-Hwan 1316
This study was conducted to develop a model to describe the effect of antimicrobials [potassium sorbate (PS), potassium lactate (PL), and combined PL and sodium diacetate (SDA, PLSDA)] on the growth parameters of Listeria monocytogenes such as specific growth rate (SGR) and lag phase periods (LT) in air-dried raw sausages as a function of storage temperature (4, 10, 16, and$25^{\circ}C$ ). Results showed that the SGR of L monocytogenes was dependent on the storage temperature and level of antimicrobials used. The most effective treatment was the 4% PLSDA, followed by the 2% PLSDA and 4% PL and 0.2% PS exhibited the least antimicrobial effect. Increased growth rates were observed with increasing storage temperatures from 4 to$25^{\circ}C$ . The growth data were fitted with a Gompertz equation to determine the SGR and LT of the L. monocytogenes. Six polynomial models were developed for the SGR and LT to evaluate the effect of PS (0.1, 0.2%) and PL (2,4%) alone and PLSDA (2, 4%) on the growth kinetics of L. monocytogenes from 4 to$25^{\circ}C$ . -
Tannase catalyzes the hydrolysis of gallic acid esters and hydrolysable tannins. Twenty-two Lactobacillus strains with tannase activity were isolated from 7 types of kimchi. A polymerase chain reaction-based assay targeting the recA gene assigned all isolates to either Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus pentosus. The tannase activities of isolates measured in whole cells and cell-free extracts varied even within each species. The activities of the isolates varied with the assay method, but both methods indicated that isolate LT7 (identified as L. pentosus) showed the highest activity. The results of thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively, showed that tannic acid and gallic acid degraded to pyrogallol in resting L. pentosus LT7 cells. Therefore, the putative biochemical pathway for the degradation of tannic acid by L. pentosus implies that tannic acid is hydrolyzed to gallic acid and glucose, with the formed gallic acid being decarboxylated to pyrogallol. This study revealed the possible production of pyrogallol from tannic acid by the resting cell reaction with L. pentosus LT7.
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Park, Hong-Gyu;Kim, Jin-Moon;Kim, Jung-Mogg;Chung, Won-Yoon;Yoo, Yun-Jung;Cha, Jeong-Heon 1327
In order to determine whether peach contains compounds to regulate adipocyte differentiation, extracts of flesh/pericarp of yellow/white peach were prepared in water, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), or n-butanol solvent and determined for effects on adipocyte differentiation in C3H10T1/2 or 3T3-L1 cells. Interestingly, none of peach extracts has statistically significant stimulatory effect on the adipocyte differentiation in C3H10T1/2. Furthermore, the presence of EtOAc extract of white peach pericarp (WPP) was found to inhibit lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells both by microscopic examination of Oil Red O-stained lipid droplets and by spectrophotometric quantification of extracted stain, indicating a significant inhibitory effect on adipocyte differentiation. The inhibition of lipid accumulation was accompanied by a significant decrease in the expression levels of adipocyte molecular markers-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor$\gamma$ , CAAT enhancer binding protein$\alpha$ , and fatty acid-binding protein. Thus, this study determined that WPP EtOAc extract contains the inhibitory compound(s) on adipogenesis. -
The water extract of Saururus chinensis was investigated for oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), reducing capacity, metal chelating activity, and intracellular antioxidant activity using HepG2 cell. When 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was used for the generation of peroxyl radicals in vitro, S. chinensis extract (SC-E) showed the strong and concentration-dependent scavenging activity through donating protons which could be explained by its reducing property. When hydroxyl radicals were generated in vitro through the addition of
$Cu^{2+}$ and$H_2O_2$ , SC-E demonstrated the antioxidant activity depending on its concentration. In HepG2 cell model, most of intracellular oxidative stress generated by AAPH was efficiently removed by SC-E. However, when$Cu^{2+}$ without$H_2O_2$ was used as an oxidant in the intracellular assay, SC-E partially reduced the oxidative stress caused by$Cu^{2+}$ in cellular antioxidant activity assay system. These results indicate that SC-E could be utilized for the development of functional foods as antioxidant resource in the near future. -
The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbial safety of raw beef used to produce Korean beef jerky, The raw beef samples harbored large populations of microorganisms. In particular, psychrophilic bacteria were found to be most numerous (
$9.2{\times}10^3-1.0{\times}10^5\;CFU/g$ ) in the samples. Mesophilic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria were present in average numbers ($10^3-10^5\;CFU/g$ ). Spore-forming bacteria and coliforms were not detected below detection limit. Yeast and molds were detected at$2.2{\times}10^1-7.8{\times}10^2\;CFU/g$ in the raw beef. Ten samples of raw beef were analyzed for the presence of pathogenic bacteria. Bacillus cereus was isolated from sample B, G, and H. The B. cereus isolates from raw beef samples were identified with 99.8% agreement according to the API CHB 50 kit. -
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of flowers ethanol extract of Elsholtzia splendens (ESE) on the antioxidant defence system in mice with 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced oxidative stress. The ESE was pre-administered orally to 2 groups of mice at 10 and 50mg/kg body weight (BW) for 5 weeks. Subsequently, mice with pretreatment of ESE received DMBA intragastrically at a dose of 34 mg/kg BW twice a week for 2 weeks. In DMBA alone group, biomarkers of oxidative stress (TBARS value, carbonyl content, and serum 8-OH-dG) were significantly increased. Also, the antioxidant enzymes were down-regulated. ESE significantly restored the TBARS value and carbonyl content at both doses, while a decrease in the elevated serum 8-OH-dG content was observed only at the higher dose. The DMBA-induced decreases in catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were restored to nearly control levels by ESE. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, as well as the reduced glutathione (GSH)/oxidized GSH (GSSG) ratio, were significantly affected by ESE at the higher dose. These results suggest that ESE possesses antioxidant activity, which plays a protective role against DMBA-induced oxidative stress.
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Titanium dioxide (
$TiO_2$ ) shows antibacterial effects when exposed to near ultra violet (UV) light. In this study,$TiO_2$ photocatalytic continuous reactor was designed and applied to food-borne pathogens such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802, Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 14028, and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313.$TiO_2$ films were prepared by conventional sol-gel dip-coating method using titanium tetra iso-propoxide (TTIP). The antibacterial activity of photocatalytic reactor with various flow rates and UV-A illumination time showed effective bactericidal activity. As the UV-A illumination time increased, survival rates of those bacteria decreased. After 60 min of UV-A illumination, the survival rates of V. parahaemolyticus and S. choleraesuis were less than 0.1%. However, that of L. monocytogenes was about 5% at that time point. These results present an effective way to exclude pathogenic bacteria from aqueous foods. -
This study examined the effects of temperature, D-psicose concentration, pH, and various amino acids on the Maillard browning reaction of D-psicose and glycine mixture and compared browning color intensity with those of other sugars, such as sucrose, D-glucose, D-fructose, and D-tagatose. When D-psicose (0.1 M) and glycine (0.1 M) mixture was heated at
$70-100^{\circ}C$ for 5 hr, the absorbance at 420 nm increased with increasing reaction temperature and time. The Hunter a, b values, and color difference (${\Delta}E$ ) increased with increasing D-psicose concentration and pH within the range of pH 3-7 except at pH 6, while the L value decreased. The rate of Maillard browning reaction was in order of D-tagatose>D-psicose$\fallingdotseq$ D-fructose>D-glucose>sucrose. The browning color intensity of the D-psicose-basic and non-polar amino acids mixtures was higher than that of the D-psicose-acidic amino acids. -
Bootstrap method, a computer-intensive statistical technique to estimate the distribution of a statistic was applied to deal with uncertainty and variability of the experimental data in stochastic prediction modeling of microbial growth on a chill-stored food. Three different bootstrapping methods for the curve-fitting to the microbial count data were compared in determining the parameters of Baranyi and Roberts growth model: nonlinear regression to static version function with resampling residuals onto all the experimental microbial count data; static version regression onto mean counts at sampling times; dynamic version fitting of differential equations onto the bootstrapped mean counts. All the methods outputted almost same mean values of the parameters with difference in their distribution. Parameter search according to the dynamic form of differential equations resulted in the largest distribution of the model parameters but produced the confidence interval of the predicted microbial count close to those of nonlinear regression of static equation.
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Song, Min-Soo;Shim, Jae-Seok;Gwon, Song-Hui;Lee, Chan-Woo;Kim, Han-Sung;Hwang, Jae-Kwan 1357
Propionibacterium acnes is the predominant organism in sebaceous regions of the skin and is thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflamed lesions. Antibacterial compounds against P. acnes were isolated from the ethanol extract of Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. and identified as panduratin A and isopanduratin A. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of panduratin A for P. acnes were 2 and$4{\mu}g/mL$ , respectively, while those of isopanduratin A were 4 and$8{\mu}g/mL$ , respectively. The time-dependent killing effect showed that panduratin A and isopanduratin A completely inhibited the growth of P. acnes at 4 and$8{\mu}g/mL$ in 48 hr, respectively. Panduratin A and isopanduratin A demonstrated high antibacterial activities not only against P. acnes but also other skin microorganisms. The results suggest that panduratin A and isopanduratin A could be employed as natural antibacterial agents to inhibit the growth of acne and skin disease causing microorganisms. -
Kim, Kee-Tae;Yeo, Eun-Ju;Moon, Sun-Hee;Cho, Ssang-Goo;Han, Ye-Sun;Nah, Seung-Yeol;Paik, Hyun-Dong 1361
The inhibitory effects of naringenin, kaempherol, and apigenin on the production of cholesterol in HepG2 KCLB 88065 and MCF-7 KCLB 30022 cells were evaluated. In this study, quercetin was used as a reference reagent. After incubation for 3 days, fat-soluble contents of both cell types were extracted by using the Folch method and the cholesterol contents in both cultured cells were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The concentration of cholesterol in untreated each tissue cells was$12.2{\pm}0.11$ and$8.83{\pm}0.12\;mg/g$ of lipid, respectively. The total concentration of each flavonoid was adjusted to 0, 35, or$350{\mu}M$ in the culture broth. As the results, the addition of 2% methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to the media (control for flavonoid solvents) did not significantly affect cell growth; however, DMSO caused an increase in the production of cholesterol. Each flavonoid inhibited the production of cholesterol in both HepG2 and MCF-7 cells at the concentration of$35{\mu}M$ above. In addition, the inhibitory effect of kaempherol on the production of cholesterol in these cells was greater than the other flavonoids tested and HepG2 cells are more sensitive to flavonoids than MCF-7. From the results, the inhibitory effects of flavonoids on cholesterol production are different depending on the cell type. -
The antibacterial activity of chitosan against Escherichia coli was investigated in the presence of NaCl, sucrose, and ethanol to assess the potential use of chitosan as a biopreservative in food products containing these components. The inhibitory activity of chitosan decreased slightly upon the addition of NaCl and sucrose, respectively to culture broth containing 100 ppm of chitosan (Mw 3,000), while the addition of ethanol enhanced the inhibitory activity of chitosan on growing cells. The addition of these components to non-growing cells prior to chitosan treatment demonstrated that NaCl protected the cells from the inhibitory activity of chitosan, while sucrose had no effect. Ethanol addition to non-growing cells increased cell death by chitosan treatment. Finally, binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled chitosan to E. coli was measured in the presence of the food components. The FITC-labeled chitosan binding to cells decreased upon NaCl addition, was not affected by sucrose, and increased following treatment with ethanol.
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In this study, 50 rump samples of raw beef obtained from local Korean supermarkets were analyzed to survey microbial distributions. As results, mesophilic microorganisms ranged from
$(1.4{\pm}0.01){\times}10^2$ to$(1.6{\pm}0.05){\times}10^5\;CFU/g$ , and total coliforms ranged from 0 to$(1.3{\pm}0.04){\times}10^4\;CFU/g$ . Major foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp., were not found among the samples. However, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated with 4% frequency. Other isolated microorganisms included Enterobacter amnigenus (4%), Enterobacter cloacae (24%), E. coli (24%), Listeria innocua (8%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (56%), Staphylococcus xylosus (10%), and Staphylococcus warneri (8%). -
Kwon, Gun-Hee;Jeong, Woo-Ju;Lee, Ae-Ran;Park, Jae-Yong;Cha, Jae-Ho;Song, Young-Sun;Kim, Jeong-Hwan 1372
The aprE2 gene from Bacillus subtilis CH3-5 was expressed in Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 10716 using a Bacillus-Escherichai coli shuttle vector, pHY300PLK. The fibrinolytic activity of transformant (TF) increased significantly compared to B. licheniformis 10716 control cell. During the 100 hr incubation in Luria-Bertaini broth at$37^{\circ}C$ , fibrinolytic activity of B. licheniformis TF increased rapidly at the late growth stage, after 52 hr of incubation, which was confirmed by zymography using a fibrin gel. pHY3-5 was stably maintained in B. licheniformis without tetracycline (Tc) in the media, 60.9% of cells still maintained pHY3-5 after 100 hr of cultivation. -
Tachioside (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl-1-O-glucoside), a known phenolic glycoside, was isolated from various bamboo species. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity determined a significant antioxidant activity of tachioside which was comparable to L-ascorbic acid. Each culm and leaf extracts were tested and the culm of Phyllostachys bambusoides appeared to contain the highest amount of tachioside.
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This study was performed to provide basic information that can be used to differentiate Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng CA. Meyer) berry and seed from American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) seed. Total ginsenoside contents of Korean ginseng berry, Korean ginseng seed, and American ginseng seed were 9.09, 3.30, and 4.06%, respectively. Total ginsenoside content of Korean ginseng berry was about 2.2 to 2.7 times higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed. Particularly ginsenoside Re content of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng berry (5.99%) was about 3.6 to 5.4 times higher than that of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng seed (1.65%) and 4-year cultivated American ginseng seed (1.10%). The contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were about 4.8 and 28 times higher, respectively, than those of 4-year cultivated Korean ginseng root. In general the contents of total ginsenoside and ginsenoside Re of Korean ginseng berry were significantly higher than those of Korean ginseng seed and American ginseng seed.
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This study was conducted to examine the quality characteristics of soybean curd containing red paprika juice (RPJ) and green paprika juice (GPJ). The proximate compositions of RPJ showed higher levels of ash, carbohydrate, and vitamin C than GPJ. The yield of soybean curd was not significantly different with the level of RPJ and GPJ. However there was a significant decrease in the pH and an increase in the acidity with the addition of RPJ and GPJ. The L, a, and b values of soybean curd containing RPJ and the L value of soybean curd containing GPJ were significantly different. The hardness and chewiness of soybean curd containing RPJ and GPJ increased significantly with the level of juice.
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This study evaluated the effects of heat treatment on antioxidant activity of Rehmannia radix Libosch (RRL). RRL was heated at various temperatures (
$110-150^{\circ}C$ ) for various times (1-5 hr), and the total polyphenol, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were investigated. With increased heating temperature and exposure time, total content of polyphenol, flavonoid, as well as antioxidant activity increased. The highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 21.65 and 3.56 mg/g, respectively, these values were occurred after heating for 3 hr at$150^{\circ}C$ (RRL was 5.09 and 0.83 mg/g, respectively). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was highest value of 83.46% after heating for 3hr at$150^{\circ}C$ . The 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation radical scavenging activity was highest value of 20.43mg ascorbic acid (AA) eq/g after heating for 2 hr at$150^{\circ}C$ . There were highly significant differences in the total polyphenol, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity among heating temperatures and times (p<0.001), with heating temperature having the greater effect. -
Leuconostoc citreum HJ-P4 is a strain isolated for kimchi fermentation with its low temperature-adapted growth feature and its high dextransucrase activity. The detailed characteristics of cell growth and dextran sucrase activities were investigated at various environmental conditions such as temperatures, pHs, salts, and raw ingredients. This strain showed almost 2-fold higher maximal cell concentration (
$X_{max}$ ) than that of the type culture Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F at$10^{\circ}C$ . The$X_{max}$ of the strain was maximum at pH 7 and the cell growth was inhibited by salts in a dose-dependent mode up to 7%. Addition of pepper (<6%), garlic (<10%), and ginger (<2%) in kimchi gave no inhibition effect on the growth of HJ-P4. Dextransucrase synthesized by this strain retained over 80% of its maximum activity at$10^{\circ}C$ showing a comparable cold-adapted feature to its host microbe. This culture can be used as a starter culture in the industrial kimchi production giving desirable functions and predominance at low temperature.