I studied on the correlativity with an individual constitution and etiological factor, the results are as follows. As the external wickedness invade into human body, the condition of an individual constitution determine whether being attacked with a disease or not. Moreover the contracting and the tendency of a disease are determined from the peculiarity of an individual constitution. And whether being attacked with a disease or not, the contracting and the tendency are possible explained of DONG-GI-SANG-GU(the indentical vigour looking for mutually). The division on the malice for cause of a disease and the symptom of a disease are more and more necessary.

This study was written in order to help understanding of visible diagnosis of energy and color(기색). Visible diagnosis of energy and color is a very important factor of diagnosis and a necessary step of visible diagnosis. As human's body is under the control of spirit(신) and spirit(신) is stored by five viscera(오장), so spirit expresses the change of five viscera and is reflected by energy and color(기색). Strictly speaking, energy and color(기색) is not divided into each other. But, we can say that glittering glossy part belongs to energy(기) and blue, red, yellow, white and black part belongs to color(색). Various changes of energy and color(기색) observe the rules of yin-yang(음양). If we consider the interior and exterior(내외), top and bottom(상하), right and left(좌우), rise and fall(부침), clearness and muddiness(청탁), weak and severe(미심), spread and gather(산박), gloss and dness(택요) etc. we can decide the yin and yang(음양), inside and outside(표리), coldness and heatness(한열), truth and false(허보), life and death(생사) and prognosis. One man's own color is determined by the five human type(오형인), There are very various points of changing colors. As divided into principal groups, there are three main groups, that is, sky(천), earth(지) and man(인). A season(사시), day and night(주야) and cloud and clear(음청) belong to the factor of sky(천), a direction and configuration of the ground(지형) belong 治 the factor of earth(지), and motion and rest(동정), seven emotions(칠정), age and youth(노소), poor and rich(빈부) and high and low(귀천) belong to the factor of man(인).

The following conclusions are drawn, through studying of referring literature, of contents of the prescription and of clinical applications in Hyungsang Medicine. Insamyangyung-tang(인삼양영탕) was appeared first in Taepunghyemin-whajegugbang(태평혜민화제국방) which was written by Jin and others at Song Dynasty. This prescription is applied to senility and long lasting weakness, little strength of spleen and lung(비폐기허), and insufficiency of blood. The Insamyangyung-tang is composed of medical stuffs which Rhizoma Cnidii is taken out from Sipjiendaebotang and Pericarpium Citri Nobilis, Fructus Schizandrae, Radix Polygalae are added to it. This prescription is used in China up to the present. In korea, according to Donguibogam, Rhizoma Cnidii and Poria are taken out from Sipjiendaebotang and Pericarpium Citri Nobilis, Fructus Schizandrae, Radix Polygalae are added to it, and Ramulus Cinnamomi is changed to Cortex Cinnamomi, and also Radix Ledebouriellae is newly added to it. This is reorganized to fit for Korean physical conditions and to be useful for deficiency of blood, and also to be efficacious for coming and going of chillness and fever and running with sweat due to weakness of Liver. In the point of view of Hyunsang medicine, Insamyangyung-tang is applied to shapes and symptoms as follows : This prescription becomes more efficacious to women than to men. At the age of fifties when liver grows weak it effects a cure. It takes effect to the shape of going easily into the deficiency of blood, that is, to the Hyul Kwa with an oval face. It effects a cure on the man who has wrinkles on the bridge of the nose, who has marks of being choked up on the central area between two brows, or who has distinctive size of eyes and nose. It is efficacious against symptoms which are to be exhausted, to be weak, to lose flesh, to be coming and going of chillness and fever and running with sweat.

Nowadays most of scholarship is based on the western model. Traditional Chinese Medical education system also follows the western medical education. In the views of medical sociology, it shows very interesting phenomenon that the modernization of traditional area follows the western model of modernization. Moreover, it provides a good chance to discuss whether modernization and westernization of tradition is real development or not. Traditional Chinese Medicine had been the only institutional medicine in China for a long time. But the status of Traditional Chinese Medicine has been changed very rapidly since modern era. Shanghai Traditional Chinese Medical School was established in 1916. But National Party government tried to abolish Traditional Chinese Medicine and it met a crisis of maintenance. But the situation has been dramatically changed when Communist Party got the power in 1949. The Communist Government needed a chief medical service. And Traditional Chinese Medicine could meet the condition. Traditional Chinese Medicine could provide also the ideology of national superiority. Therefore, Traditional Chinese Medicine has been protected and developed by the assistance of the Communist Party. In the process, Traditional Chinese Medical education has been professionalized.

The Wenbing tiaobian(온병조변) is the first systematic disease monograph on warm factor disease(온병), written by Wu Jutong(오국통). It was most influenced by the Linzheng zhinan yian(임증지남의안), which was a book of gathering medical case records of Ye tianshi(엽천사). Therefore, there are plenty of quotations from this book in the Wenbing tiaobian. This study investigates the quotations from Linzheng zhinan yian, especially focusing on the way of transformation and correction of the original medical case records on the warm factor disease. The results are as follows: About 104 of 265 provisions in the Wenbing tiaobian were directly quoted from the Linzheng zhinan yian. The provisions quoted from Ye's case records were rearranged according to the categories of the triple burners pattern differentiation(삼초변증) and the causes of warm factor disease. And eve case record was transformed into more general descriptive form in order to put it into the book. For example, the specific figures, and some patients' peculiar symptoms, causes, sex and disease names were omitted. On the other hand, the tongue moss, pulse shape and some symptoms, which were necessary for differentiating patterns, were added. In the case of the formula, some formulas originated from Ye's case records were named newly. And the dose of each herb consisting a formula was determined, and therapeutic principle, taking method and detailed explanation was added to every formula.

First, we analyze the contents of Dong-Eui-Bo-Gam. Second, from the view of the 'Hyung-Sang(형상:body form)' theory, we try to interpret the acupuncture points chosen in each chapter with a base on the contents of the book. We study on the on 'Hyung-Sang(형상: body form)' thee of acupuncture points in each chapter on 'Jung(정)' and 'Ki(기)' in Dong-Eui-Bo-Gam(동의보감). The acupuncture points on epilepsy in 'Jung(정)' chapter are come from the purview of 'Jung(정)' type, man and 'Shin(신)' type. In the cade of hypochondria, it is often considered 'Ki(기)' pe and 'Shin(신)' type. The acupuncture points on all kind of Ki(기)-desease are come from the purview of the point of 'Ki-Hae(기해)'. The acupuncture points on congestion of the head are come from the purview of indigestible type or weak type of person and woman, and the acupuncture points on 'belch 'are come form the purview of 'KE(기)' type and 'Shin(신)' type. The acupuncture points on polypnea are come from the purview of having phlegm, weak type, and long necked type.

The dream is a well-known experience in the routine life. It is the image and thought being occurred during the sleep, and the complex reaction of our mental world to the event of everyday. In particular, there are so many opinions of the reason why people have a dream and this thesis is telling about the physical and pathological changes in the human as one of that various opinions. The aspects of this thesis are often founded in the diverse texts of oriental Medicine, including the Internal Classics(내경), and there were some cases that regarded the dream as diagnostic object and put to clinical uses. These attempts were not only tried out by particular orient thoght, also the ancient Greeks thought that the dream would represent important informations about the health. But, these ideas have been treated lightly by the impacts of the western medicine since the modern age. Straightforwardly, before the psycho-analytics was not development, most of the doctors and scientists regarded the dream as things like dregs of mind. The central operating bodies of the dream are the Spirit(신) and Hon and Beak(혼백), and the Spirit(신) is more essential part between the two.

Seeing through the reference of literatures ${\ll}$Internal Classic${\gg}$, ${\ll}$Donguibogam${\gg}$ and Master Jisan's theory about Ki-Hyul and Hyul-Ki, the writer came to conclusions as follows. In ${\ll}$Internal Classic${\gg}$ Ki-Hyul is expressed into being orderly and ordinate, but Hyul-Ki is described differently into making Hyul-Ki or operating Hyul-Ki. In ${\ll}$Donguibogam${\gg}$ Ki-Hyul and Hyul-Ki are not distinguished between two things, but Ki-Hyul is mentioned as harmony of Ki-Hyul and Hyul-Ki, and Hyul-Ki as ascending and descending or as deficiency and excess. In Hyungsang medicine the special characters of Ki-Hyul is seized the essence of the meanings from the deflection between left and right, changes of skin, flesh, meridian, muscle and bones. And the distinctive marks of Hyul-Ki is got hold from changes of complexion, many or few hairs, ascending or descending spirits of ears, eyes, mouth and nose. Also Ki-Hyul is recognized by laying stress on rise and fall, after birth, breast, upper limbs, eight extra meridians. And Hyul-Ki is recognized by laying stress on going up and down, the inborn constitution, abdomen, lower limbs, and twelve meridians. Jisan distinguished Ki-Hyul from Hyul-Ki theoretically and he applied the theory to clinical examination proved the facts that the theory and the examination are in accord with each other. This attempts was for the first time in Oriental medicine history and the theory was set up. It is thought that the defects of the theory about Ki-Hyul and Hyul-Ki which Jisan insisted on need much more study from now on.

Perspiration is the product of metabolism and the resin comes out through the hole of skin. And it keeps constant with heart and blood. So, it has great meaning in the clinical medicine and it is closely connected with the qi, blood, body fluid and viscera in our body. In the oriental medicine it is said that when our body is attacked with the evil qi and it locates in the surface of our body, we must induce the perspiration and it is called 'Method of Perspiration'. If we use that method we should refer the contraindication, and historical doctors stressed the need of deliberate use. However, the moderns have the misunderstandings about the perspiration. When they have alcoholic trouble and feel fatigue, they wring out the sweat. And they think that doing has good results. They even sweat off their surplus fat. But, that doing is rashly as that is an energy-consuming behavior and it shorten one's span of life because of the running dry of the resin. Therefore, we must use very carefully the 'Method of Perspiration' and not wring out the sweat rashly.

Internal deficiency of vital Qi is origination of cancer and root cause of its development from the viewpoint of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM). For about 40 years, China has developed a combined system of TCM and Western medical system in treatment of cancers, laying stress on the therapeutic principle of strengthening the body resistance and restoring normal functioning of the body to consolidate the constitution (Fu Zheng Pei Ben). According to the results of the latest clinical and experimental studies, Chinese medicine not only increases curative effectiveness, but also reduces the side effect caused by the toxic, radio and chemical treatment of cancer cases in the western medical system as well as various complications. Long-term taking Chinese herbal medicine prevents recurrence and metastasis of tumor, and heightens long-term curative effectiveness after western medical treatments. It also helps to relieve symptoms, improve the quality of life, and prolong life of terminal cancer patients who have already lost opportunities of western medical treatments. In addition, it can prevent and cure premonitory symptoms of cancer.

Many naturally occurring plant extracts are studied for their beneficial effects for health and particularly on cancer. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, occurs in both normal and pathological conditions, including cancer Dysregulation of apoptosis allows transformed cells to continually and uninhibitedly enter the cell cycle, thus perpetuating the sequence of mutation, genomic instability and, finally, oncogenesis. To investigate the apoptosis-inducing effect of the extract of Fructus Trichosanthis (EFT) on leukemic HL-60 cells and its mechanism, HL-60 cells in vitro in culture medium were given different doses of the extract. The inhibitory rate of cells were measured by microculture tetrazolium assay, cell apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry, morphology of cell apoptosis was observed by DAPI fluorescence staining, and the activations of caspases and PARP were detected using Western blotting analysis. The extract could activate the caspase-3 and caspase-8, induce PARP cleavage, inhibit growth of HL-60 cells, and cause apoptosis significantly The suppression was in dose-dependent manner. Marked morphological changes of cell apoptosis including condensation of chromatin and nuclear fragmentation were observed clearly by DAPI fluorescence staining especially. These results will provide strong laboratory evidence of EFT for clinical treatment of acute leukemia.

Bio-Q is a modified prescription with the activities of supplementing Qi and blood in human body. In the present study, immunomodulatory effect of Bio-Q was examined. After oral administration of Bio-Q for 7 days to Balb/c mice, splenocytes were isolated and immunological experiments were performed. Bio-Q significantly increased the proliferation of splenocytes exposed to concanavalin A (Con A), while it did not in case of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Bio-Q also significantly increased CD3/CD19, CD4/CDB and NK cells by flow cytometric analysis. In addition, Bio-Q significantly enhanced the level of $INF-\gamma$ in splenocytes, but not $TNF-\alpha$ by ELISA. These results strongly suggest that Bio-Q has immunomodulatory activity through the regulation of T cell mediated immune pathway.

In this study, we investigated gene expression patterns induced by Ailanthus altissima extract and compared it with Gleevec, a well-known anti-leukemia drug, in K562 chromic leukemia cells. Ailanthus altissima extract(100 ug/ml) and Gleevec(50 ug/ml) were treated to cells for 1h, 2h, 4h, and 16h and total RNA was extracted. Gene expressions were evaluated using cDMA microarray, in which 24,000 genes were spotted. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that expression of genes included in two clusters were increased or decreased time dependently by both Ailanthus altissima extract and Gleevec. Genes included in another cluster were induced by Ailanthus altissima extract but not by Gleevec. In biological process analysis, expression of genes involved in apoptosis, growth arrest and DNA-damage were increased, but genes stimulating cell cycle were decreased. This study provides comprehensive comparison of the patterns of gene expression changes induced by Ailanthus altissima extract and Gleevec in K-562 leukemia cells.

In the present study, baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, a major flavone isolated from Scutellaria Radix were examined for their effects on PMA-induced Interlukin-6 (IL-6), $interferon-\gamma(IFN-\gamma)$, tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-\alpha$, IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13 productions in the PMA-stimulated $CD4^+$ Jurkat T cells. These three compounds inhibited PMA-induced Th1 cytokine $(IL-6,\;IFN-\gamma,\;TNF-\alpha)$ and Th2 cytokine (IL-4 and IL-13) productions in a concentration-dependent manner. But wogonin, but not baicalin baicalein, increased PMA-induced IL-10 production. These results suggest that baicalin, baicalein, and wogonin, a major flavone modulate Th1 and Th2 cytokine productions in $CD4^+$ Jurkat T cells and these properties may contribute to the anti-atopic dermatitis activity of Scutellaria Radix.

This study was carried out to understand the effects of Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen manufactured by different production process and Rosa rugosa on blood sugar in the db/db mice. Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen(L-BCL, H-BCL) manufactured by low or high temperature production process and Rosa rugosa were used. The effects of L-BCL, L-BCL+Rosa rugosa, H-BCL and H-BCL+Rosa rugosa were observed in terms of blood sugar, creatinine, BUN, ALT in db/db mice. The results were as follows : The amount of glucose was significantly decreased (P<0.01) in the experimental groups compared with the control. The amount of Creatinine ovserved decrease in the case of L-BCL group. The amount of blood urea nitrogen observed significant decrease in the case of H-BCL and H-BCL+Rosa rugosa groups. The amount of ALT did not show any differences among five groups.

Inflammatory cytokine, abundantly produced in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, induced Fas expression in normal thyrocytes. We determined that susceptibility to Fas-activated apoptosis could be influenced by inflammatory cytokine and investigated a potential role of Gamgung-tang (GGT, Glycyrrhizae Radix, black beans, Angelicae Radix and Cnidii Rhizoma) in the thyroid follicular cells. $IL-1\beta$ was able to induce Fas expression in normal thyrocytes. GGT inhibited $IL-1\beta-induced$ Fas expression. Thyroid follicular cells were found to undergo DNA fragmentation with the inflammatory cytokines. GGT inhibited DNA fragmentation in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that GGT inhibit Fas-mediated apoptosis in thyroid follicular cells, therefore, may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of autoimmune chronic thyroiditis.

Down-regulation of melanin synthesis is required for recovery of pigmentary disorders and it is known that direct inhibitors of tyrosinase suppress melanin synthesis. We screened several oriental medicinal plants using B16/Fl0 cells and found that the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma down-regulated melanin synthesis effectively. Although the proliferation of Bl6/Fl0 cells was decresed by the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma, it did not appear necrosis. Bl6/F10 cells incubated with the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma showed reduced pigmentation and tyrosinase activity. Western blotting revealed that the amount of tyrosinase was decreased by the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma. These results suggest that the inhibitary effect of the methanolic extract of Cnidii Rhizoma on melanogenesis is due to the suppression of tyrosinase in Bl6/F10 cells and Cnidii Rhizoma is a candidate for an efficient whitening agent.

The objective of this study is to investigate the inhibitor effects of an traditional oriental herb, Sophora flavescens on the pancreatic & cardiac side effects of chemotherapy were studied by using Bl6-BL6 melanoma-injected C57BL6 mouse tumor model. In this study, the effects of an traditional oriental herb, Sophora flavescens, on the side effects of chemotherapy were studied using B16 melanoma-injected C57BL6 mouse tumor model. Anticancer drugs widely used in clinical situation. Sophora flavescen has significant effect on the reduction of the side effects of chemotherapy. Water extract of Sophora flavescens significantly inhibited cisplatin-induced increase of amylase (AMY) which is a good indicator of pancreatic toxicity. Sophora flavescens extract does not decrease the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin showing that it can selectively inhibit side effects of anticancer drugs preserving beneficial effect. Theses results suggest a possibility that Sophora flavescens extract can be used for cancer patients for the reduction of the side effects and improving the quality of life during chemotherapy of cancer patients.

Phellinus linteus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Teng, commonly referred to as Sangwhang in Korea, is a well-known species of the genus Phellinus, which attracts great attention due to its phamarcological values. P. linteus has been reported to produce anti-tumor, anti-angiogenic, anti-mutagenic and immunomodulatory activities in vivo and in vitro. However, despite extensive biochemical studies on P. linteus, the wine produced by P. linteus fermentation (WPLF) has poorly investigated. In the present study, it was compared the in vitro cytotoxic effects of WPLF with ethanol as positive control. WPLF as well as ethanol induced the inhibition of cell proliferation and morphological changes in both HepG2 and A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, however, WPLG treatment has less cytotoxic effects than ethanol treatment. These cytotoxic effects were associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death, but, WPLG treatment has less apoptotisis inducing effects than ethanol treatment.

We previously demonstrated that the methylene chloride fraction of Scutellaria barbata suppessed human leukemic U937 cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis. In the present study, we have isolated luteolin from Scutellaria barbata and evaluated its apoptotic mechanism in Lewis lung carcinoma cells. Luteolin inhibited the proliferation of Lewis lung carcinoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Luteolin effectively increased the portion of $sub-G_1$ DNA content (apoptotic portion) and apoptotic Annexin-V positive cells in a concentration-dependent manner by FACS analysis. Caspase 9 and caspase 3 were activated and PARP was effectively cleaved by luteolin. It also increased the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2 through the decrease of Bcl-2 expression by Western blotting and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential following TMRE staining. These results suggest that luteolin can induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial mediated pathway.

We studied effects of Samreungjeon water extract (SE) on the proliferation of transplanted-L1210 cells to mice. Samreungjeon is composed of Scirpi Tuber, Zedoariae Rhizoma, Aurantii immaturi Pericarpium, Pinelliae Tuber and Hordei Fructus Germinatus. When SE (500 mg/kg) was administered orally once a day for 7 days after transplantation of L1210 cells to mice, the proliferation of transplanted-L1210 cells was decreased and DNA fragmentation of transplanted-L1210 cells was induced. Also, DNA fragmentation of L1210 cells was enhanced by co-culture with the peritoneal macrophages obtained from SE-administered mice and was partly inhibited by L-NMMA in vitro. SE enhanced the production of nitric oxide from murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that SE partly induces apoptosis of transplanted-L1210 cells via production of nitric oxide from macrophages.

To investigate the effects of Trichosanthes semen extract on the growth and apoptosis of human uterine cervical carcinoma cells. Effects of Trichosanthes semen extract on the growth of ME-180 cells were assayed by MTT assay. Apoptosis induced by Trichosanthes semen extract was detected by fluorescent microscopy, DNA fragmentation analysis and flow cytometry. Caspase-3 and caspase-8 activities were assayed. Trichosanthes semen extract induced ME-180 cells to die in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ME-180 cells treated with Trichosanthes semen extract exhibited typical characteristics of apoptosis. The population of Sub-G1 cells increased significantly, and the cells represented the reduced size, condensed chromatin and apoptotic bodies. They showed the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and increased activities of caspase-3 and caspase-8. The results suggest that Trichosanthes semen extract induced ME-180 cell apoptosis and the activation of caspase and mitochondrial pathway were involved in the process of Trichosanthes semen extract-induced apoptosis.

The purpose of this research is to examine the effects of Scutellariae Radix(SR) extract on cytokines in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthmatic mice. In vivo, C57BL/6 mice were sensitized and handicapped by OVA for 12 weeks. During this experiment, the one group was then treated with SR extract for the later 8 weeks (3 times per week) and analyzed by ELISA. There were significant decreases in IL-4(p<0.05), IL-5(p<0.05), IL-13(p<0.01), histamine(p<0.05) in serum of SR group. IgE also decreased, but was not significant compared with that of control group. The results of this study support a role for SR as an effective treatment for asthma in its experimental success in significantly decreasing inflammation and asthma reactions.

Most inflammatory disorders are usually treated using anti-inflammatory drugs including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (SAID). In a prolonged use, however, they may frequently produce adverse side-effects. Thus, it is necessarily required to develop a new anti-inflammatory drug with little side-effects. Nephrite has been widely used by traditional oriental medicine to cure the various chronic diseases. In order to verify the anti-inflammatory activity of nephrite, the TPA (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-acetate) or the croton oil-induced edema was developed in the mouse ears and the nephrite powder suspension or the nephrite water was directly applied to the ear edema. It was found that nephrite could significantly reduce the ear swelling implying its strong potential as an active anti-inflammatory agent when comparing to indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Acupuncture as a therapeutic intervention is widely used for the treatment of many functional disorders such as substance abuse and mental dysfunction. Clinical trials are currently underway to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of drug addiction. Yet, there are still many unanswered questions about the basic mechanism of acupuncture. Studies have shown that both the psychomotor stimulant effects and rewarding properties of addictive drugs, including morphine, are sensitized by repeated drug administration and raised the possibility that both of these effects may De linked to the same or closely overlapping the mesolimbic dopamine systems. Neiguan (PC6) point on the pericardium channel which is associated with the brain and its mental function, has been used to treat mental, psychosomatic disorders and gastroenterological disorders. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of acupuncture on repeated morphine-induced changes in extracellular dopamine levels using in vivo microdialysis and to measure the effect of acupuncture on repeated morphine-induced behavioral changes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated twice a day for three days with increasing doses of morphine (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg, s.c.) or with saline. After 15 days of withdrawal, rats were challenged with morphine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg, s.c.). Acupuncture was applied at bilateral Neiguan (PC6) points for 1min after the morphine challenge. Results showed that acupuncture at the specific acupoint PC6, but not at control points (tail and HE8) significantly decreased both dopamine release, behavior induced by a systemic morphine challenge or a single s.c. morphine injection in the morphine-repeated animals. These results suggest that reduction in sensitization may be one mechanism whereby acupuncture alleviates morphine craving in addicts. Moreover, in a more general sense these results suggest that acupuncture can be used as a therapeutic intervention for correcting reversible malfunction of the body by direction of brain pathway and thus acupuncture can contribute to the biochemical balance in the central nervous system by regulating neurotransmitters.

This research was peformed to investigate protective effect of Sophora Subprostrata fractions against focal ischemic brain damage after middle cerebral artery(MCA) occlusion using intraluminal suture. Rats were divided into six groups: MCA-occluded group(Control): each administered groups with Sophora Subprostrata total phase(Total), Sophora Subprostrata Aqueous phase (Aqueous), Sophora Subprostrata BuOH phase(BuOH), and Sophora Subprostrata Alkaloid phase(Alkaloid) after MCA-occlusion; sham-operated group(Sham). The right MCA was occluded by A poly-L-lysine coated 4-0 nylon suture thread through the internal carotid artery permanently. Sophora Subprostrata and fractions were administered orally(Smg/ml) for 7 days after MCA-occlusion. The Drain tissue was stained with $2\%$ triphenyl tetrazolium chloride on ischemic brain tissue(2mm section). The results showed that 1) Sophora Subprostrata total phase reduced infarct size and total infarct volume compared to the control group at 24 hours after MCA-occlusion, 2) Sophora Subprostrata Aqueous phase reduced infarct size and total infarct volume compared to the control group at 24 hours after MCA-occlusion, 3) Sophora Subprostrata Alkaloid phase reduced infarct size compared to the control group at 24 hours after MCA-occlusion, but 4) at 7 days after MCA-occlusion, Sophora Subprostrata did not show effective recovery compared with control group. Sophora Subprostrata has protective effects against brain damage at the early stage of focal cerebral ischemia. Sophora Subprostrata total and Aqueous phase produced more pronounced protective effect against focal ischemic brain damage.

This study was carried out to investigate the comparison of immunomodualtory effects of water-extracted Aconiti lateralis Preparata Radix(PR), Zingiberis Rhizoma(ZR), Cinnamomi Cortex(CC) and Evodiae Fructus(EF). The parameter examined to assess apparent immunomodulatory effect of the water-extracted PR, ZR, CC and EF included the regulation of Nitric oxide (NO). Also, ZR and EF represent the expression of Th1/Th2 type cytokine, the change of B cell phenotype. The water-extracted PR, ZR, CC and EF inhibited NO production and iNOS protein expression in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In the Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression, the water-extracted ZR and EF induced IL-2, IFNr and IL-10 mRNA gene expression. Therefore, it seems that the water-extracted ZR and EF have a inducing effect of Th1 and Th2 type cytokines. In the Flow cytometry analysis, the water-extracted ZR and EF changed B cell phenotype (CD45R/B220), did NOT in PR and CC. The water-extracted PR, ZR, CC and EF have a reducing effect of immune suppression cause by Methotrexate (MTX), an agent of immune suppression. These results suggest that the immunomodulatory effects of the water-extracted ZR and EF may be, in part, associated with the inducing IL-2 and IFNr mRNA gene expression In and regulation of NO production in macrophage cells.

Antitumor and anti-metastatic effects of mineral powder(MP) were studied. In the present study, MP did not exhibit the any cytotoxic activity against leukemic cells such as L1210 and U937 tumor cell lines in vitro. Also, MP did not exhibit the any cytotoxic activity against solid cells such as A549 and B16-BL6 tumor cell lines in vitro. However, in vivo, MP exhibit a significant antitumor activity in BDF1 mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma cells(LLC) with inhibition rates of 46 and $23\%$ at 200 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively. Furthermore, in pulmonary colonization assay, MP exhibit the inhibitory effect of tumor metastasis. From these results, it was concluded that MP had antitumor and anti-metastatic activity suggesting its application for the prevention and treatment of cancer.

The purpose of this thesis is to dedicate to get the objectivity of herbal medicine treatments by choosing herbs likely to work as antibacterial agents, Moutan Cortex Radicis, Caesalpiniae Lignum, Houttuyniae Herba, Forsythiae Fructus, Prunellae Herba, Scrophulariae Radix against Gardnerella vaginalis which is associated with Bacterial vaginosis, making experiments on them and getting the significant results. Each herb's efficacy on control the number of Bacterial vaginosis is noticed by using Disk Susceptibility test with six herbs medicine and Broth dilution assay of the culture. Disk Suseptibility Test : The efficiency strength is as follows in a row : Caesaipiniae Lignum, Moutan Cortex Radicis, Prunellae Herba, Forsythiae Fructus, Houttuyniae Herba, Scrophulariae Radix. MIC Prunellae Herba is 1.5 mg/ml, Caesalpiniae Lignum is 5 mg/ml, Forsythiae Fructus and Moutan Corex Radicis is 10mg/ml for G. vaginalis. As a results, herbmed which tested in this study have an antibacterial effects against G. vaginalis and that may be used for treament of Bacterial vaginosis. Assistant use of external medicine to p.o medicine is expected to bring the good effect of treatment which is used for the origin of this disease.

To clarify the toxic effect on cultured neonatal mouse cerebral neurons damaged by ischemia, we examined the cytotoxicity induced by ischemia and the protective effect of antioxidant and AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist against ischemia-induced cytotoxicity on cultured cerebral neurons. For this study, mice were administrated with 20ug/kg cyclothiazide or 50U/kg vitamin E via intraperitoneal injection for 2 hours before ischemic induction. After cell culture for 7 days, cell viability, amount of neurofilament and protein kinase C activity were examined. Ischemia decreased significantly cell viability, amount of neurofilament and the increase of protein kinase C activity in these cultures. In the protective effect, vitamin I showed remarkably the increase of cell viability and amount of neurofilament, and the decrease of protein kinase C activity but, cyclothiazide did not showed any protective effect on ischemia-induced cytotoxicity. From these results, it is suggested that vitamin I is effective in blocking the neurotoxicity induced by ischemia, but cyclothiazide as a AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist is not.

In the present study, wogonin, a major flavone isolated from Scutellaria Radix were examined for its imunosuppressive activity on the 2,4-dinitro-fluorobenzene (DNFB)-induced delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) in C3H/HeN mice. This compound inhibited selectively $TNF-\alpha$ and IL-4, but not IL-6, IL-10 and $IFN-\gamma$ on DNFB-induced Th1 and Th2 cytokines in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, this compound increased the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in a concentration-dependent manner The above results reveal that wogonin possesses anti-inflammatory, humoral and cellular immunomodulatory, and stress reducing activities on the DNFB-induced DTH in mice and these properties may contribute to the anti-atopic dermatitis activity of Scutellaria Radix.

Using the 2-channel DROS SQUID (Korea Research Institute of Standards of Science, 1999), the present study was carried out to record changes elicited in the auditory cortex by acupuncture stimulus (right GB43, Xiaxi). Needle-retention and manual needle-twitching stimulation of GB43 and SP1 were done for acquiring the brain activities changed by acupuncture. Acupoint GB43 is known to be effective for the treatment of ear-related disease, such as deafness and tinnitus, and to be suspected to be related to the auditory cortex. Auditory evoked magnetic fields were recorded from the left hemisphere of five or four subjects, in response to contralateral ear stimulation by irregularly spaced 170msec long 1kHz tone busts (Korea Research Institute of Standards of Science). The result as follows The latency and amplitude of SQUID MEG responses at the human auditory cortex changed by needle-retention condition on GB43 were 7.2msec and 1.617, respectively, which were slower and larger than those of no-acupuncture condition. The amplitude of SQUID MEG responses at the human auditory cortex changed by needle-twitching condition on GB43 was 13.517, which was larger than that of no-acupuncture condition. The change in SP1 following GB43 needle-twitching condition were not observed in latency. The amplitude changed by needle-twitching condition on SP1 was 12.2fT, which was not significant. These results suggested that auditory cortex can be affected by acupuncture stimulus, though not specific or significant because of small number of subjects.

In order to evaluate the in vivo synergic effect of Eunkyo-san which was a traditional poly-herbal formula has been used in the treatment of respiratory diseases in Korea, with quinolone antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (CPFX), the viable bacterial number and histopathological changes were monitored after experimental respiratory infection with S. pneumoniae ATCC 6303. The obtained results were as follows: In CPFX groups, the viable bacterial numbers were significantly decreased compared to that of control group and these were more dramatically decreased compared to that of single treatment with CPFX, respectively in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san. In control group, severe infiltration of inflammatory cells, hemorrhage and hypertrophy of alveolar linings were demonstrated at microscopical levels. However, these abnormal histopathological changes were significantly decreased compared to that of control group in CPFX groups, and these were more dramatically decreased compared to that of single treatment with CPFX, respectively in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san. In CPFX groups, the LSA (luminal surface of alveoli $\%$) were significantly increased compared to that of control group and these were more dramatically decreased compared to that of single treatment with CPFX, respectively in concomitant treated groups with Eunkyo-san. According to these results, it is considered as the in vivo antibacterial activity of CPFX was dramatically increased by concomitant use of Eunkyo-san against S. pneumoniae ATCC 6303 infection of respiratory tract.

Acanthopanx senticosus (Araliaceae) is a long-lived woody species primarily distributed throughout East Asia. This species is regarded as medically and ecologically important woody plants in Korea. To identify the variation of the RAPD patterns between domestic and foreign A. senticosus species, 22 random primers were applied to Korean A. senticosus and A. senticosus for. inermis, Chinese and Russian A. senticosus. Six primers of them could be used to discriminate the origins and 58 polymorphisms among 92 scored DNA fragments. Six bands are specific for Korean A. senticosus and A. senticosus for. inermis. Especially, three primers, OPD04, OPD11 and OPE10, were useful to differentiate between domestic and foreign Acanthopanax species. RAPD analysis was a useful method to discriminate among A. senticosus populations or accessions and Korean accessions are distinct genetically.

Recently, arsenic compounds were considered as novel agents for treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and malignant tumors. However, it showed severe toxicity effect on normal tissue at the same time. In this study, to investigate the possible molecular mechanism (s) of arsenic compounds as candidate of anti-cancer drugs, we compared the abilities of two arsenic compounds, tetraarsenic oxide $(AS_4O_6)$ and arsenic trioxide (diarsenic oxide, $As_2O_3$), to induce cell growth inhibition as well as apoptosis induction in A549 human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Both $As_4O_6\;and\;As_2O_3$ treatment declined the cell growth and viability of A549 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, which was associated with induction of G1 arrest of the cell cycle and apoptotic cell death. However, $As_4O_6$ induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in A549 cells at much lower concentrations than $As_2O_3.\;As_4O_6$ down-regulated the levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, however, the levels of Bax, a pro-apoptotic protein, were up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, $As_4O_6$ might be a new arsenic compound which may induce apoptosis in A549 cells by modulation the Bcl-2 family and deserves further evaluation.

In this study, the aim was to investigate the effect of Mahwangpohang-tang on the expression of obesity-related genes and cytokines in high fat diet induced obesity mice. In order to investigate the effects of Mahwangpohang-tang(MHPH) on the obesity-related genes and cytokines, C57BL/6 mice were fed with high fat diet. C57BL/6 mice were divided into three groups and fed for 13weeks. Body weight change, diet intake change, final increase of body weight, the ratio of the adipocyte in body weight, the expression of leptin gene in primary adipocytes, the expression of UCP-2 in primary adipocytes, the production change of $TNF-\alpha$ and leptin in primary adipocytes, the expression of leptin in adipocytes tissue. The body weight of Mahwangpohang-tang(MHPH) intake mice was significantly lower than high fat diet group. The amount of the adipocyte in body weight was decreased Significantly. In primary adipocytes, leptin gene expression and the expression of UCP-2 did not change significantly. In primary adipocytes, the amount of $TNF-\alpha$ was significantly decreased at dose of $100{\mu}/ml$ density. In adipocytes tissue, the expression of leptin did not change significantly. These results suggest that MHPH may inhibit the expression of obesity-related genes and cytokines in high fat diet induced obesity mice

The purpose of this study was to examine the inhibition effect of Zizania latifolia that has been used heart disease, Diabetes Mellitus and Skin disease for a long time on apoptosis induced by $H_2O_2$ in Neuro2A cell. Neuro2A cells were cultivated in RPMI(GibcoBRL) with $5\%$, FBS and treated with $H_2O_2$, and Zizania latifolia. We measured the cell viability and analyzed DNA fragmentation. Activity of PARP, Cytochrome C, caspase-9, caspase-3, p53, p21, Bax and Bcl-2 in the cell was examined by using western blot. The cell viability in Zizania latifolia treatment (60ug/ml<) decreased significantly compared with that of none treatment. (p<0.001) Zizania latifolia increased cell viability about twice as much as that being injury by $H_2O_2$. (Zizania Latifolia 20ug/ml, $H_2O_2$ 200uM, P<0.001) DNA fragmentation developed by $H_2O_2$, but was not developed in Zizania latifolia treatment. PARP, Cytochrome C, caspase-9 and caspase-3 activated all by $H_2O_2$ but were not activated in Zizania latifolia treatment.. P53, P2l and Bu activated by $H_2O_2$, and Bcl-2 got into inactivation. But the opposite results appeared in Zizania latifolia treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that Zizania latifolia inhibit the development of DNA fragmentation and apoptosis by $H_2O_2$ and the antioxidant action of Zizania latifolia is effective. More researches about effect of Zizania latifolia are considered to need.

The chlororinated bibenzyl compound (1) inhibited the growth of the Gram positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis ATCC 19659, (2mm inhibition zone at $30{\mu}g/disc$), Candida albicans ATCC 14053, (2mm inhibition zone at $30{\mu}g/disc$), and the dermatophytic fungus Trichophyon mentagrophtes ATCC 28185, (3mm inhibition zone at $30{\mu}g/disc$).

Oxidative stressand glia-associated chronic inflammation have been linked to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease. Rhei rhizoma has been commonly used as a purgative and a haemostatic agent in traditional oriental medicine. Recently, the methanol extract from a dried root of Rheum undulatumhas been shown to have anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we tested the potential of the extract of Rheum undulatum for neuroprotective agent. The aqueous extract of Rheum undulatum reduced cell death and p53 phosphorylation in neuronal cells and attenuated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNAs in BV2 microglial cells treated with $amyloid-\beta$

Lung abscess is often ocuured by aspiration of infectious secretion in stroke patients that has symptom of dysphagia. So we studied the effects of combined eastern and western treatment in lung abscess patient combined with stroke. We performed both antibiotic therapy and herbal medication in a lung abscess patient. We compared a chest x-ray film of early stage of disease with a film of after stage of disease, also compared change of symptom-cough, sputum, flank pain, blood phlem. After dispending antibiotic therapy and herbal medication, a lung abscess patient improved symptoms and in result of chest x-ray. The above results suggest that combined eastern and western trearment can have good effects on improving symptoms of a lung abscess patient.

About the case of the cerebral infarction patient who has diagnosed Mitral Regurgitation in valvular heart disease and admissed to our hospital from 26. April. 2004 to 14. May. 2004, we diagnosed and treated him as heart disease due to wind, damp-heat at the point of Oriental Medicine and got the improvement in the chest pain, dyspnea and etc. so we report. We think that the patient must get the screen test exactly and treat the disease properly. and if we apply this result to clinical cases at the point of Oriental Medical base from gathering and researching more cases, it will arouse sympathy-the excellence of Oriental Medicine and make the necessity of the further research and report from now on.

This study was designed to research whether Dinamika can yield a suitable diagnosis for Activity of Autonomic Nene System on stroke. The testing of Dinamika was carried out at Oriental Medical Centar of Dong-Eui University with the participation of 27 patients. The results of Dinamika examinations shows as follows : Group A(the rising of a parasympathetic nerve system) is 0 persons. And Group B(the balancing autonomic none system) is 4 persons. Group C(the rising of a sympathetic nerve system) is 23 persons. There are 7 persons that it is difference of more than $20\%$ between B1 (the control ability of autonomic nerve system) and B2(the potential energy to control autonomic nerve system), 11 person that B1 and B2 are less than $10\%$, 1 person that B1 and B2 are balanced about $60\%$, 8 person that it is balanced domain from $10\%\;to\; 60\%$ between B1 and B2. According to this study on activity of autonomic nerve system using Dinamika on Stroke, these results suggest that 27 patients evidence the problem of autonomic none systems.

In order to research effects of Bettazone on the glycosuria complication patient, according to the Study of administration of Bettazone on 31 person clinical research object people (intermediate falling off sleeping inclusion) who were diagnosed Sasang constitution at department of Sasang constitutional Medicine in Dongeui Oriental Hospital, e investigated and analyzed the glycosuria complication symptoms, a glycosuria clinical symptoms and the clinical pathological examination, The result of Et, Level of FBS(it excepts first, second exam.) and Level of HBA1c (it excepts first, sixth exam.) from the clinical pathological result were significantly decreased. but, The improvement ratio of symptoms improvement was not high. It comes to think that the additional research on the improvement of symptoms will be necessary.

This study aims to confirm the importance of behavior habit and exercise, especially leg exercise in obese. Out of 889 people, We divided Group A 50 (BMI<18.5), Group B 210 $(18.5{\leq}BMl<23)$, Group C 202 $(23{\leq}BMI<25)$, Group D212 $(25{\leq}BMI<30)$ and Group 1215 (30