Chang Chung-ching(張仲景) in the Later Han(Eastern Han) Dynasty of Chinese history wrote the treatise on Diseases Caused by Cold Factors(傷寒論; Shang Han Lun) on the basis of the fundamental theory of Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine(黃帝內經; ECIM) after collecting medical treatment experiences until the Han Dynasty. It had great significance that Shang Han Lun was the origin of treating six-channels(六經) and there showed the peculiar guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of oriental medicine to divide diseases into six-channels. The oriental medical doctors who had studied Shang Han Run thought highly of meridians and until now it was generally known that the chapter of heat in the Plain Questions of ECIM(黃帝內經, 素問ㆍ熱論) was the basis of Shang Han Run. The chapter of heat in the Plain Questions of ECIM was the first text in which the basic theory on six-channels according to the types of illness was introduced. In my point of view, the theory of treating six-channels had close relation to the Chapter of Channels in Miraculous Pivot of ECIM(黃帝內經, 靈樞ㆍ經脈篇) as well as the chapter of heat in the Plain Questions of ECIM. Therefore I took a look at the origin of treating six-channels in Shang Han Lun and illuminated again the meaning to compare the parts of in Shang Han Lun with the Chapter of Channels in Miraculous Pivot of ECIM. Conclusion: The, symptoms divided into six-channels in the chapter of channels in ECIM gave the fundamental basis of diagnosis and treatment basesd on overall analysis of signs and symptoms(辨證論治) an illness in the Zangfu(臟腑) in respect of meridians. Viewed in the light of diagnosis and treatment basesd on overall analysis of signs and symptoms(辨證論治), the symptoms of YangMing-channel(陽明經) in the Chapter of Channels in Miraculous Pivot of ECIM were, for the most part, accord with those of YangMing-disease in Shang Han Lun. Furthermore, the symptoms in Shang Han Lun were explained definitely and in detail. Therefore the theory of Shang Han Lun has been developed on the basis of ECIM with the changes of the times. YangMing-disease in Shang Han Lun implied medical cases in stomach meridian(胃經) and large intestine meridian(大腸經). Therefore Shang Han Lun was the foundation of treatment basesd on overall analysis of signs and symptoms(辨證論治) in respect of meridian as well as the text in which the steps of infectious diseases(外感病) of human bodies were explained.

Observations are made on the causes and symptoms of diseases related to Jung in 'the precious mirror of oriental medicine' From the study of those clinical cases diagnosed and treated with hyungsang medicine, the following conclusions are drawn Jung is made from shin of parents and it is the basis of the body. it can be derived in to two ; the innate and the acquired. diseases of Jung come from unbalanced meals, immoderate drinking immoderate sexual life, emotional disturbance and irregular daily life. diseases of Jung affect not only reproductive organs but also the body all over. persons with following configurational characteries tic. one easily attacked with diseases Jung ; fish type, bird type, Jung type, shin type, thin, male, pod peoples, pronounced or slanted mouth and nose upturned. nose, congested and inanimated eyes, pale lips, big or red cheekbone, rough skin and grizzled hair. To preserve and satisfy Jung, it is necessary to practice temperance in sexual life, emotions, daily life and meals.

This thesis aims to provide an analytical basis for existing or new prescriptions based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines. To this end, prescriptions presented in 「the Various Changes in the Dominations of the Six Energies and their Relations with the Diseases」 of 『Plain Questions』 were analyzed based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines in 『Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine』. This thesis focused on symptoms and prescriptions based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines, which were described in 「the Various Changes in the Dominations of the Six Energies and their Relations with the Diseases」 of 『Plain Questions』 with regard to the year when Kweoleum is affecting the earth energy and the wind energy is partially over-abundant. Those symptoms and prescriptions originate from the theory of the five elements and six climates. The symptoms were analyzed from the perspective of physiology. The prescriptions were first analyzed based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines in 『Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine』. Then, a mix formula of oriental medicines pursuant to those prescriptions was studied. Lastly, proper prescriptions from 『Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases』, which were in conformity with the above prescriptions, were selected. From the physiological point of view, symptoms with regard to the year when Kweoleum is affecting the earth energy and the wind energy is partially over-abundant can be, based on the theory of the five elements and six climates, diagnosed as the symptoms from impaired spleen and stomach due to excessive wind energy. Prescriptions from 『Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases』pursuant to prescriptions based on the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines can be broken down into the following: pinellia decoction for reducing stomach-fire(Banhasasimtang); ginger decoction for reducing stomach-fire(Saenggangsasimtang); liquorice root decoction for reducing stomach-fire(Gamchosasimtang); and Chinese goldthread decoction(Hwangryentang). Therefore, symptoms of six kinds of weather presented in 「the Various Changes in the Dominations of the Six Energies and their Relations with the Diseases」 of 『Plain Questions』 can be analyzed from the physiological point of view. As a result, in addition to the methodology that analyzes existing prescriptions within the boundary of the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines in 『Yellow Emperor's Canon Internal Medicine』, it is expected that a theoretical basis for new prescriptions can be provided by analyzing prescriptions from 『Treatise of Cold-Induced Diseases』, based on prescriptions from the theory for properties and tastes of Korean oriental herbal medicines.

The analysis on the therapic music of chinese five-sounds studied in order to the stand ardization of the five-sounds. The results were as follows; The central sound of Gung(宮) becomes Do. This music goes on slow speed from first to last and appears the bright, quiet and stable mood. The central sound of Sang(商) becomes Re. This music mainly uses the brass and the fist appears the heavy feeling but gradually becomes ascending mood. The central sound of Kang(角) becomes Mi. This music mainly uses the wood-wind imstrument and appears the most light and vivid feeling. The central sound of Chi(徵) becomes Sol. All instruments sound grandly in the first part, and subsequently sound gentle. The central sound of Woo(羽) becomes La. This music appears dark and tragic mood that is generally used in the minor key. It is played slowly on the whole and appears lyrical feeling in the process of controlling and quiet. In the future, the study on diagnosis and therapy through the standardization of the five-sounds will be continued.

The skin(皮膚) separates epidermis(皮) and dermis(膚) in Oriental medicine. epidermis and hair come from ectoderm as dermis comes from mesoderm in embryology. Epidermis and hair belong to the Metal(金) and dermis belongs to the Earth(土) in Oriental medicine. The lung is related to the skin and hair. The skin surface is nourished by the essence from the lung, and the. lung has the function of sending wei-qi(衛氣.: defensive Energy) to the skin surface to guarantee body resistance. The skin takes nourishment from blood(血) and express by qi(氣). The supply of nutrients to the lung and skin relies on the function of the spleen, pancreas and subcutis. Flaming of the heart fire may scorch the essence of the lung-metal, inducing dermatosis.

To test the protective effect of herbal medicine on myocardial damage against oxygen free radical-induced myocardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity was examined using MTT, Beating rate and DNA synthesis assay in the presence of water extract of three kinds of Radix Rehmanniae. Myocardial toxicity was evaluated in neonatal rat myocardiocytes in cultures. The results of these experiments were obtained as follows : Xanthine oxydase/hypoxanthine resulted in a decrease in viability, beating rate and DNA synthesis in cultured myocardial cells. Radix Rehmanniae Recens(生地黃, RRR) water extract shows effects of protection from the cardiocyte toxicity induced by xanthine oxydase/hypoxanthine treatment such as increases in beating rate. Radix Rehmanniae Preparat(熟地黃, RRP) water extract shows effects of protection from the cardiocyte toxicity induced by xanthine oxydase/hypoxanthine treatment such as increases in DNA synthesis. These results show that xanthine oxydase/hypoxanthine elicits toxic effects in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal rat, and suggest that water extract of three kinds of Radix Rehmanniae is very effective in the prevention of xanthine oxydase/hypoxanthine-induced cardiotoxicity.

We have examined whether Soamsan 1 (SA 1) augment the inhibitory effect of oral administration of Soamsan (SA) on lung metastasis of mouse 816 melanoma cells. The inhibitory effect was slightly enhanced by increase in administration dosage of SA 1. SA 1 as well as SA inhibited effectively the lung metastasis regardless of the pretreatment with anti-mouseNK monoclonal antibody. However, in the case of 2-chloroadenosine-pretreated mice, the inhibitory effects of SA and SA 1 were decreased by 18 and 23%, respectively. In vitro stimulation of the mouse splenocytes with mitogens showed that SA or SA 1 significantly augmented the proliferation of mouse splenocytes. Especially, the activity was more prominent in the presence of a B cell mitogen. LPS than a T cell mitogen, Con A. These results suggest that oral administration of SA 1 or SA inhibited lung metastasis of B16 melanoma cells, possibly through a mechanism mediated by the activation of macrophages and B lymphocytes in the host immune system. However, SA 1 did not showed more significant augment of the activation of immune system than SA.

Cheonghunhwadam-tang(CHT) have been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a therapeutic agent of vertigo by wind, fire and phlegm. CHTGR was CHT adding Gastrodae Rhizoma. The effects of CHTGR on the regional cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and mean arterial blood pressure(MABP) is not known. A comparative Study of action-mechanism of CHT and CHTGR on the cerebral hemodynamics is not known too. Therefore, purpose of this Study was to investigate effects of CHT and CHTGR on the rCBF and MABP, compare action-mechanism of CHT and CHTGR on the rCBF and MABP. The changes of rCBF and BP was determinated by Laser-Doppler Flowmetry(LDF). The results were as follows ; CHT extract was increased rCBF in a dose-dependent, but was not changed MABP compared with CHT non-treated group. CHTGR extract was decreased rCBF and MABP compared with CHTGR non-treated group in a dose-dependent. Action of CHT is not related with adrenergic β-receptor, cyclooxygenase and guanylate cyclase, but action of CHTGR is related with guanylate cyclase.

To investigate the neurotoxic effect of organic chloride on cultured mouse cerebral neurons, cytotoxic effect was measured by MTT assay after cultured cerebral neurons were incubated with various concentrations of methyl mercuric chloride(MMC) for 24 hours. The protective effect of Radix Polygoni Multiflori(RPM) on MMC-induced neurotoxicity was also examined in these cultures. MMC decreased cell viability of cultured mouse cerebral neurons remarkably in a dose- and time-dependent manners. In protective effect of RPM it was remarkably effective in blocking the neuroxicity induced by MMC. From aboved the results, it is suggested that MMC induce neurotoxicity, and the herba extract, RPM is very effective in preventing MMC-induced cytotoxicity on cultured mouse cerebral neurons.

Dansamchunghyul-tang(丹參淸血湯) is a new formula consist of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix and some oriental herbs to treatment of hyperlipidemia. In this study, we investigated the effects of the water extract of Dansamchunghyul-tang(DCT) on hyperlipidemia of the rat. We here studied the influence of DCT on hyperlipidemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. The hyperlipidemia was induced by Triton WR-1339 (tyloxapol) intravenous injection at 200mg/kg body weight. After 18 h, blood was collected for the determination of plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. In the model of hyperlipidemia induced by triton WR-1339 in rats, DCT showed decreasing effects on total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid level significantly, in a dose-dependent fashion. DCT showed dose-dependent effects on HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol level insignificantly. In conclusion, DCT showed significant effects on hyperlipidemia, and the present findings indicate that DCT may prove potentially useful for treatment of hyperlipidemia.

Recent evidence suggests that many Oriental Medicinal prescriptions are effective in cancer patients as a supportive care. Oriental Medicinal herbs have been investigated extensively and are known to have multiple pharmacological effect. These herbs contain a variety of ingredients which may act synergistically to inhibit tumor cell division, to increase tumor cell death (apoptosis), and to increase the proportion of immune cells within tumor. Paljinhangahm-dan (Paljin) has been used to treat for cancer patients in Oriental Medicine for decades. The effects of aqueous extract of Paljin on the induction of apoptotic cell death were investigated in human leukemia cell lines (HL-60, Jurkat, Molt-4 and U937). The viability of leukemia cells was markedly decreased by Paljin in a dose-dependent manner. Paljin induced the apoptotic death of leukemia cells, which was characterized by the ladder-pattern DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation of the nuclei. Paljin digested Bid protein but did not affect Bcl-2 protein level and also, induced mitochondrial dysfunction disrupted as shown as the mitochondrial membrane potential. It activated caspase-9 and caspase-3. thereby resulted in cleavage of poly(ADP) ribose polymerase(PARP). These results indicate that Paljin induces apoptosis of human leukemia cells via activation of intrinsic caspase cascades with mitochondrial dysfunction.

This research was done to make the effective prescription and cope with various senile dementia. Sprague-Dawley rats were injured by ibotenic acid to make a damage on learning and memory functions of model rats. At first acquisition test and retention rest were done in the Morris water maze. And to evaluate the effects of the sample drug(GSD) on choline acetyltranferase and acetylcholine esterase, immunoreactive measurement and enzymatic activity measuring were carried out. The ibotenic acid were injected to hippocampus CA1 and CA3 area. Conclusion : GSD improved the learning ability in the acquisition test and memory function in the retention test significantly. And GSD increased the level of ChAT which is synthesizing acetylcholine in CA1 area, and at the same time it increased the level of AChE which is resolving acetylcholine. These results show that GSD improved the cholinergic catabolism and anabolism, and the increment of metabolic activity of cholinergic system. In other words, it contributes to the recovery of damaged learning and memory function by ibotenic acid. So it can be concluded that GSD will be helpful to cholinergic brain damage induced by primary or senile reduction of acetylcholine secretive activity.

This experimental research has been done to study the effects of Gmibojungikgi-tang(GBJIKT) on the anti-allergic reaction. We found the several important results from the research which has been performed by two experiments toward immediately type and delayed type in order to study the effects of GBJIKT on hypersensitivity response to mice. The results obtained from our research are as following: The survival rate of one group to which we injected only the compound 48/80 is almost 0% according to its density and timing test. In the other hand, the survival rates of the other group to which we injected both of the compound 48/80 and GBJIKT are 10%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 20%, and 40% according to 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25 0.5 and 1(mg/g) of compound 48/80. Time dependency test also shows the 0% survival rates in 5 and 10 minutes. GBJIKT revealed the significantly inhibitory effect on Compound 48/80 induced Mast cell degranulation. GBJIKT showed the significantly inhibitory effect in the delayed type hypersensitivity response to picry1 chloride GBJIKT showed the significantly inhibitory effect in the delayed type hypersensitivity response to sheep red blood cell. Our research provides the important evidence that GBJIKT is benificial to the prevention and treatment of allergy related diseases.

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation of chronic prostatitis with sexual dysfunction and WBC counts on expressed prostatic secretion(EPS) with symptoms of sexual dysfunction. From 2001. 9. 1 to 2002. 3. 31, chronic prostatitis patients(30 examples) treated for more than 4 weeks were compared with normal group(30 examples) about hypoactive sexual desire disorder, erectile dysfunction, orgasmic disorder and hematospermia. We investigated sexual dysfunction according to the degree of prostatitis, improvement rate of prostatitis and sexual dysfunction. Chronic prostatitis patients compared with normal group were increased significantly in decreased libido(73.3%), erectile dysfunction(51.1%), orgasmic disorder(48.7%) and hematospermia(16.7%). In WBC very many/HPF group compared with others. though sexual dysfunction was highly revealed, but there was no statistic significance. In improvement rate of prostatitis, total improvement rate was 76.7%, WBC 10-30/HPF group 77.8%, WBC many/HPF group 72.8% and WBC very many/HPF group 80%. But the medical cure effect was the highest in WBC 10-30/HPF group. In the improvement rate of sexual dysfunction, total improvement rate was 68.5%, hematospermia 100%, decreased libido 90.9%, erectile dysfunction 67.4% and orgasmic disorder 60.3%. As a result of considering the relation with improvement rate of prostatitis and sexual dysfunction, there was a statistical significance at the erectile dysfunction. orgasmic disorder. The results showed the chronic prostatitis had effects on sexual dysfunction but there was no correlation between the degree of chronic prostatitis with sexual dysfunction. It also showed that the treatment of prostatitis had effects on improvements of erectile dysfunction and orgasmic disorder.

We examined the effects of Whadamcheongwha-tang(WDCWT) extract on the acetic-acid induced antigastric ulcer in rats. These experiments investigated the numerical changes of gastrin and histamine secreting cells of the gastric mucosa by immunohistochemical method, and the changes of mucin of gastric mucosa by PAS-AB stain methods after the oral administration of WDCWT extract(1.0ml/day) and omeprazole(0.2mg/day) for 1, 3 and 6 weeks. The result are as follows; 1. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 1, 3, 6 weeks, in result, gastrin secreting cells in gastric mucosa were increased compared to the control group. 2. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 1, 3, 6 weeks, in result, the density of immunoreactive gastrin cells was increased compare to the control group. 3. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 1, 3, 6 weeks, in results, the changs of mucosal thickness stained by PAS/PAS-AB was increased compared to the control group. 4. When WDCWT extract was administrated for 1, 3, 6 weeks, in results, the density of PAS stain was decreased compare to control group, but density of AB stain was increased compare to control group. The results suggest that WDCWT extract inhibits a gastric acid secretion in rat gastric mucosa, and is useful in the treatment of the hyperacidity and gastric ulcer.

We investigated the effects of Sabaek-san (SBS) water extract on the cell proliferation of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. SBS treatment resulted in the inhibition of cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. This anti-proliferative effect of A549 cells by SBS treatment was associated with morphological changes such as membrane shrinking and cell rounding up. DNA flow cytometric histograms showed that population of G1 phase of the cell cycle was increased by SBS treatment in a concentration-dependent manner. SBS treatment induced a marked accumulation of tumor suppressor p53 and a concomitant induction of cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP, which appears to be transcriptionally upregulated and is p53 dependent. In addition, SBS treatment resulted in down-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) as determined by RT-PCR analysis. The present results indicated that SBS-induced inhibition of lung cancer cell proliferation is associated with the blockage of G1/S progression the induction of apoptosis.

Allii sativi Bulbus(garlic) have been shown to possess medicinal value, in particular, antimicrobial activity. In this study, we compared the efficacy on some pathogenic bacteria and fungus among several different extracts(water, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, chloroform) of Allii sativi Bulbus. Animal pathogenic bacteria and fungus(S. gallinarium: KCTC 2441, S. flexneri: KCTC 2361, E. cloacae: KCTC 2006, K. pneumonia: KCTC 2208, C. albicans: KCTC 1940) were used to test by measurement of minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) and disc diffusion. Allii sativi Bulbus were cut and mixed with water at 37℃ about 24 h and filtered, and several different solvents(hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol) were respectively added to separate the fraction of each solvent. The antimicrobial(bacteriocidal) and antifungal effect were apparently shown from water extract, hexane and ethyl acetate extract against using strains(Staphylococcus gallinarium, Shigella flexneri, Enterobacter doacae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans). Especially, the water extract showed the superior efficacy. And the clear zone size of water extract (11～27 mm) was greater than that of gentamycin, hexane extract and ethyl acetate extract against S. gallinarium. S. flexneri, K. pneumonia and C. albicans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations(MIC) of water extract appeared to around 2.0～7.5 ㎎/㎖ against S. gallinarium, S. flexneri, E. cloacae and K. pneumonia. The greater activity was shown by water extract because the MIC of water extract for C. albicans observed in very low concentration(<1.0 ㎎/㎖) compared to hexane(5.0 ㎎/㎖) and ethyl acetate(10.0 ㎎/㎖). Therefore, these results exhibited that water extract of Allii sativi Bulbus have stronger antimicrobial activity than hexane and ethyl acetate extract, and may be useful as topical medicine of superficial infections causing C. albicans as well as antifungal agents.

Selaginella Tamariscina is widely used in the traditional oriental herbal medicine for its anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer effects. The effects of aqueous extracts of Selaginella Tamariscina (ST) on the cell viability and induction of apoptotic cell death were investigated in A549, Raw 264.7, C6-glioma. Jurkat and HL-60 cells. The cell viability after treating with extract of Selaginella Tamariscina was quantified by MTT assay method. The results showed that ST decreased the cell viability in HL-60 and Jurkat cells not in A549, Raw 264.7 and C6-glioma cells. And we also observed the chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in HL-60 and Jurkat cells. The enzyme activity of caspase-3, tightly regulated by an apoptosis activating complex, were markedly increased in HL-60 cells treated with the ST by dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our results suggest that the extract of Selaginella Tamariscina may induce the selective apoptotic cell death in HL-60 and Jurkat cells via activation of caspase-3.

To examine the cardiotoxicity of glucose oxidase(GO) in cultured myocardial cells, cardiotoxicity was measured by MTT assay. Myocardial cells were treated with 1～50 mU/ml GO for 5 hours. The cardioprotective effect of Benincasae Semen(BS) was measured by MTT assay in these cultrures. Cell viability was significantly decreased in dose- and time-dependently after myocardial cells were exposed to 30mU/ml GO for 5 hours. In the cardioprotective effect of BS on the cardiotoxicity induced by GO, BS prevented the cardiotoxicity induced by GO in these cultures. From these results, it suggests that GO had cytotoxic effect in cultured myocardial cells and herb extract, BS showed protective effect on GO-induced cardiotoxicity.

In oriental medicine, human being is classified into four groups according to their body constitution status (;tae-yang, tae-eum, so-yang, and so-eum persons) considering the differences in function of internal organs and characteristics. Four body constitution, called 'sa-sang' has been recognized as an important factor for diagnosing the patients before madical teratment. Yet, the criteria to divide body constitutions or its scientific principle are not clearly defined. As an initial effort to elucidate biological priciples underlying four body constitution groups, we studied genetic variations among three constitution groups (tae-eum, so-yang, and so-eum persons). Noting distinct responses to ingested food and administered drugs among three groups, SNPs and haplotype experiments were performed in 2D6, 2C9, and 1A2 DNA regions of the cytochrome P450 gene. Significant variability in SNPs types was found in 2D6 region. Moreover, haplotyping in 2D6 region showed relatively high occurrences of haplotype 3 and 5 in so-eum person, haplotype 6 in tae-eum person, and hyplotype 1 in so-yang person. These results indicate that individuals with different body constitutions respond differently to ingested food and drugs, which might reflect constitution-specific genetic background. The genetic approach would therefore be useful to reveal intrinsic differences among four constitution body groups in the responsiveness to various drugs and external stimulations to human body.

To examine the cardiotoxic effect of adriamycin on cultured rat myocardial cells, cytotoxicity was measured by MTT assay after cultured myocardial cells were grown with various concentrations of adriamycin(ADA) for 48 hours. The protective effect of Benincasae Semen(BS) on ADR-induced cardiotoxicity was also examined in these cultures. ADR decreased cell viability of cultured rat myocardial cells remarkably in a dose- and time-dependent manners. In protective effect of BS, it was very effective in blocking ADR-induced cytotoxicity. From these results, it is suggested that ADR shows cardioxicity, and the herba extract, as is very effective in preventing ADR-induced cytotoxicity on cultured rat myocardial cells.

To evaluate whole-body vibration(WBV) exposure and fatigue-decreased proficiency(FDP) boundary in passenger car driver, several roads in Busan were divided into 3 types by the condition of road surface; Road 1 was partially damaged, Road 2 was normal without damage, and Road 3 was better than Road 2. The results were following: The highest passenger driver's exposures to whole-body vibration acceleration and fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary at 40km/h were 0.108m/s² and about 2099 minutes in Road 2 for xh axis, 0.134m/s² and about 1585 minutes in Road 2 for yh axis, and 0.183m/s² and about 1053 minutes in Road 2 for zh axis, respectively. The highest passenger driver's exposures to whole-body vibration acceleration and fatigue-decreased proficiency boundary at 80km/h were 0.219m/s² and about 830 minutes in Road 3 xh axis, 0.203m/s² and about 918 minutes in Road 3 for yh axis, and 0.622m/s² and about 195 minutes in Road 1 for zh axis, respectively. The highest vector sums of whole-body vibration exposure at 40km/h and 804km/h were 0.328m/s² in Road 2 and 0.730m/s² in Road 1, respectively. The highest crest factors at 40km/h were 4.25 in Road 1 for xh, 4.51 in Road 3 for yh, and 5.81 in Road 2 for zh, respectively. The highest crest factors at 80km/h were 5.57 in Road 1 for xh, 5.60 in Road 2 for yh, and 6.46 in Road 3 for zh, respectively. The highest transmissibilities of whole-body vibration from floor to seat at 40km/h and 80km/h were 0.89 in Road 3 and 0.82 in Road 3 for xh axis, 0.83 in Road 3 and 0.87 in Road 1 and 2 for yh, and 0.80 in Road 2 and 0.92 in Road 1 tor zh axis, respectively. The highest fatigue-decreased proficiency boundaries for whole-body vibration exposure of passenger car driver in floor and seat were 457 minutes in Road 3 and 583 minutes in Road 3 at 40km/h and 159 minutes in Road 2 and 251 minutes in Road 2 at 80km/h, respectively.

This study was aimed to find out Kami-Chungsangboha-tang's effects on allergic asthma using Egg-White Implant(EWI) method model recommended by Siqueira et al. Kami-Chungsangboha-tang has widely been prescribed and used in Oriental Medicine for controlling and curing of the symptoms of Asthma(dyspnea, wheezing, cough, sputum, chest discomfort). The Previous studies have demonstrated that Kami-Chungsangboha-tang had analgesic, sedative, anticonvulsive and antihistamine effects. But it was uncertain whether Kami-Chungsangboha-tang could inhibit the allergic reaction, so alleviate the symptoms of allergic asthma. With such aim, the respiratory patterns and eosinophil infiltration in the tracheal mucosa of rats with experimentally induced allergic asthma (using EWI method) were mainly observed. The results are as follows ; 1. Kami-Chungsangboha-tang decreased the number of malformed respiration with respect to control group (p<0.02). 2. Kami-Chungsangboha-tang decreased the number of eosinophils infiltrated in tracheal mucosa with respect to control group (p<0.05). Depending upon above results, it is considered that Kami-Chungsangboha-tang has the inhibitory effects on the process of allergic asthma and suggested that it could be used in relieving patients of the symptoms caused by allergic asthma.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of Cheongsimondam-tang(CSODT) on the activity of immune cell and anti-carcinogenic effect of mouse leukemia cell. The addition of CSODT(1 ㎍/ml) enhanced the proliferation of cultured-splenocytes and thymocytes. And also administration of CSODT(500 ㎍/kg) accelerated subpopulation of splenic and thymic T lymphocytes especially CD4/sup +/-T/sub H/ cells in BALB/c mice. CSODT treatment decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptotic cell death of cultured-L1210 leukemia cells, and induced apoptosis in addition to decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) of transplanted-L1210 cells in vivo. These results suggest that CSODT have a cellular immuno-regulatory effect and anti-cancer property action.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix water extract, known as depigmenting agent, on melanin biosynthesis in cellular level. The inhibitory effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix water extract on melanogenesis was identified by mushroom tyrosinase assay, To determine whether Glycyrrhizae Radix water extract suppress melanin synthesis in cellular level, B16 mouse melanoma cells were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of Glycyrrhizae Radix water extract. The maximum concentration of Glycyrrhizae Radix water extract that was not inhibitory to growth of the cells was 2 mg/ml. At that concentration, melanin synthesis was significantly inhibited without cytotoxicity after 5 days, compared with untreated cells. The treatment with Glycyrrhizae Radix water extract reduced tyrosinase and DOPAchrome tautomerase activity in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix water extract on melanogenesis is due to the suppression of tyrosinase and DOPAchrome tautomerase activity.

In order to make an efficient prescription and cope with dementia, learning and memory functions of Sprague-Dawley model rats were tested with Morris water maze. And to evaluate the effect of the sample drug(CHM) on choline acetyltranferase and acetylcholine esterase, immunoreactive measurement and enzymatic activity measuring were carried out. Rats were injected with ibotenic acid through hippocampus CA1 and CA3 area. The results are as following. CHM improves the learning ability in the acquisition test and memory function in the retention test significantly. And CHM increases the level of AChE which is resolving acetylcholine. Though it doesn't increase the level of ChAT significantly which is synthesizing acetylcholine, but it shows the tendency of increase. So these results show that CHM improve the cholinergic catabolism and anabolism, and the increment of metabolic activity of cholinergic system. Thus it can be concluded that CHM will be helpful to cholinergic brain disease induced by primary or senile reduction of acetylcholine secretive activity.

To experiment the effects between cadmium inhalation toxicity and extracts of Folium Mori, rat inhalation exposure groups were exposed to cadmium aerosol in air by whole-body inhalation exposure for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, and 4 weeks. Cadmium concentration in the air of cadmium aerosol was 1.02㎎/㎥ and mass median diameter(MMD) was 1.40μm. Intraperitoneal injection of extracts of Folium Mori to inhalation exposure groups was done for 4 weeks and the results were as follows: The highest body weight gain for 4 weeks and food intake per day were 126.39g/4 weeks and 19.18g/day from inhalation exposure group III, respectively. The highest lung and liver weight were 1.27g and 8.19g from inhalation exposure group II, respectively. The highest kidney weight was 1.805g from inhalation exposure control. The lowest cadmium content in lung was 86.39μg/g from inhalation exposure group III. The lowest cadmium concentration in blood was 7.12㎍/㎗ from inhalation exposure group III. Cadmium concentrations of 40.02㎍/g in liver and 69.18㎍/g in kidney were the lowest from inhalation exposure group I and III, respectively. For weekly cadmium concentration in urine, the value of the fourth week from inhalation exposure group III was the highest, 3.12㎍/㎖. For weekly cadmium concentration in feces, the value of the fourth week from inhalation exposure group III was the highest, 2.67 ㎍/g. The highest metallothionein concentration in lung was 74.65㎍/g from inhalation exposure group III and the highest metallothionein concentration in liver was 386.84㎍/g from inhalation exposure group II. The highest metallothionein concentration in kidney was 236.17 ㎍/g from inhalation exposure group II.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen from different production process on blood sugar of the diabetic mice induced with Streptozotocin(STZ). The original Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen filtered and refined. Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen D(H-BCL.D) extracted at high temperature(1000℃), Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen A(L-BCL.A) and Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen B(L-BCL.B) extracted at low temperature (250～450℃) were administerd to mice for 4weeks and its anti-diabetic effect examined. Mice used in this experiment were divided into four groups(Control, H-BCL.D, L-BCL.A and L-BCL.B). Experemental groups were observed in terms of blood sugar, Creatinine, BUN and GPT. The amount of glucose was significantly decreased in the Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen-treated groups compared with the control(P < 0.05). The amount of Creatinine did not show any differences among four groups. The amount of Blood Urea Nitrogen did not show any differences in the L-BCL.A and B-treated groups, but did show slightly decrease(P<0.05) at H-BCL.D-treated group. The amount of GPT did not show any differences among four groups. In conclusion, it was found that Bambusae Caulis in Liquamen from extracted at high or low temperature were effective on murine hyperglycemia mice induced with STZ respectively.

A particular type of ginseng that grows in mountainous regions of Korea is known as Sansam, a term meaning literally mountain grown ginseng. Sansam has recently gained a reputation among some Korean people who believe its health benefits are superior to that of other types of ginseng. Misuse of Sansam has resulted from misinformation that has circulated about the health benefits of its use. Due to insufficient study and research, Korean Oriental Medicine academia does not presently have enough credible information about Sansam to properly educate the public in its use. However, we do have a responsibility to perform adequate study and research so that correct information may be provided. To date, only cursory investigation of the physical characteristics of the Sansam plant have been conducted. This limited investigation was performed in July 2002, at Sobaek Mountain. The branches, leaves, stems, peduncles, fruits, and roots (head, main and fine roots) were observed. The fine roots grew and spread in a large area around the main roots so that harvesting the plants required digging out the soil a considerable distance from the main roots. The plants grew in a northwesterly direction, with a gradient of 40 degrees. They had four branches. Three of the branches had six leaves, while one had five leaves. Each plant had 40 fruits. The roots of the plants grew in a shape similar the Chinese character for mountain. The roots were milky in color. The average weight of the plants was 42.5 grams.

To evaluate the effect of Choakwiyeum(CKY) and Yukmijihwang-tang(YJT) water extract on the renal function and the levels of plasma aldosterone, this experiment was performed in the rabbbits. These result indicate that increase in urine volume(UV) after administration of CKY and YJT water extract is related to increase in glomerular filtration rate(GFR), free water clearance(FWC) and renal plasma f1ow(RPF) and also to decrease in plasma aldosterone concentration(PAC), which seems to be affected by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and that reduced blood pressure seems to be caused by reduced peripheral resistance.

Compounds 1 - 12 were tested for their growth inhibitory effects against tumor cell lines using two different 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and sulforhodamine B protein (SRB) assays and antimicrobial activity. The cytotoxic activity of methyl-4-[{(2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl}oxy]-3-methoxy benzoate (1) exhibit more active than that of 5-fluorouracil (11) on human oral epithelioid carcinoma (KB, ATCC No. OCL 17) cell lines. But this compound (1) on human skin melanoma (SK-MEL-3, HBT 69) cell lines shows less active than that of adriamycin (12). However, compound 9 showed the antimicrobial activity against S. epidermidis (MIC, 15.625 ㎍/㎖), S. aureus, C. albicans (MIC, 31.25 ㎍/㎖), S. mutans, S. typhimurium, P. putida (MIC. 125 ㎍/㎖) and P. aeruginosa (MIC, 500 ㎍/㎖).

Silsosangami(SSG) is a formula of treaditional korean medicines as an effective biological response modifier for augmenting host homeostasis of body circulation. Little is known of the biological activity of SSG and previous studies have focused mainly on their anti-thrombosis8). There is a growing interest in the pharmacological potential of the SSG due to the recent finding by our group that SSG and each constituent herbs of SSG were able to inhibit NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in murine peritoneal macrophages stimulated with bacterial endotoxin. In this paper, the effects of SSG on platelet aggregation and hemolysis in human blood were studied. SSG provoked remarkable inhibiting effect on platelet aggregation, and APTT were sensitive to the presence of this SSG. Using an in vitro system, APTT was delayed with the increment of the concentrations of these seven compounds. These results suggested that SSG might be used as a novel antithrombotic therapeutic agents in post-myocardial infarction. A SSG reduced NO production in mouse peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide, without the influence on the activity of iNOS being observed. SSG significantly reduced mouse paw edema induced by carrageenan. Western blot analysis showed that SSG reduced the expression of iNOS. The results indicate that SSG exerts anti-inflammatory effects related to the inhibition of NO production, which could be due to a decreased expression of iNOS.

Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel (Scrophulariaceae) has been used as an anti-inflammatory drug in the folk medicine recipe and been proved its anti-inflammatory effect in the oriental medicine. Since nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide anion (O/sub 2//sup -/) are ones of the major inflammatory parameters, we studied the effect of aqueous extracts of Scrophularia buergeriana (SB) on NO and O/sub 2//sup -/ production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. NO, O/sub 2//sup -/production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) level were significantly reduced in LPS-activated macrophages by SB compared to those without. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that SB blocked the activation of NF-kB, which was considered to be a potential transcription factor for the iNOS expression. SB also blocked degradation of IkBα. Furthermore, IkB kinase alpha (IKKα), which phosphorylates serine residues of IkB directly, is inhibited by SB. These results suggest that SB could exert its anti-inflammatory actions by suppressing the activation of NF-kB through inhibition of IKK activity.

Blood circulation of brain is divided into two major categories; anterior one from carotid artery and posterior one from vertebrobasilar artery. In stroke patients, it is important to diagnose which is involved, because there is many difference in the aspects of clinical menifestations and prognosis, especially in the acute stage. In some cases of vertebrobasilar infarction, such as Wallenberg's syndrome, charicteristic cranial nerve signs, eye movement disorders and cerebellar signs are appeared. And in Dejerine's syndrome, only pure motor or sensory defecits can be appeared without any brainstem signs. So It shoud be differenciated by Brain MRI from those of the cerebral hemisphere lesions. And in the cases that nausea, vomitting and dysphagia are the first menifestations, it is frequently misdiagnosed as internal medical disease, causing appropriate treatment delayed. In this case report, we are to describe the clinical menifestations and progresses of two cases of brainstem infarctions, review previously published case reports about them and compare them to our cases. The first is Dejerine's syndrome i.e. medial medullary infarction, the second is Wallenberg's syndrome i.e. lateral medullary infarction. Simultaneously we are to investigate the oriental medical approach in the bran stem infarctions.

Tubercular peritonitis become ill suddenly or insidiously. Common clinical symptom is an abdominal pain which is spread out to all abdomen or extention of abdomen by a localized pain and ascites. Besides, there is fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and general whole body sign by tuburclosis. We watched a tubercular peritonitis patient which is a woman in poor health after childbirth and investigated treatment process, every disease after childbirth and tubercular peritonitis. We treated her with Herb-Medicine for 30 days according to chief symptom's changes. The patient improved in clinical symptoms.

We experienced a case of patient of incomplete spinal cord injury following slipping off his clothes. He had complications : both leg paresisㆍboth arm weaknessㆍurine disturbanceㆍboth leg & arm sensory disorder . We could treat these complications with the methods of medical treatments ; acupunctureㆍmoxa therapyㆍherb-medicationㆍelectro-acupuncture & muscle exercises. We obtained results that motor grade and muscle atrophy were improved.

Backgroud and Purpose ; I intented to be helpful to treat diabetes through a clinical study of effect of soyangin Yangkyuksanwha-tang(凉膈散火湯). Methods : I studied 5 patients with upper diabetes who were diagnosed by Soyangin at department of Sasang constitutional Medicine in Dongeui Oriental Hospital during 1 year from August. 2001 to July. 2002. and then I investigated the clinical symptoms of the diabetics and analyzed level of examination after administration of Yangkyuksanwha-tang. Results and Conclusion ; Yangkyuksanwha-tang was administered to five diabetic patients, So-yang-in for 8 weeks. The symptoms such as frequent urination(P<0.05), thirst with frequent drinking water(P<0.01) have improved after the treatment. As results, level of FBS(P<0.01), total protein(P<0.05) and blood pressure(P<0.05) significantly decreased after administration of Yangkyuksanwha-tang.