The subject of this paper is to find out the characteristics of Michael Graves' housing design. I collected the information of his designs and teamed his design language through his works on different time. I chose five actual housings for analysis which were built since 1960 when he have started his career. Though analysis of the exterior view, plane figures and the total arrangement photos, I could reached the conclusion. From analysis of this research I could figure out the characteristic of Michael Graves housing design as follows. During his whole working career $(1960\~present)$, his design style has went through distinctive characteristic changes that can be divided into: 1960s to early 1970s, mid and late 1970s, 1980s to as of now. 1960s to early 1970s, during this period his works implicated transparency, openness, consistency, complication, and contrast on space, abstraction, white-color and metaphor. mid and late 1970s, showed the white-color figure put together with geometrical structure and post-modernism styles such as ornamentation, natural and metaphor. 1980s to as of now, implicated ornamentation, natural features, historic background, interconnections, variety, symbolism and tradition.

After an important construction work in Chosun dynasty, the appropriate government made out the building specification as it called 營建儀軌. They are recorded about variety matters as the appointed days, various official documents, managers and craftsmen, etc.. Sometimes we can see the attached pictures about some building or furniture. specifications in Chosun dynasty about the unit of materials and history of each terms. The results are as followings: (1) The interior materials are classified to several units such as Gai(箇;the unit of square lumber or log), Rip(立;the unit of plates), Boo(部;the unit of assembled materials), etc.. (2) The terms are defined and enlightened how to use and how to change. Particularly, the terms are different positively in constituent units of wooden floor. So, it is expected to continuant study.

This paper investigates that the ambiguity of the boundary between interior space and exterior space in architecture appears universally in history and reveals the various aspects of ambiguous boundary in architecture. The space is formed by the relationship with the surroundings and the boundary of two opposite spaces is apt to be ambiguous according to lots of complex factors. Before Modern Architecture the boundary of interior and exterior space had a tendency to be ambiguous by modifying compositional method of material boundary, that is semi interior-exterior space, the reversion of interior and exterior space and space in space. After Modern Architecture the meaning of physical boundary in space is lost along with dissolution of boundary over the society and the boundary of space comes to be dematerialized by the technology and the change of space perception. The phenomenon of deconstruction in spacial boundary accelerate increasingly according to fluid space, mutually interpenetrated space, visual transparency and adjustment of layers. And contemporary technology is collapsing the meaning itself of space division fundamentally.

There have been a little attempts to draw analogy between architecture and music. There are many objective and subjective factors for this to be true. If, however, the two arts are out of much the same social conditions, they show a degree of conformity in design and general organization. Our study shows the interrelationship between Otto Wagner and Gustav Mahler in Belle Epoque. In order to clarify the interrelationship between architecture and music, this study examines works of Otto Wagner on the basis of the characteristic of Gustav Mahler. This comparison between Otto Wagner and Gustav Mahler follows : in Belle Epoque, they have the same tendency to 1) the disintegration of historicism, 2) the style of description, 3) the reversion, 4) the giganticness, 5) the change of materials and 6) the proportion.

In the 21st century modem architecture, not only environmental problems and sustainable development but also two subjects, 'Globalization' and 'Localization', have become important issues. The modern application of vernacular design which is the design model including the characteristics of region, a people and tradition can be a solution for localization and sustainable development. Vernacular design gives many ideas in respect of organic art and design, the dilemma of modern architecture, and practical solution of its problems, and is considered as an important resource of modern ecological architecture. This study aims to investigate the meaning and types of vernacular design and confirm the development possibility of this design as the important element of modem regional ecological architecture. In addition, through case studies, it will demonstrate that the regional ecological architecture based on vernacular design can solve new multidimensional architectural problems in the 21st century.

This study is about the polyphony music proportion which appears today in the Architecture space. In the field of interior architecture, there have been many tries of applying characteristics of music, such as abstraction and nature of time for users of space to have new experience. It has been possible because architecture and music have similarities in many ways. Regarding using proportional characteristic in architecture and music, the both fields are enormously related in some ways. The purpose of this study is explaining of possibility of architectural expression in music and suggesting a way of analysing architectural design based on musical elements emphasizing proportional characteristic. Therefore, it is going to analyse Counterpoint of Bach, which is well expressed in music and compare it with proportional characteristic of space through this study.

In modern days when architectural materials have grave impacts on overall design expression, materials for architecture, modern architecture into the service facility for business, education, religion, cultural assembly and residence, and evaluates each finishing material mainly used in exterior, lobbies and entrances of the building since the 1970's. When being applied social images into firstly selected materials, the scopes for material selection will be more narrowed down in more practical way. High tensity materials are suitable for public and active space and low tensity are for private and static area. This principle enables us to use architectural materials as one of the important elements which express the whole characteristics of the area.

The dome structure has been treated in two layers among the techniques that have formed the space in Baroque architecture and the light used to be manipulated to create the openness of space and the fantasy of atmosphere. Such an expression technique has influenced on the expression of space in the architecture of New York Five in the 1960s to 1970s and the concept of multiple space embellished with various layers has appeared in the architectural concept of New York Five; meanwhile, the common meaning with the technique of double layers and the ways of phenomenal expressions that have recognized the existence of space in the Baroque period has been achieved through the light, immaterial organism. It means that the existing concept of light limited simply to the plane elements of brightness and darkness has been treated as a formative element that has defined and adjusted the visual expansion and reduction of the space Itself and special existence and has been used as an element of the media of spatial structure. In addition, these elements have been treated as another solution for the emotional aspects of space. Therefore, this study compares the plastic and formative meaning of the Baroque architecture with that of New York Five in terms of the relation between space and light and examines them; in doing so, it will give a clue to understand various and new space expression techniques to many architects and space designers who have led modern architecture.

Metaphor has been regarded as a simple methods for decorating languages for a long time, nowadays it has important role in creative thinking. Designers have had used metaphoric thoughts in art work design and architectural design as well as writers. But designers and art critics have not recognize its importance, in addition research about metaphor specially in design have not even started yet in any design areas. This research is on the line of studying automation design by explain mechanism of metaphoric design regarded as black box. Ronchamp Chapel design by Le Corbusier has been analyzed and some metaphoric processes has been logically described. In this process, properties of sound are transferred and used as window design to control lights.

20th century was the age of Modernism which was based on rational side of human mind. However, with the fall of Modernism, also came the fall of rationalism's dictatorship. Now, we see the pursuit and quest of irrational thinking as a new possibility of human expression which actually was already begun by Dada and Surrealism in early 20th century. It was facilitated by re-evaluation of Freud's psychoanalytic theory at the end of 20th century. This paper researches psychoanalytic approach applied to the analyses of unconscious human desires in art and design, especially its application to contemporary space design. These designs represent, without making any ethical evaluation, the fact that those unconscious desires are part of inborn human nature and the fact that 21st century is heading toward open society which embraces diverse values and possibilities. By analyzing irrational tendencies in contemporary space designs, this paper aims at proving the meaning and value for one of new directions in 21st century space design. First chapter is an introduction. Second chapter studies Freud's psychoanalytic theory. Third chapter examines the psychoanalytic methodologies with which unconscious desires are expressed in art and design. Fourth chapter classifies the types of subconscious desires expressed in contemporary space designs and analyzes their case studies. Fifth chapter is the conclusion.

This study is on the concept of Gunter Behnisch' s 'Situationsarchitektur'. Gunter Behnisch is known as the architect who have produced astonishing variety of different types of buildings since 1950s. His works always reflect his changing major concerns of architecture, which varied through his career such as flexibility and serial production in the 1960s, politics and place in the 1970s and 80s, and ecological issues in 90s and afterward. Behnisch says that the goal of architects' work is not so much the building as the situation to be created, and only such measures should be taken as in fortunate cases strengthen and give meaning to the situation that exists, or in less fortunate ones recreate it. The 'Situationsarchitektur' is realized through emphasizing transparency, humanity, public space, and open detail that could lead to a certain lightness and relaxedness in architecture not as an end in itself, but rather in the result. Architecture should be allowed to arise out of circumstances of use and construction, but form should not be imposed as a preconception. Also architecture should be strongly tied to time, space and local conditions. Behnisch tries to see the fundamentals of his work in such a way that subtlety and diversity develop of their own accord or are preserved as a reflection of a world.

Environment problem has proposed in the world at large, the desire for environment conservation and one's value change which lay emphasis on lasting human sensibility are increasing. Constant human mind and ecology centered in space is presenting as future space design substitute plan which is based on fundamental material quality in the space such as environment and human ,naturalist or Green Design, pro-environment construction, sense design and etc. So, we intend to anthropocentric value and get out of satisfaction of function as the past physical environment equipment which is applied the elements of ecology based on the organized body and interaction with human. A form of sensitive space is divided into sentient space, expressing method and material, change of space according to the flow of time, and is expressed in a more segmented form of sensuality by being replaced into a new sensitive space through transaction with human, who occupy within the space. The space embodiment which is satisfied human sense regards as alternative plan intention for the future, through two subjects relativity between the elements of ecology and sense, we will find the influence of sense as each space trait of the elements of ecology, examine sense form in the space with the synthetic summary. It is significant presentation for the lasting space based on anthropocentric delightfulness as the design which moves human mind while designing the space for this pattern of sense space.

This study attempts to suggest new directions of urban multi-family housing design in the recent era of information, in which the representation of publicity and privacy of the housing reflects new meanings and relationships of the current digital society. The study examines cases of Dutch multi-family housing and investigates the meanings and relationships of publicity and privacy in the building as well as unit design of the housings. Borneo-Sporenburg housing development is a good example that suggests new interpretation and design solution for low-rise, high-density multi-family housing. Thus, this study analyzes street patterns, facade design, and ways of housing unit combination in Borneo-Sporenburg housing and concludes as follows. First, public space in Borneo-Sporenburg housing, which was designed differently from hierarchical and centripetal organization of modern architecture, is divided into small units and spread into the inside, which provides high potential for personal control of space and personal programming of space by space choices. Second, street pattern and facade design of Borneo-Sporenburg housing provide visual publicity and privacy simultaneously as they maintain unity as a whole as well as articulate individual unit in many different ways and provide clues to neighboring. Streets as a public domain have self-controlled boundaries for residents and introduce voluntary use-programs for residents. Third, facades of the housing have no inter-mediate space or common space, and confront streets directly. Space in-between is composed inside the facade and extends into the streets by residents' own choices. Fourth, privacy and individuality of the housing is strengthened. Units of the housing have individual entrances, unique plan type and complicated combination of space that all together emphasize individuality of units, however they are not often notified from the outside.

The purpose of this study was to examine preferential unit planning components of high-rise residential buildings across family life cycle stages. The questionnaire survey was adopted in this study, and 110 cases were used for data analysis. Based on the age of the oldest child, the family life cycles used in the study were divided into four stages: early childhood, elementary school, adolescence, and adulthood. The findings showed that the preference of the unit planning components across the stages was distinct; families in the stage of early childhood and adolescence had the growing needs for spatial features, and regarded living-related features as important. Families in the stage of adulthood tended to have larger spaces. It was noticed that unit planning components needed to be more differential when the combined effect of both family life cycle stages and housing size was considered.

This dissertation is about a study on the space planning of take-out coffee shops grouped by type. The classification is based primarily on stand-alone shop, which runs independently, and shop in shop, located inside of another shop with different industry. And its subdivision is characterize by 3 types: Combination type has not only space to enjoy coffee as we can usually see in conventional coffee shops, but also a counter where take-out coffee is served. Separation type has space for drinking coffee and an external booth for easy buy. Booth type is a booth itself or driving (cruising) booth. In conclusion, some take-out coffee shop are exampled and space analysis is made with analytic tools, such as people of preference, location evaluation, functional space division, dimension per person, and planning of traffic line.

Subsequent to major changes in workplace such as communication method, uncertain organizational environment, and globalizaiton, several studies in workplace have explored the effects of those changes on work outcomes. Especially, employees need to have the balance in working alone and working with others. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of control over the physical environment by individuals and the effects of flexibility on individual and group work outcomes in the workplace, to examine the effects of distraction on work outcomes, and to suggest a interrelationships among variables. In this study, four hundred and nine questionnaires were collected from employees of three manufacturing corporations in Michigan, U. S. In order to explore the causal interferences among multiple relationships suggested in this study, path analysis was employed using Lisrel 8.54. The results indicated that control over the physical environmental features of the workplace positively influenced job satisfaction. The findings also supported the hypothesis that flexibility is positively related to task group cohesiveness. It was found that distraction was negatively associated with control and flexibility. However, it was not supported that control was positively associated with perceived performance. This study found control and flexibility in the workplace to be important. Some practical implications were suggested emphasizing that control and flexibility allow limited resources to be used in ways that permit individuals to work effectively within a changing work environment.

It is estimated that the need to build health facilities for the elderly will grow in the near future as the Korean society is aging. Thus the study on the spatial composition of 22 facilities as well as on the cases of health facilities for the elderly in Japan, where public health and medicare for aged people are well taken care of, was conducted and the following are the results: 1. As of 2000, there was one facility for every 8,000 and 1,100 aged citizen under long-term care, and these facilities secured beds enough for $8\%$ of those who need long-term care. 2. The spatial composition was categorized into general living space, long-term care, management, provision, and home assistance, and housing was provided. Moreover, the space was divided according to their nature of use, the arrangement, the form of entrance into the building, moving line inside, the relationship with the health facilities and their characteristics are analyzed based on different users, managers, moving line including that of provision of food, the relationship between different spaces with different functions as well as on the relationship between locations of each space. 3. The total capacity, building area and actual area of the welfare facilities for the elderly are analyzed, and area per person, detailed area for each space, percentage of each living space for long-term care patients and characteristics of recuperation room are suggested.

The purpose of this study was to clarify residential satisfaction of the Living Environment according to responses of staffs in the Horsing Homes. For this, the data about residential satisfaction of the Living Environment of elderly with dementia were taken from the staffs in 2 nursing homes in Tokyo by the questionnaire. Additional information was collected by interviews and observation. It was impossible that the elderly with dementia answered their satisfaction and needs of spaces. For this reason, staffs who care the elderly with dementia during 24 hours and interact with the elderly with dementia were selected the subjects of this survey. Survey question asked for the general features of the staffs, satisfaction, dissatisfactory spaces and the reasons about dissatisfaction of the elderly with dementia. The data were analyzed using the frequency, percentage, crosstab, paired t-test with SPSS 11 program. The result of this study was as follows. First, most of the elderly with dementia were unsatisfied with their bedrooms and bathrooms in bedrooms. Second, the unsatisfied spaces among the living environment were bedroom, bathroom in bedroom, dining room, day corner, special activity room, common bathroom with mechanical bath, and dressing room. The reasons of the unsatisfied spaces were size, comfort, non-existence of the space, and noise in the space.

Kindergarten is the first educational experience of toddlers, where they experience living in a group environment. Carefully designed, it is intended to provide an environment for nurturing the systematic growth and development of youngsters. Through effective stimulation, young children display their abilities as they independently learn in the controlled setting of Kindergarten. This study advocates the support of educational activities through the use of systematic and scientific architectural design in order to achieve the challenging goals and results desired of Kindergarten education. Upon determining the current state of Kindergarten architectural design, I have sought to apply innovative architectural concepts which can be used to design desirable learning environment for Kindergarten aged children. In calculation of area, the average gross building area is minimum $2.3m^{2}/p$ and optimum $2.5m^{2}/p$. The area of classroom is optimum $6.8m^{2}/p$.

The purpose of this study was to find the characteristics of the exhibition space planning methodology as 'Spatialization of Knowledge' through analyzation of the spatial structure in the contemporary museum architecture. The result of this study is expected to apply in designing an exhibition space and may become a target point. Further more this study can result a museum design to assist actual museum to fully function and play a role as a service facility for users by containing broad knowledge and fair understanding of user's needs in museum planning. Basic survey of museum architecture history will help visualizing conceptual structure of the museum exhibition and the 'Space Syntax' method has been used to make this conceptual data more objective. This study found that the contemporary museums most likely to include in its planning the various spatial organization in order to convey knowledge. The result reflects the needs of modern society which shows the design accepting individuality in society with variety of needs. And this also explains that museum space organization has to reflect various ways or methods of conveying knowledge. In addition, users have tendency to prefer more open space organization for easy access and approach in exhibition environment. It is clear to see the change in today's viewing pattern that the users prefer flexible exhibition space where they can be more proactive in receiving knowledge by following their own circulation over architecturally constrained circulation pattern within the exhibition area.

The Danish furniture designer, Verner Panton's work is comprised of the appreciation and application of the traditional for the application of a wide range of high-tech material accompanied by the bold and primary color used his work, the purpose of this study is to draw the expressive characteristics apparent in his work by analyzing the origin, background and case study of his design. The origin including the background of Verner Panton's design is based on the identity of the Danish Modernism and International design trend, which is revolved around the pop culture and is under the direct influence of Martin Johansen and Poul Henningsen. In order to understand the expressive characteristics found in the Verner Panton's chair design, a case study was conducted from 1955 where his debut piece of work, Cone chair was premiered at the Fredericia furniture Fair up through 1970 where Visiona 2 project was presented at the Koln International furniture fair. As a result, the total of 41 chair designs was analyzed by the following four criteria: form, finishing, functionality, and structure. According to the result of the analysis, the design by Verner Panton was based on the experiment of the organic form, his tendency to the pop culture, the concept of space, mobility, simplicity, and sensible creativity of space. Once criticized for being extemporary and consumptive, nevertheless, the outcome of Verner Panton's chairs not only introduced the fresh new and positive ideas that have been mass-producing for over 40 yews but also they keep on getting upgraded in accordance with the development of material.

The light has been considered as a main character that can not be omitted in architecture since ancient time. The recognition of space by light means that light makes the fictional space recognizable concretization. Light and shade make emptiness and substance can be easily recognized. Also reiteration and location of light and shade change the degree of acknowledgement. The character of light can strengthen or weaken the power of recognition concerning territory, direction and location. Also it can broaden, close, and segregate the domain and eventually strengthen recognition. In this study, I will try to find how space can be recognized with the help of light in architectural territories in terms of actual states. Also the main aim of my study will be the study of the light application in real space with the architectural example of space recognition by light and possible opportunity of it in space plan.

In estimating designed architectural buildings, many factors in various design domains such as function, structure, form, environment may be considered and then a building design might be selected or modified as final design from many possible design results. This paper proposed a method to obtain complexity values from two dimensional drawings which are floor plans or elevations. The Complexity values could be turned into esthetic values. The method has been developed based on information theory, shape pattern representation and cognitive theory. Results of measuring complexity value can make the computer evaluate and select final results produced from automatic design processes by the computer That is to say, aesthetic values based on order and chaos can be measured using complexity values and then some results having superior values can be selected as final result. Also some cognitive processes as perception of two dimensional drawings are discussed using shape representations. Aesthetic values could be varied in terms of shape properties such as size, individualities and knowledge as well as order and chaos.

The purpose of this study is a development of $teaching{\cdot}learning$ program based on interior design WBI. WBI's meaning is Web Based Instruction. There can be several procedures that should be designed at the first step: Analyzing, Designing, Building, Testing, Recycling. These stages are constructed based on the theory of procedure about the computer and the $teaching{\cdot}learning$. Each stage is presented the contents of development, the contents of main, the method advantages and problem solving. These procedures and contents of development are the research method simultaneously with the result. Upon the completion of the system, it should undergo the same process continuously so that it can improve over a period of time, contribute to the interior design of students. In addition continuously repetitive requirements pop up in the phase. And it is necessary for this program try to map out a strategy developing and a policy support from university. It's very important that develop the contents of interior design from professor, students and field professor.

The lack of objective decisive criteria and the absence of analyzing tools accrued from the experiments on various types developed from space design process makes it difficult to select and execute alternatives for them. As an attempt of coping with these problems, the aims of this study is to establish space analysis' models and to propose possibility of analyzing models by utilizing the technology of image process. It is now under study in the field of artificial intelligence based on the accomplishment of digital images. This study focused on establishment an analysis model based on accomplished digital images and image processing framework. It helps utilize various processing technologies that are currently in use of image processes, and problems of the study can be supplemented through further follow-up studies. Finally, analysis model can be constructed gradually huge design data in the analogue data to the digital image database and be proposed with index in design or evaluation step.