Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference (한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집)
Korean Society for Precision Engineering
- Semi Annual
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- 2005-8446(pISSN)
Domain
- Machinery > Precision Machines
2003.06a
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Knowledge classification and expression of constructed knowledge have been main research issues in the field of knowledge representation. Constructed design knowledge of the former product loses its utility when new products with different structures are introduced to the market. In order to construct the design knowledge for a new product. designers need to reconstruct the design knowledge with new relationships. The design knowledge has been constructed with level trees, but it is difficult to rearrange the relations. Design DNA is proposed in this work in order to facilitate the rearrangement of design knowledge and give flexibility to knowledge structure. Design DNA is based on Layout-oriented domain knowledge and Function-oriented domain knowledge, which enables to generate new design knowledge that will result in new part geometries for given constraints on the part functions. Design DNA is applied to the design knowledge of lever system of the automatic transmission of passenger cars as an example.
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This paper presents a methodology to be able to select an appropriate RP system that suits the end use of a part. Evaluation factors used in process selection include major attributes such as accuracy, roughness, strength, elongation, part cost and build time that greatly affect the performance of RP systems. Crisp values such as accuracy and surface roughness are obtained with a new test part developed. The test part is designed with conjoint analysis to reflect users' preference. The part cost and build time that have approximate ranges due to cost and many variable parameters are presented by linguistic values that can be described with triangular fuzzy numbers. Based on the evaluation values obtained, an appropriate RP process for a specific part application is selected by using the modified TOPSIS(Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method. It uses crisp data as well as linguistic variables, and each weight on the alternatives is assigned by using pair-wise comparison matrix. The ranking order helps the decision making of the selection of RP systems.
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This paper describes a step-by-step method to minimize design iterations in a process of product design change. In the design process, two components are coupled if a change of a component can require the other components change, and design iterations are generated by the coupling. The design iteration is one of main factors that increase design effort. In this study, three matrices are used to solve the design iteration of automatic transmission lever, Requirement-Engineering matrix, Engineering-Components matrix, and DSM(Design Structure Matrix). Firstly, with the DSM, the product architecture and conceptual design process are proposed from product function analysis. Secondly, with the QFD, the Requirement-Engineering matrix and Engineering-Components matrix present the relationship among customer requirements, engineering issues, and product components. Lastly, the results of the QFD analysis are used in the DSM to solve the component interactions and to provide design
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Requirements of a benchmarking for rapid prototyping systems and process usually include manufacturing time, cost (including system price), and dimensional accuracy. This paper deals with a benchmarking comparisons to investigate the functional requirements of RP system. A special designed IMS_T2 test part with dimensional. geometrical, and surface roughness features has been used in the inspection of RP processes. IMS_T2 test part was built on 5 commercially available RP machines which are relatively new model in Korea.
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Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) parts are made by piling up thin layers that cause the stair stepping effect at the surface of FDM parts. This effect brings about poor surface roughness of the part and requires additional post machining such as manual finishing that is detrimental to the part geometry and time consuming. Determining optimal build orientation for FDM parts can be one solution to minimize the post machining. However, by using the CAD model, calculating the optimal build orientation is impractical due to heavy computing process. In order to calculate the optimal build orientation with high speed. the surface roughness model based on measured data and interpolation is newly developed in this research. Also. the genetic algorithm (GA) is applied for acquiring reliable solution. Finally, It is verified from the test that the presented approach is very efficient for reducing the additional post machining process fer FDM parts.
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It is usually difficult for a single user to have all the essential knowledge on various Rapid Prototyping processes and techniques. It is therefore necessary to capture knowledge and experience of users of expert level into a decision-support system which provides quicker and more interactive way to select proper RP process and/or machine. rather than reading reports on benchmarking studies and comparing tables and graphs. In this paper two algorithms are presented, which may be used in such a decision-support system. together with its applications. The one is an extended PRES(Project Evaluation and Selection) algorithm which applies weighting factors of each attribute. The other is a LCE(Linear Confidence Equation) algorithm which is proposed to apply user's input requirements as well as weighting factors.
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UV laser micromachining are generally used to create microstructures for micro product through a sequence of lithography-based photopatterning steps. However, the micromachining process is not suitable for the rapid realization of complex microscale 3D product because it depends on worker experiences, excessive cost and time to make many masks. In this paper, the more effective micro rapid manufacturing process, which is developed upon the base of laser micromachining. is proposed to fabricate micro products directly using UV laser ablation and phase change filling. The filling process is useful to hold the micro product during the next ablation step. The proposed micro rapid manufacturing process is also proven experimentally that enables to fabricate the 3D microscale products of UV sensitive polymer from 3D CAD data to functional micro parts.
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Baek, Chang-Il;Chu, Won-Sik;Jung, Woo-Byeok;Jeon, Woo;Kim, Chi-Wan;Sung, Mi-Jung;Kang, Ji-Young;An, Sung-Hoon 30
In this paper the advantage of web technology applied to Rapid Prototyping is discussed. Two fabrication processes are chosen to be web-enabled. One, a post-process of FDM is developed to provide translucent plastic parts made of medical grade ABS material. The other, a system to fabricate laser machined Light Guide Panel is developed. In order to show the timesaving characteristics of the web-based tools, two websites are implemented (http://nano.gsnu.ac.kr/fdm & http://nano.gsnu.ac.kr/laser). The 3-tier architecture is applied for the Internet communication between designers and manufacturing sites, The integrated design tools and physical manufacturing processes enable designers to submit a new design and to receive the fabricated parts in an expedited manner. Example parts are fabricated using the web-based system to prove the concept of the web-based design and Rapid Prototyping. -
This paper proposes a BPM(Business Process Management) system framework for the NPD(New Product Development) of automotive suppliers. Recently many enterprises change their organization from function-oriented to process-oriented through BPR (Business Process Reengineering). Especially, based on quality systems like QS9000, it is required to documented business processes and continuously improve these processes for customer satisfaction. NPD, the most significant function for industrial competition, is reinforced by the best practices business process to satisfy the requirements of quality systems. The main objective of the paper is the development of the information system that supports the best practices process management. For this, first, we define the requirements of BPM system for NPD based on the viewpoint analysis, and then propose a DES (Design Execution System) framework based on dynamic workflow engine. The DES is addressed in the characteristics of a NPD business process, integrated project management, and process execution. A prototype DES system has been developed in the web environment. Its validity is demonstrated by applying it to an automotive supplier.
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Better understanding and sharing information are getting important to manage interdisciplinary product development team in a globally-distributed company. This study propose a solution to implement RPD(Rapid Product Development) system, focusing on rapid production process, for better understanding between development team members in different place and easy sharing of product information. The system developed by this research shows that SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol) operates in distributed environment more efficiently than other RPC(Remote Procedure Call) techniques and it does not respond sensitively to firewall. And SOAP is an excellent RPC and messaging technique to exchange structured data. Procedures developed with use of SOAP are worked together with web, and users can use remote services as an application program in their computer.
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The purpose of this study is the development or the extensive Rapid Prototyping Technique. which can resolve the long-term manufacturing process, shrinkage and deformation occurring rapid prototyping technique. To begin with. the various specimens for tensile were manufactured on the basis of this modeling technology. Then, many kinds of the laminate pieces for the test were made by using the sheet metals lmm and 1.5mm thickness which is composed of the same ingredient. The tensile specimen were manufactured by changing the process variables, Such as electric current, pressure and resistance welding time for the Rapid Prototyping with metal sheet. And then by using the Taguchi method. The interrelation between the specimen and mechanical properties were determined and the system for the optimum process variable organized.
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Microsystem technology (MST) which originated from semiconductor processes has been widely spreaded into tile other industry such as sensors, micro fluidics and displays. The MST, however. has been troubled in spreading with its high cost and material limitations. So, in this paper, new process for micromolding technology using silicone rubber mold was introduced. Silicone rubber mold, which was fabricated by vacuum casting. can be transferred a master pattern to a final product with the same shape but different materials. In order to verify the possibility of application of silicone rubber mold to the MST, its transferability was evaluated. and then it applied to the fabrications of polishing pad and PDP barrier ribs.
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Most companies use technologies such as stereolithography, selective laser sintering, and fused deposition modeling to make parts for such small consumer products as telephones, heads, and shoes. The largest part that the existing RP systems can make is only 600 mm in length. Because most RP systems build parts by depositing, solidifying, or sintering material point-by-point, making larger objects takes a long time. and in many cases, large objects won't fit the build size. A new effective thick-layered RP process. Transfer type Variable Lamination Manufacturing using expandable polystyrene foam (VLM-ST) has been developed with thick layers and sloped surfaces. In this paper, a scaledown model of F16 Fighter with the length of 800 mm is rapidly fabricated using the VLM-ST process. In order to build a CAD model of F16 larger than 600 mm in length, the approach in VLM-ST is to build larger parts in multiple sub-parts and then glue them together. The fabricated result shows that the VLM-ST process employing thick layers and sloped surfaces is adequate for creating the real-sized large objects in the diverse fields such as automobiles, electric home appliances, electronics. and etc.
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Since passenger cars require five wheels including a spare, the weight reduction of wheels without sacrificing performance is important. Recently, the structured components of cars made of steel are replaced by composites. plastics and other nonmetallic materials such as aluminum and magnesium for weight reduction. From these new tried materials are most promising due to their high specific stiffness and specific strength. The composites manufactured by resin transfer molding (RTM) process has not only low cost for the manufacturing but also reduces the lead time and development because the molds for RTM is easy to manufacture. In this work, composite wheels for passenger cars were designed and manufactured by RTM process. Since surface quality of wheels is important for passenger cars, the optimal stacking sequence for composite wheels was selected considering surface quality and mechanical properties. Also, the manufacturing method for the composite mold was depicted.
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제품이 요구하는 기능성 소재(금속, 합금, 세라믹 등)를 사용하여 컴퓨터에 저장되어 있는 3차원 형상의 기하학적 자료(digital data of 3D subjects)로부터 직접 3차원 형상의 제품 또는 제품생산에 필요한 툴(tools)을 매우 빠른 시간 내에 제작할 수 있는 신개념의 쾌속 직접금속성형기술(laser-aided direct metal fabrication tech.)임.(중략)
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VLM-ST process requires an additional human interaction due to the manual stacking and bonding. Hence, building time, building cost and the part quality are dependent on the skill of labor. In this present work, a novel rapid prototyping (RP) process, as an automatic VLM-ST (VLM-STA), has been proposed to improve building efficiency of VLM-ST process and reliability of products. The apparatus of VLM-STA is designed to embody the process. Several characteristics of the proposed process and the apparatus are discussed. In order to examine the efficiency and the applicability of the proposed process, various three-dimensional shapes, such as a piston and a human head shape, are fabricated on the apparatus.
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This paper presents the procedures for the evaluation of the maximum surface roughness and the shapes of the cut remainder employing the ridge method. The shapes and the heights of the cut remainder are estimated by overlapping adjacent ridges in consideration of the various machining parameters: the feedrate. the path interval. The maximum surface roughness in plane cutting modes are derived as a function of the maximum effective cutter radius, R
$\_$ eff,max/. and the path interval ratio,$\tau$ $\_$ fp/, The predicted results are compared with the values estimated by the conventional roughness model. -
Custom-tailored products are meant by the products having various sizes and shapes to meet the customer's different tastes or needs. Thus fabrication of custom-tailored products inherently involves inefficiency. To minimize this inefficiency, a new paradigm is proposed in this work. In this paradigm. different paris are grouped together according to their sizes and shapes. Then, representative shape of each group is derived and it will be used as the work-piece from which the parts in the group are machined. Once a new product is ordered, the optimal work-piece is selected through making similarity comparisons of new product and each representative shape. Then an effective NC tool-path is generated to machine only the different portions between the work-piece and the ordered product. The efficient machining conditions are also derived from this shape difference. By machining only the different portions between the work-piece and the ordered product, it saves time. Similarity comparison starts with the determination of the closest pose between two shapes in consideration. The closest pose is derived by comparing the ray distances while one shape is virtually rotated with respect to the other. Shape similarity value and overall similarity value calculated from ray distances are used for grouping. A prototype system based on the proposed methodology has been implemented and applied to the grouping and machining of the shoe lasts of various shapes and sizes.
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Polishing Processes are widely used in the glass, optical, die and semiconductor industry and are conventionally carried out using abrasive slurry and a polishing pad. But abrasive slurry process has a weak point that is high cost of handling of used slurry and hard controllability of slurry. Recently, some researches have attempted to solve these problems and one method is the development of a fixed abrasive pad. FAP has a couple of advantages including clean environment, lower CoC, easy controllability and higher form accuracy. But FAP also has a weak point that is need of dressing because of glazing and loading. The paper introduces the basic concept and fabrication technique of FAP using hydrophilic polymers with swelling characteristics in water and explains the self-conditioning phenomenon. Experimental results demonstrate to achieve nano surface roughness of soda lime glass for optical application
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The sapphire wafers for blue light emitting devices were manufactured by the implementation of the surface machining technology based on micro-tribology. This process has been performed by Micro-lapping process. The sapphire crystalline wafers were characterized by DCXD(Double Crystal X-ray Diffraction). The sample quality of crystalline sapphire wafer at surface has a FWHM(Full Width at Half Maximum) of 250 arcsec. This value at the sapphire wafer surfaces indicated 0.12
${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ sizes. Surfaces of sapphire wafers were mechanically affected by residual stress and surface default. Also Surfaces roughness of sapphire wafers were measured 2.1 by AFM(Atom Force Microscope). -
Chemical Mechanical Planarization(CMP) has been accepted as the most effective processes for ultra large scale integrated (ULSI) chip manufacturing. However, as the polishing process continues, pad pores get to be glazed by polishing residues, which hinder the supply of new slurry. And pad surface is ununiformly deformed as real contact distance. These defects make material removal rate(MRR) decrease with a number of polishied wafer. Also the desired within-chip planarity, within wafer non-uniformity(WIWNU) and wafer to wafer non-uniformity(WTWNU) arc unable to be achieved. So, pad conditioning in CMP Process is essential to overcome these defects. The eletroplated or brazed diamond conditioner is used as the conventional conditioning. And. allumina long fiber, the jet power of high pressure deionized water, vacuum compression. ultrasonic conditioner aided by cavitation effect and ceramic plate conditioner are once used or under investigation. But. these methods arc not sufficient for ununiformly deformed pad surface and the limits of conditioning effect. So this paper focuses on the characteristics of diamond conditioner which reopens glazed pores and removes ununiformly deformed pad away.
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This paper described about the ultra-precision profile measurement of aspheric surfaces using contact probing technique. A contact probe has been designed as a sensing device to obtain measuring resolutions in nanometer regime utilizing a circle leaf spring mechanism and a capacitive-type sensor. The, contact probe is attached on the z-axis during measurement while aspheric object are supported on the diamond turning machine(DTM). The machine xz-axis motions are monitored by a set of two orthogonal plane mirror type laser interferometers. Experimental results show that the contact probing technique developed of on-machine measurement system in this investigation is capable of providing a repeatability of 10 nanometers with a
$\pm$ 20 uncertainty of 200nmPv. -
A precise fabrication technology of glass is increasingly demanded fer the latest Industrial applications of spherical lenses. micro-optical components, laser applications and so on. Most of cases, the surface roughness of glass is required to be minute for improving the optical characteristics. Then. the machining characteristics of SF-5 glass and quarts glass were studied by using the ELID grinding process to get mirror surface and productivity compared with a general lapping process. A rotary type grinder with ELID generator was used to make the mirror surface of glass and a Mitutoyo surface tester and a nano-hardness tester were also used to measure the grinded surface or glass. As the results of experiments. they showed that the surface roughness(Ra) of SF-5 glass was under 7.8 nm and that of quartz glass was under 3.0 nm using the # 8000 grinder. So, the possibility of highly efficient and accurate surface for optical components can be achieved by the ELID grinding process.
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As the ultra precision grinding can be applied to wafering process by the refinement of the abrasive. the development of high stiffness equipment and grinding skill, the conventional wafering process which consists of lapping, etching, 1st, 2nd and 3rd polishing could be exchanged to the new process which consists of precision surface grinding, final polishing and post cleaning. Especially, the ultra precision grinding of wafer improves the flatness of wafer and the efficiency of production. Futhermore, it has been not only used in bare wafer grinding, but also applied to wafer back grinding and SOI wafer grinding. This paper focused on the flatness of the ground wafer. Generally, the ground wafer has concave profile because of the difference of wheel path density, grinding temperature and elastic deformation of the equiptment. Tilting mathod is applied to avoid such non-uniform material removes. So, in this paper, the geometric analysis on grinding process is carried out, and then, we can predict the profile of th ground wafer by using profile simulation.
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An experimental modal analysis and dynamic stiffness evaluation of a moving body structure of a high speed machining center are presented in this paper. The natural frequencies and corresponding modes, and dynamic compliance of a moving body structure of high speed machining center are investigated by using F.E.M., hydraulic exciter test, and impulse hammer test. The lowest three natural frequencies were found to be 56.6 Hz, 112.7 Hz, and 142.7 Hz by FEA respectively, while those were 55 Hz, 112 Hz, 131 Hz by experimental analysis. Furthermore, both computed and measured absolute dynamic compliances of the moving body structure in iso-direction showed good agreement especially at the first two mode frequencies. With our experimental data, the dynamic characteristics of the machining center can be exploited to get a new development of structural dynamic design and modification.
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Development of a High-speed Line Center using Linear Motor Feed System and High-speed Spindle SystemThe recent machine tools are requested so high-quality processing and productivity increasing. Therefore, it is so necessary to develop technology for high-speed and high-precision. This thesis touches on the development of high speed and intellectual line center. At first, the line center is necessary that strong structure, compact structure and light weight design for high-speed processing and transfer. So, it is necessary that examination of new materials and structures for light-weight and control devices for precision processing. So, it is going to make mention of the process of 1st model production for the above-mentioned based on test model production and evaluation.
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To maximize the productivity in machining molds and dies, machine tools should operate at high speeds. During the high speed operation of moving frames or spindles, vibration problems are apt to occur if the machine tool structures are made of conventional steel materials with inferior damping characteristics. However, self-excited vibration or chatter is bound to occur during high speed machining when cutting speed exceeds the stability limit of machine tool. Chatter is undesirable because of its adverse effect on surface finish, machining accuracy, and tool lift. Furthermore, chatter is a major cause of reducing production rate because, if no remedy can be found, metal removal rates have to be lowered until vibration-free performances is obtained. Also, the resonant vibration of machine tools frequently occurs when operating frequency approaches one of their natural frequencies because machine tools have several natural frequencies due to their many continuous structural elements. However, these vibration problems are closely related to damping characteristics of machine tool structures. This paper presents the use of polymer concrete and sandwich structures to overcome vibration problems. The polymer concrete has high potential for machine tool bed due to its good damping characteristics with moderate stiffness. In this study, a polymer concrete bed combined with welded steel structure i.e., a hybrid structure was designed and manufactured for a high-speed gantry-type milling. Also. its dynamic characteristics were measured by modal tests.
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A method for PID controller tuning based on process models for unstable processes was introduced. The optimal. proportional and derivative gains of the AMBs were determined by the tuning method and utilized for the chatter stability analysis in order to search for the chatter-free cutting region. The stability analysis results showed that the optimal gains give wider chatter-free cutting region, and as a result the proposed tuning method was confirmed to be an effective tuning method for determining the optimal gains of the AMBs.
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The conventional CNC(Computerized Numerical Controller) of machine tool, which is dependent to CNC maker, was a closed architecture type. Therefore, it is impossible to implement a special user-define function to CNC. But recently, CNC is changed to OAC(Open Architecture Controller) type increasingly and the general function of CNC can be upgrade efficiently. This paper describes web service application for remote monitoring regarding the faults or machine tool with open architecture CNC. The major faults of CNC machine tool can be defined to the operational faults to be charged over 70%. Those faults are unpredictable because of being occurred without any warning. To generalize the fault diagnosis efficiently. two diagnosis models such as SF(Switching Function) and SSF(Step Switching Function) are proposed and the function of fault diagnosis is implemented to internal function of OAC. Also, to service remotely the faults of CNC machine tool. the suitable web environment is proposed and practical function is programmed to evaluate its operation on web.
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In machine tool design, fast traversing cannot be achieved without reducing mass of the moving part. Honeycomb sandwich panel is extremely lightweight, and relatively rigid at the same time. We can reduce much weight when we selectively utilize honeycomb sandwich panels as stiffeners on machine tool structures. Feasibility of reducing weight is studied using a beam structure with both ends fixed.
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Used cutting fluid from machining processes is harmful to both environment and human health. Chemical substances that provide the lubrication function in the machining process are toxtc to the environment if the cutting fluid is released to soil and water and caused serious health problems to workers who are exposed to the cutting fluid in both liquid and mist form. Recently. cost of using cutting fluid is increasing as the number and the extensiveness of environmental protection laws and regulations increase. Therefore, the use of cutting fluid in machining processes place an enormous burden on manufacturing companies to cover the additional costs associated with their use and protection of our environment. Current trends in manufacturing are focused on minimizing or eliminating the use of metalworking fluids in machining processes. And the increased costs for the disposal of waste products (swarf, coolants and lubricants), especially in industrially developed countries, has generated interest in dry machining. A variety of new techniques are testimony that new technology has rationalized further efforts to research and implement dry machining processes. This paper presents the developed equipment, the process optimization and the applications in the field of surface grinding for the new cryogenic dry machining using a compressed cooling air. The investigated new machining process method shows many advantages compared to conventional techniques with cutting fluid.
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In these days, the reliability analysis and prediction are applied for many industrial products and many products require guaranteeing the quality and efficiency of their products. In this study reliability prediction for core units of machine tools has been performed in order to improve and analyze its reliability. ATC(Automatic Tool Changer) and interface Card of PC-NC that are core component of the machine tools were chosen as the target of the reliability prediction. A reliability analysis tool was used to obtain the reliability data(failure rate database) for reliability prediction. It is expected that the results of reliability prediction be applied to improve and evaluate its reliability. Failure rate, MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) and reliability for core units of machine tools were evaluated and analyzed in this study.
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Recently, as the demand of small-sized precision parts is rising in precision industry such as mobile, automobile, optic. etc. the requirement of small-sized machine tool is increasing. Desktop machine tool define small-sized machine tool that is able to install in table. According to diminishing in size, Desktop machine tool is able to economize production cost by reducing work area and consuming electric power. But Desktop machine tool generates vibration in acceleration and deceleration modes by inertia force of moving part. Also vibration is generated when it move simultaneously two axis or three axis. Such generating vibration situation is reason of declining stiffness of machine tool structure because of smallizing in size. And this vibration has a large effect on precision of machining products. Therefore, evaluating of the control characteristic is necessary for minimizing vibration of machine tool as much as possible to accomplish precision machining of small-sized parts
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This paper proposes an analytical model of off-line feed rate scheduling to obtain an optimum feed rate for high speed machining. Off-line feed rate scheduling is presented as an advanced technology to regulate cutting forces through change of feed per tooth, which directly affects variation of uncut chip thickness. In this paper, the feed rate scheduling model was developed using a mechanistic cutting force model using cutting-condition-independent coefficients. First, it was verified that cutting force coefficients are not changed with respect to cutting speed. Thus, the feed rate scheduling model using the cutting-condition-independent coefficients can be applied to set the proper feed rates for high speed machining as well as normal machining. Experimental results show that the developed fred rate scheduling model makes it possible to maintain the cutting force at a desired level during high speed machining.
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Thermal characteristics according to the bearing preload arc studied for the four type spindles with high frequency motor. For the analysis. three dimensional models are built considering heat transfer characteristics such as natural and forced convection coefficients, Bearing and motor are main heat generation, and heat generation by ball bearings as a function of load. viscosity and gyroscopic moment effect are considered. Unsteady-state temperature distributions and thermal displacements according to the bearing preload are analyzed by using the finite clement method.
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The most important thing in measuring the tool wear is to set up the measurement base. The end mill that is being used for machining is difficult to set up the base and to measure the tool wear because of geometric properties of that such as a helix and relief angle. In this study, a new instrument using spindle orientation function in end milling is developed to measure tool wear and evaluated by measuring system on the machine. Finally, this new method makes possible the wear measurement of same position and reduces measuring time compared with measuring methods such as the microscope and CCD.
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This paper presents an efficient real-time tool-path planning method for interpolation of NURBS surfaces in CNC machining. The proposed tool-path planning method is based on an improved iso-scallop strategy and can provide better precision than the existing methods. The proposed method is designed such that tool-path planning is easily managed in realtime. It proposed a new algorithm, for regulation of a scallop height, which can efficiently generate tool-paths and can save machining time compared with the existing method. Through computer simulations, the performance of the proposed method is analyzed and compared with the existing method in terms of feedrate. total machining time and a degree of constraint on the scallop height.
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Recently, the evolution in production techniques (e.g. high-speed milling), the complex shapes involved in modem production design, and the ever increasing pressure for higher productivity demand a drastic improvement of the dynamic behavior of the machine tool axes used in production machinery. And also machine tools of multi functional and minimized parts are increasingly required as demand of higher accurate in some fields such as electronic and optical components etc. The accuracy and the productivity of machined parts are natural to depend on the linear system of machine tools. The complex workpiece surfaces encountered in present-day products and generated by CAD systems are to be transformed into tool paths for machine tools. The more complex these tool paths and the higher the speed requirements, the higher the acceleration requirements are needed to the machine tool axes and the motion control system, and the more difficult it is to meet the requirements. The traditional indirect drive design for high speed machine tools, which consists of a rotary motor with a ball-screw transmission to the slide, is limited in speed, acceleration, and accuracy. The direct drive design of machine tool axes. which is based on linear motors and which recently appeared on the market. is a viable candidate to meet the ever increasing demands, because of these advantages such as no backlash, less friction, no mechanical limitations on acceleration and velocity and mechanical simplicity. Therefore performance tests were carried out to machine tool axes based on linear motor. Especially, dynamic characteristics were investigated through circular test.
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Finish machining of a curved surface is often carried out by an NC system with curve interpolation in the field. This NURBS interpolation adopts a feedrate optimizing strategy based on both the geometrical information and dynamic properties. In case of a finish cut using a ball-end mill. the curve interpolator needs to take the machining process into account for more improved surface, while reducing the polishing time. In this study, the effect of low machinability at the bottom of a tool on surface roughness is also considered. A particular curve interpolation algorithm is proposed for generating feedrate commands which are able to control the roughness of a curved surface. The simulation of the machined surface by the proposed algorithm was carried out, and experimental results are presented.
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As vehicles are more intelligent for convenience and safety of drivers, the in-vehicle networking systems and smart modules are essential components for intelligent vehicles. However, for the smart module to widely apply to the IVN systems, two problems are considered as follows. Firstly, because it is very difficult that transducer manufacturers developed the smart module that supports the existing all IVN protocols, the smart module must be independent to the type of networking protocols. Secondly, when the smart module is exchanged due to its failure, it is necessary how the transducer is only exchanged without exchange of the microprocessor and network transceiver. This paper deals with the IEEE 1451 based smart module that describes the digital interface between a network transceiver and sensor module. Finally. efficiency of the IEEE 1451 based smart module was evaluated on the experimental model.
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The enterprise find a solution to the problems such as a reduction of manufacturing period, accurate analysis for customer demand, improvement for customer service and rise of manufacture accomplishment. Internet is a good solution to such problems. Internet offers WWW(World Wide Web), remote control, file transfer and e-mail service. Among the services, WWW takes large portion because of convenient GUI, easy information search and unlimited information registration. Remote Monitoring Server(RMS) system that uses network service is constructed for chip mounter. Hardware base consists of RMS, chip mounter and C/S(Customer Service) server. Software includes DBMS and various modules in server home page. This provide product number, bad product number, trouble code, content and countermeasure in real-time information module, user information in setup module, detailed error information in fault diagnosis module, fault history in fault history module and customer information in customer service management module.
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The paper presents an efficient method of extracting line segment in a local map of a robot's surroundings. The local map is composed of 2-D grids that have both the occupancy and orientation probabilities using sonar sensors. To find the shape of an object in a local map from orientation information, the orientations are clustered into several groups according to their values. The line segment is , then, extracted from the clusters based on Hough transform. The proposed technique is illustrated by experiments in an indoor environment.
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Recently, the fieldbus becomes an indispensable component for many automated systems. In the fieldbus system, realtime data containing sensor values and control commands has a tendency to rapidly lose its value as time elapses after its creation. In order to deliver these data in time, the fieldbus network should be designed to have short delay compared to the maximum allowable delay. Because the communication delay is affected by performance parameters such as target rotation timer of token passing protocol, it is necessary to select proper parameter settings to satisfy the real-time requirement for communication delay. This paper presents the timer selection method for Profibus token passing networks using genetic algorithm (GA) to meet the delay requirements.
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At the present, a stud bolt welding was achieved by the manual method. The manual method caused many problems of work evasion. In order to work out these problems, an automatic welding system is designed for a stud bolt welding system. The system is composed of articulated type welding robot, stud gun, stud feeder, stud controller and various jig.
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The formation degree of sustain (ITO pattern) decides quality of PDP (plasma display panel). For this reason. it makes efforts in search defects more than 30
${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ . Now, the existing inspection process is dependent upon naked eye or SEM equipment in off-line PDP manufacturing process. In this study developed prototype inspection system of PDP ITO glass. This system creates information that detects and sorts kind of defect automatically. Design ed inspection technology adopts line-scan method by slip-beam formation for the minimum of inspection time and image processing algorithm is embodied in detection ability of developed system. Designed algorithm had to make good use of kernel matrix which draws up an approach to geometry. A characteristic of area-shaped defects, as pin hole, substance, protrusion et al, are extracted from blob analysis method. Defects, as open, short, spots, et al, are distinguished by line type inspection algorithm. In experiment results, we could have ensured ability of inspection that can be detected with reliability of up to 95% in about 60 seconds -
Classical lithography in semiconductor employs stepper technologies. Limits of this technology are clearly seen at structures below 100nm. Nano-imprinting lithography is a new method for generating patterns in submicron range at reasonable cost. In order to manufacture nano-imprinting lithography(NIL) equipment, several NIL manufacturers have been developing key technologies for realization of nano-imprinting process, recently. In this paper, we've been describe state-of-the-art and technology trends for nano-imprinting lithography equipments.
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Ultraviolet-nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL) is a promising method for cost-effectively defining nanoscale structures at room temperature and low pressure. Since the resolution of nanostructures depends strongly upon that of nanostamps, the nanostamp fabrication technology is a key technology to UV-NIL. In this paper, a 5
$\times$ 5$\times$ 0.09 in. quartz stamp whose critical dimension is 377 nm was fabricated using the etch process in which a Cr film was employed as a hard mask for transferring nanostructures onto the quartz plate. To effectively apply tile fabricated 5-in. stamp to UV-NIL on a 4-in. Si wafer, we have proposed a new UV-NIL process using a multi-dispensing method as a way to supply resist on a wafer Experiments have shown that the multi-dispensing method can enable UV-NIL rising a large-area stamp. -
Thermo-optic tunable filter, with 4-pairs of H/L layers for DBR, was designed and fabricated. The transmittance characteristics of the filter were measured. Additionally, heating system and temperature sensor system were used in order to observe property of the filter by thermo-optic effect. The tuning efficiency of the filter was measured to be 0.144nm/K
$^{-1}$ showing the tuning range of 9.4nm for the temperature variation of 64.7$^{\circ}C$ . Filter, lens and fiber were aligned by micro-optical bench. -
The chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process is a method of planarizing semiconductor wafers with a high degree of success. However, fundamental mechanisms of the process are not fully understood. Several theoretical analyses have been introduced, which are focused on kinematics, von Mises stress distributions and hydrodynamic lubrication aspects. This paper is concerned with hydrodynamic lubrication theory as the chemical mechanical planarization model; the three-dimensional Reynolds equation is applied to predict slurry film thickness and pressure distributions between the pad and the wafer. This paper classifies geometry of wafer into 3 types and focuses on the differences between them.
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The tribological properties of amphiphilic monolayers and composite multilayer on silicon surface were investigated using micro-tribometer and Auger Electron Spectroscopy. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayers from behenic acid. 2.4-heneicosanedione(HD) and its copper complex((HD)
$_2$ Cu) were fabricated on silicon surface and the composite multilayer of 5-bilayer of (HD)$_2$ Cu was fabricated on the surface of octadecyltrichlorsilane (OTS) self-assembled monolayer(SAM). We observed that LB monolayers and the composite multilayer exhibited a steady and excellent friction response when compared with the OTS SAM. These LB mono and multilayer also showed much higher wear-resistance than the OTS SAM. -
Nano-scale experiments for adhesion force and friction force were performed with AFM/FFM. In macro-scale, the friction coefficient is constant without relating to the change of contact area. However, many papers have indicated that in nano-scale, the friction coefficient is related to the contact area. Contact area would increase with the normal force. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the trend of the friction coefficient of Si(100) and Mica according to the normal force and then. the contact area was calculated by JKR-theory. Results showed the friction coefficient was constant under 180 nm
$^2$ contact area and over 180 nm$^2$ contact area, it was degraded. Moreover. the friction coefficient was constant according to the adhesion force. -
Self-Assembled Monolayers(SAMs) by alkanethiol adsorption to thin metal film are widely being investigated for applications as coating layer for anti-stiction or friction reduction and in fabrication of micro structure of molecular and bio molecular. Recently, there have been many researches on micro patterning using the advantages of very thin thickness and etching resistance in selective etching of thin metal film of Self- Assembled Monolayers. In this report, we present the micromachining thin metal film by Mask-Less laser patterning of alknanethiolate Self-Assembled Monolayers.
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A new flexible electronic packaging technology and its medical applications are presented. Conventional silicon chips and electronic modules can be considered as "mechanically rigid box." which does not bend due to external forces. This mechanically rigid characteristic prohibits its applications to wearable systems or bio-implantable devices. Using current MEMS (Microelectromechanical Systems) technology. a surface micromachined flexible polysilicon sensor array and flexible electrode array fer neural interface were fabricated. A chemical thinning technique has been developed to realize flexible silicon chip. To combine these techniques will result in a realization of truly flexible sensing modules. which are suitable for many medical applications.
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Mircolens and microlens arrays are realized using a novel fabrication technology based on the exposure of a resist, usually PMMA, to deep X-rays and subsequent thermal treatment. Hot embossing process is also studied for mass production. The fabrication technology is very simple and produces microlenses and microlens arrays with good surface roughness of several nm. The molecular weight and glass transition temperature of PMMA is reduced when it is irradiated with deep X-rays. The microlenses were produced through the effects of volume change, surface tension. and reflow during thermal treatment of irradiated PMMA. A hot embossing machine is designed and manufactured with a servo motor transfer system. The hot embossing process follows the steps of heating mold to the desired temperature, embossing a mold insert on substrate. cooling mold to the de-embossing temperature. and de-embossing. Microlenses were produced with diameters ranging from 30 to 1500
${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ . The surface X-ray mask is also fabricated to realize microlens arrays on PMMA sheet with a large area. -
The micro-stereolithography technology made it possible to fabricate a freeform 3D micro-structure. Using this technology, two kind of applications were fabricated and tested: micro-lens and micro-mixers. The focal length and f-number of the micro-lens were 5 mm and 2.5, respectively. The focusing ability of the micro-lens was verified by defocusing the He-Ne laser beam after passing the lens. Two mixers are Kenics micro-mixer and BEKM. BEKM is a modified Kenics micro-mixer by introducing barriers on the pipe walt periodically to enhance the mixing via the chaotic mechanism in the helical flow of Kenics micro-mixer. Experimental result shows good mixing performance of developed mixers. Especially, the BEKM shows better mixing performance then Kenics micro-mixer.
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In biological cell manipulation, manual thrust or penetration of an injection pipette into an embryo cell is currently performed by a skilled operator, relying on visual feedback information only. Accurately measuring cellular forces is a requirement for minimally invasive cell injections. Moreover, the cellular farce sensing is essential in investigating the biophysical properties for cell injury and membrane modeling studies. This paper presents cellular force measurements for the force feedback-based biomanipulation. Cellular force measurement system using piezoelectric polymer sensor is implemented to measure the penetration force of a zebrafish egg cell. First, measurement system setup and calibration are described. Second, the force feedback-based biomanipulation is experimentally carried out. Experimental results show that it successfully supplies real-time cellular force feedback to the operator at several tens of uN and thus plays a main role in improving the reliability of biological cell injection tasks.
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In this paper, a microassembly system based on hybrid manipulation schemes is proposed and applied to the assembly of a photonic component. In order to achieve both high precision and dexterity in microassembly, we propose a hybrid microassembly system with sensory feedbacks of vision and force. This system consists of the distributed 6-DOF micromanipulation units, the stereo microscope, and haptic interface for the force feedback-based microassembly. A hybrid assembly method, which combines the vision-based microassembly and the scaled teleoperated microassembly with force feedback, is proposed. The feasibility of the proposed method is investigated via experimental studies for assembling micro opto-electrical components. Experimental results show that the hybrid microassembly system is feasible for applications to the assembly of photonic components in the commercial market with better flexibility and efficiency.
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In this study, two new types of micro-grippers in which micro-fingers are actuated by piezoelectric multi-layer benders and stacks are introduced for the manipulation of micrometer-sized objects. First, we constructed a 3-chopstick-mechanism tungsten gripper, which is composed of three chopsticks: two are designed to grip micro-objects, and tile third is used to help grasp and release the objects through overcoming especially electrostatic force among some surface effects including electrostatic, van der Waals forces and surface tension. Second, a 2-chopstick-mechanism silicon micro-gripper that uses an integrated force sensor to control the gripping force was developed. The micro-gripper is composed of a piezoelectric multilayer bender for actuating the gripper fingers, silicon fingertips fabricated by use of silicon-based micromachining, and supplementary supports. The micro-gripper is referred to as a hybrid-type micro-gripper because it is composed of two main components; micro-fingertips fabricated using micromachining technology to integrate a very sensitive force sensor for measuring the gripping force, and piezoelectric gripper finger actuators that are capable of large gripping forces and moving strokes. The gripping force signal was found to have a sensitivity of 667 N/V. To the design of each of components of both of the grippers. a systematic design approach was applied, which made it possible to establish the functional requirements and design parameters of the micro-grippers. The micro-grippers were installed on a manual manipulator to assess its performance in tasks such as moving micro-objects from one position to a desired position. The experiment showed that the micro-grippers function effectively.
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This paper presents the design, fabrication, and calibration of a piezoelectric polymer-based sensorized microgripper. Electro discharge machining technology is employed to fabricate super-elastic alloy based micro gripper. It is tested to present improvement of mechanical performance. For integration of force sensor on the micro gripper, the sensor design based on the piezoelectric polymer PVDF film and fabrication process are presented. The calibration and performance test of force sensor integrated micro gripper are experimentally carried out. The force sensor integrated micro gripper is applied to perform fine alignment tasks of micro opto-electrical components. It successfully supplies force feedback to the operator through the haptic device and plays a main role in preventing damage of assembly parts by adjusting the teaching command.
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This paper proposes OPTICAL MARKER fer registering process - one of the 3D measurement process : scan registering - merging - measurement. If the registering work is carried out manually, it can be accompanied with much time and many errors. Because the patterned marker make registering process automatic, many firms use it now. But the physical shape of existing markers is the source of the data loss caused by hiding surface, and the marker arrangement is the source of the time loss. The optical marker proposed in this paper has marker generator, organized a large number of binary coded control laser diode, separate from 3D scan object. So, it does not take much time for the marker disposition, and it is not the origin of the data loss, and the binary coded laser information make the auto-registering possible.
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Lasers are used as the source of the interferometers in the industrial field. These lasers need 2 requirements. The first is the narrow linewidth of laser for the long coherence length. The second is the stabilized frequency of laser for the precision measurement. Now HeNe lasers are mostly used and the frequency stability is about 10
$^{-9}$ . In this paper, we construct the HeNe laser systems of frequency stabilization using typical 2 method, the beat frequency stabilization method and the intensity difference method. So, we get the frequency stabilities of 2.01$\times$ 10$^{-9}$ (0.1s), 3.4$\times$ 10$^{-9}$ (0.1s). -
Pitch measurements of 150 nm pitch one-dimensional grating standards were carried out using an contact mode atomic force microscopy(C-AFM) with a high resolution three-axis laser interferometer. It was called as 'Nano-metrological AFM' In Nano-metrological AFM, Three laser interferometers were aligned well to the end of AFM tip. Laser sources of the three-axis laser interferometer in the nano-metrological AFM were calibrated with an I
$_2$ -stablilzed He-Ne laser at a wavelength of 633 nm. So, the Abbe error was minimized and the result of the pitch measurement using the nano-metrological AFM has a traceability to the length standard directly. The uncertainty in the pitch measurement was estimated in accordance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement(GUM). The Primary source of uncertainty in the pitch-measurements was derived from repeatability of pitch-measurement, and its value was approx 0.186 nm. Expanded uncertainty(k=2) of less than 5.23 nm was obtained. It is suggested that the metrological AFM is a useful tool for the nano-metrological standard calibration. -
The Volumetric Interferometer using two spherical wavefronts emitted from the ends of two single mode fibers has been suggested to measure 3-dimensional absolute coordinates. In this paper, we try to improve the performance of the volumetric interferometer using multi-CCDs. We get coordinates matching matrixes between CCDs and can obtain more information in the space with multi-CCDs. Also we find out the best arrangement of multi-CCDs by computer simulations. In the simulation we can know that it will be better to increase the distance between CCDs to improve performance. For the performance test, we do a repeatability test, a comparison test with 2-D stage and the self-calibration using artifact.
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Theodolite measurement system is non-contacted 3-dimensional measurement system. The system accuracy is 0.5 mm or better for distance 0 ~ 100 m. And the system is used for the measurement of a product for middle and large scale. This study was performed for finding the measurement error factors of the system. We could know that the main error factors are temperature, illumination and expertness. And we could find the measurement errors are
$\pm$ 0.045 mm at temperature conditions is 2$0^{\circ}C$ and$\pm$ 0.012 mm at illumination condition is 300 lux. Also the results had significant differences by combinations of operator's expertness. -
The phase change upon reflection from target surfaces in white-light interferometer induces measurement errors when target surfaces are composed of dissimilar materials. We prove that this phase change on reflection considered of the polarization of the white-light causes the shift of both envelope peak position and fringe peak position of several tens of nanometer. In addition, we propose a new equation of white-light interference fringe pertinent to the polarization of source.
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In this paper, there was finding laser beam focal length using the camera at the work with laser preprocess. A process have some similarity that the laser direct writing was condition of unused other light source in order to a partical object of working substrate, so we worked finding focal length using yellow light. As we found focal lengths from three points of substrate edges, The focal length of all substrates was able to be computed by calculating a plane equation using these three point. Also we make a device and software that can automatically perform all of the processes.
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Previous stereo methods doesn't deal effectively with depth discontinuity due to inevitable window-based problems, and so give inaccurate and noisy matching results in areas with steep disparity variations. In this paper. a variable window approach is presented to estimate accurate, detailed and smooth disparities with three-dimensional disparity space. It makes the smoothing of depth discontinuity reduced by evaluating corresponding correlation values and intensity gradient-based similarity in the space. In addition, it devises the novel arbitrarily-shaped variable window to treat with disparity variations of various structure shapes. We show how our results improve on those of closely related techniques for accuracy, robustness. matching density and computing speed.
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This paper presents an extended Twyman-Green interferometry that enables simultaneous and real-time measurement of 5-DOF motion errors of the translational moving stage. This method uses a null balancing technique in which two plane mirrors are used as target mirrors to generate an interferometric fringe utilizing the optical principles of Twyman-Green interferometry. Fringe is detected by 2D photodiode array for high-speed measurement. Errors are then independently suppressed by activation of piezoelectric actuators through real-time feedback control while the machine axis is moving. Experimental results demonstrate that a machine axis can be controlled with motion errors about 10 nm in linear displacement, 0.15 arcsec in angular displacement
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Moire topography method is a well-known non-contacting 3-D measurement method. the automatic 3-D measurement by moire topography has been required since the method was frequently applied to the engineering and medical fields. 3-D measurement using digital projection moire topography is very attractive because of its high measuring speed and high sensitivity. In this study, digital two-wavelength phase shilling moire is applied to the entertainment fields. recently. as promoting the growth of the VR-Game, display devices which attract public attention such as HMD or Projector are being appeared in order to deliver effectively the absorption sense. this study realized the Auto-calibrating system for arbitrary display surface using digital moire method which satisfied the shape measurement of display surface and the request of FOV(Field of View) output. also when large screen wasn't prepared, this auto-calibrating system was applied to enjoy games or movies at home with a projector and walls
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Various robots are emerging nowadays to human life from industrial factories. Especially, technologies from multiple disciplines such as information technology (IT), bio technology (BT), and etc. are merged to make novel types of robots. Robots are employed to every place of works such as entertainment, education, service. rescue, medical support, dangerous job, production, etc. The robot in science fictions are now realized so that they become a new species taking human job and more than human.
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In this paper, dynamic behaviors of a small-sized flying robot with 4 rotors propelled by DC motor are discussed, and a control scheme based on the dynamic model to make stable flying motions, i.e., hovering, take-off, cruising behavior, etc. is proposed. The experimental results via some flying tests show good performances for practical use. The flying robot with 6DOF is controlled only 4 DOF, and the rest of two DOF are remained under the dynamic constraints. How to give the stability of all positions and orientations and to make the omni-directional motions in spite of such restrictions is analyzed. The proposed control scheme composes of two stages. First, PD control inputs for the trust-force and orientation are calculated, next the control inputs are distributed to each rotor by using a sort of Jacobian matrix. To design and control of a low cost - small sized flying robot, vibrated gyro sensor, cheap accelerometer, IR, and ultra sonic sensors are selected.
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This paper presents a novel localization paradigm for mobile robots based on artificial and natural landmarks. A model-based object recognition method detects natural landmarks and conducts the global and topological localization. In addition, a metric localization method using artificial landmarks is fused to complement the deficiency of topology map and guide to action behavior. The recognition algorithm uses a modified local Zernike moments and a probabilistic voting method for the robust detection of objects in cluttered indoor environments. An artificial landmark is designed to have a three-dimensional multi-colored structure and the projection distortion of the structure encodes the distance and viewing direction of the robot. We demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed system through real world experiments using a mobile robot, KASIRI-III.
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The paper presents a small. unmanned remote controlled probing ship that can reduce the cost for acquiring data of marine and coastal environments. The control system is composed of three microprocessors. one is for overall mission control. another for control of propulsion motors. and the other for sensor operation. For communication system, we adopt direct and indirect methods based on the wireless modem of commercial cellular telephone. The former is a direct communication between the modems of the ship and the server. and the latter is an indirect communication via internet between the ship and the server. The system is equipped with a digital compass and a GPS system for position estimation, and extended Kalman filter is used for the data association. The performance of the ship is demonstrated with the results produced by sets of experiments.
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This paper introduces an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) model, ASUM, equipped with a visual servo control system to dock into an underwater station with a camera and motion sensors. To make a visual servoing AUV, this paper implemented the visual servo control system designed with an augmented state equation, which was composed of the optical flow model of a camera and the equation of the AUV's motion. The system design and the hardware configuration of ASUM are presented in this paper. ASUM recognizes the target position by processing the captured image for the lights, which are installed around the end of the cone-type entrance of the duct. Unfortunately, experiments are not yet conducted when we write this article. The authors will present the results for the AUV docking test.
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There are two steps to solve the self-collision avoidance problems for redundant manipulators. First, all links are regarded as cylinders. and then the collisions should be checked among all pairs of the links. Between two cylinders. we can get the collision information derived from the concept or configuration space obstacle in real time. Therefore. it is possible to detect the links where collisions are likely in real time by setting the risk radius which is larger than actual radius. Second. the configuration control points (CCP) should be placed at the ends of the detected links. A cost function is the sum of the distances between the CCPs. To maximize the cost function means the links go far away each other without self-collisions.
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In this paper. the stability and performance analysis of wave-based teleoperation system is presented. For stability and performance analysis with respect to the variation of characteristic impedance b, loop gains of communication channel and minimum value of trasmitted impedance from slave side to the master side are considered. The stability of slave side may be enhanced by increasing characteristic impedance b, whereas exssively high value of b may degrade the performance, which imply a tradeoff between stability and performance.
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In this thesis. the application of the synchronizing control of the intelligent indoor lift system is showed. The separate axes of the indoor lift system are driven independently. PID controller, synchronous flexible logic compensating method and tilt sensor are applied to enhance the performance of the intelligent indoor lift system. the tilt sensor senses the horizontal error of the whole system. PID controller and synchronous flexible logic are used to compensate the synchronous errors of both the separate axes and whole system to be zero. Namely, using not the hardware coupling but the software algorithm. the indoor life system is operated without the error. Before applying the real system, the simulation using matlab testifies the possibility of the lift system. And the realization of the system is demonstrated with two DC servo motors. In the experiment test, flexible logic to compensate the synchronous error is chosen by the comparative method. the indoor lift system has to be considered the loading factor as the disturbance. Because the intelligent indoor lift system is developed to support the patients who don't change for themselves to move. finally, the system which considers the weight of the patient as the disturbance can carry the patients safely without synchronous and position error.
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In this paper. we introduce a novel actuation method based on dielectric elastomer. Along with basic principles of actuation using dielectric elastomer a new design of actuator is discussed. The proposed design has advantageous features in reduction in size, speed of response, ease and ruggedness of operation. Using the actuator. a three-degree-of-freedom actuator module is developed, which can provide up-down. and two rotational degree-of-freedom motion. In the application of the proposed actuation method, a micro-robot mimicking the motion of an inchworm is developed.
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Hybrid machine is based on hardware technologies of machine tool and software technologies of open architecture controller. In machining technology, combination technology of turning, milling, and grinding and in machining energy technology. combination of mechanical, electrical, and chemical technology are developed. This paper describes hybrid machine technology for combination of machining, on-machine measurement, on-machine CAM, and on-machine remote monitoring and control in open architecture controller environment. For on-machine measurement, non-contact measurement technology based on CAD information is developed. For on-machine CAM, interactive CAM program for automatic NC program generation and tool path simulation is developed. For generation on-machine remote monitoring and control, suitable interface method between web program and CNC is proposed. The developed hybrid machine technology is implemented in 3 axes milling machine for evaluation of operablity.
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In order to discuss the availability of the hydrostatic guideway driven by the coreless linear motor to ultra precision machine tools, a prototype of guideway is designed and tested in this research. A coreless linear DC motor with the continuous force of 156 N and a laser scale with the resulution of 10 nm are used as the feeding system. The experiments are performed on the static stiffness. motion accuracy, positioning accuracy. microstep response and variation of velocity. The guideway has the infinite axial stiffness within 50 N of applied load, and has 0.08
${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of linear motion error and 0.1 arcsec of angular motion error. It also has 0.21${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of positioning error and 0.09${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of repeatability, and it shows the stable response against the 10 nm resolution step command. The velocity variation of feeding system is less than 5%. From these results, it is confirmed that the hydrostatic guideway driven by the coreless linear motor is very useful for the ultra precision machine tools. -
Many researches on the prediction of cutting forces of ball-end mil is have been achieved since before several decades ago. These kinds of researches have been concentrated on the study on how to make the prediction equations for the cutting forces based on 2-D cutting experimentation. The results of them were really good and impressive. But it's not proper to practical uses for industrial fields, because if sculptured surface were to be machined, then it would be very difficult to understand the complicated kinematical interaction between the sculptured surface and the flutes of a ball-end mill. So, we propose the method for solving these kind of problems using existed commercial CAD/CAM software; Unigraphics. Furthermore, the modification of tool path which is done off line is offered to increase the precision of cutting.
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A new milling machine was designed and manufactured for underwater cutting of rotary specimen racks(RSR) used in the Korea Research Reactor. To cut out intermediate level radioactive stainless steel parts from RSR effectively and safely, the machine was designed to be operated in four directions of X, Y, Z axes and a rotation upon Z axis. The stress and displacement of main frame were simulated by using a structural analysis tool(Design Space) and the pressure of clamping device was evaluated.
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This paper presents characteristics of vacuum preloaded porous air bearing. Pressure distribution of a porous pad and vacuum pocket are calculated. And load capacity and stiffness of the bearing are analyzed with various vacuum parameters, that is. clearance height. tube diameter, tube length. pumping speed of vacuum pump, vacuum pocket to porous pad area ratio. From the simulation results, optimum clearance for best performance can be selected adjusting these parameters, especially tube diameter which is the most dominant source.
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The aerostatic stage. which is used in semiconductor process, is demanded higher velocity and more precise accuracy for higher productivity and integrated performance. So, in the case of XY stage, H type structure, which is designed two co-linear axis of guide-way, driving force in one surface, has advantage of velocity and accuracy compared to conventional tacked type XY stage. To analyze characteristics of H type aerostatic stage, H type aerostatic surface XY stage is made, which is driven by linear motor and detected position with precise optical linear scale. And, analyze characteristics of motion error, effect of angular motion on positioning accuracy error and effect of simultaneous control on variation of velocity.
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The hard turning is a turning operation performed in high strength alloy steels (HRC>30) in order to reach surface roughness close to those obtained in grinding. This is possible because of availability of improved tool materials (polycrystalline cubic boron nitride. PCBN), ad more rigid machine tools. According to many previous work of hard turning mechanism, the maximum temperature of cutting can be raised up to 100
$0^{\circ}C$ . As the heat generation rate is very high, the thermal displacement of tool holder cannot be negligible. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze effects of high heat generation at CBN tool tip to the thermal displacement of a tool holder in hard turning and finally geometric accuracy. The thermal behavior of a CBN tool holder is investigated by numerical simulation and experiment, and the result shows thermal elongation of microns order is possible during hard turning process. -
This paper shows about the machine simulation embodiment when it happened NC equipment and between workpiece and interference collision at 5 axises processing of aircraft parts. And this research has been chosen because of the highest equipment interference occurrence rate at aircraft parts processing of 5 axises horizontal machine. It can verify simulation and machining process through correlation about their dynamic relations. interference, collision as embodied virtual manufacturing system of machining tool, workpiece, and holder etc. that is necessary element in shape of machine tool and function and processing in imagination ball. Also. it verified about interference and collision between NC equipment parts and workpiece, for applied machine simulation to NC Data of actuality aircraft parts of BULKHEAD and FRAME.
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Recently, advanced manufacturing systems with high speed and intelligence have been developed for the betterment of machining ability. In this case, reliability prediction work with motion characteristic evaluation of sliding cover(C-plate, Bellows, etc) has also important role from design procedure to manufacturing and assembly process. Accordingly in this study, H/W test-bed system for reliability evaluation of sliding cover has been developed to obtain proper reference data for design of new model, prevention trouble (failure mode), and improvement of quality and lift cycle extremely for advanced mother machinery.
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Efficient development of method on a performance evaluation for machine tools has been regarded as the most important work for accuracy and quality enhancement to every user and manufacturer. A evaluation method of accuracy for machine tools has been studied recently according to the rapid increase of interest in precision machine tools. To this point of view, the circular interpolation test of machine tools is recognized as the most useful method to distinguish a dynamic accuracy of NC machine tools by ISO and ANSI/ASME, etc. In this paper, we have studied and developed the form measurement system with grid encoder to analyse the final accuracy of NC machine tools. we have analyzed the servo system error and geometric error of NC machine tools through measuring a dynamic error signal by this system. and then we verified the experimental result and enhanced the reliability by means of comparing the characteristics of the developed system with the kinematic ball-bar system.
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In this paper, the solenoid for high-voltage circuit breaker which is composed of bobbin, solenoid coil, stationary core and plunger was studied. The solenoid is made of a soft magnetic iron bar with a large number of coil windings. when an electric current passes through this, this stationary core becomes the strong magnet used for hydraulic and pneumatic valve of a solenoid operated valve. For the performance evaluation of the solenoid for high-voltage circuit breaker, electromagnetic characteristics and dynamic characteristics were analyzed. And, the parameters which is related to performance improvement were investigated.
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Recent issues in Optical Disk Drive (ODD) are focused on small size. Blu-ray Disk (BD), using blue laser (405nm wavelength) and high NA (0.85) objective lens. can store 25Gbyte on a conventional 12cm optical disk. Small Form Factor Optical (SFFO) drive uses 3cm disk which can store 1.5Gbyte on a disk. This kind of Small Form Factot Optical (SFFO) drive correspond to PCMCIA type memory (Compact Flash or Micro Drive). Preferably, Optical Disk has relatively low cost of the storage media per Byte rather than PCMCIA type memory. To make Small Form Factor Optical (SFFO) drive. optical pickup and its component must be miniaturized. Miniaturization of the component needs new concept of Optical Pickup. This paper is focused on two main subjects. One is Objective Lens design which can be manufactured on a wafer, and the other is optical path design of the pickup which has 2mm thickness.
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This study examined the effects of the testing temperature on the mechanical properties of the stainless steels (STS301CSP-3/4H and STS301CSP-H) for flat spring. Hardness test and fatigue test were performed at room temperature (2
$0^{\circ}C$ Tensile testandcreeptestwere performed attemperature range 2$0^{\circ}C$ ~10$0^{\circ}C$ . The micro-victors hardness values of STS301CSP-3/4H and STS301CSP-H were HV=443 and HV=488. respectively. The Elastic modulus, tensile strength, yield strength and strain of these materials were decreased with increasing testing temperature. respectively. The maximum creep strain for 100hr atcreep temperature (10$0^{\circ}C$ ~20$0^{\circ}C$ and creep stress (Tensile strength$\times$ 50%) of these materials were 0.53%~0.58%. The fatigue limit of STS301CSP-3/4H and STS301CSP-H were 64.5Kgf/mm$^2$ and 67.4Kgf/mm$^2$ , respectively. -
A new synthesis process for nano laminating Ti
$_3$ SiC$_2$ has been developed using TiCx (x=0.67) and Si powder as starting materials by a reaction hot pressing. Bulk Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ was fabricated using a green body consisting of TiCx and Si by a hot pressing under the pressures of 25 MPa at 1420-1550$^{\circ}C$ for 90 min. The synthesized Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ was consisting of only TiCx and Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ . The relative density of sintered bulk Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ was increased as the hot pressing temperature was increased, which was mainly due to the increase in TiCx contents in synthesized Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ . The synthesized Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ bulk was consisted of nano sized lamella structure of 20-100 nm in thickness. It was found that TiCx particles in Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ would increase the 3-point bending strength of synthesized Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ bulk. The maximum 3-P. bending strength of synthesized Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ bulk was more than 800 MPa. The Vickers hardness of synthesized Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ bulk was as low as 5 Gpa, which was decreased with the indentation load. The quasi-plastic deformation behaviors were observed around indentation mark on Ti$_3$ SiC$_2$ . -
This paper investigates the effect of plasma treatment of aluminum on the fracture toughness of aluminum/CFRP composites, The surface of the aluminum panel was treated by a DC plasma. The plasma treatment was carried out at volume ratio of acetylene gas to nitrogen gas of 5:5 and the treatment times used was 30 sec. The fracture toughness of plasma-treated aluminum/CFRP' composites was compared with that of untreated aluminum/CFRP composites and The fracture surface of aluminum/CFRP composites was compared with SEM. The results showed that fracture toughness of plasm-treated aluminum/CFRP composites was about 50% higher than that of untreated aluminum/CFRP composites.
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Generally, the life of casting mold is limited by fatigue fracture or dimensional inaccuracy originated from wear in high temperature. Although recent research of metallic materials in high temperature fatigue have been much accomplished, many studies on brittle material as a die steel in high temperature fatigue does not have been reported. Especially, the study on the fatigue behavior over the transformation temperature is not studied sufficiently because of its difficult analysis and experiment. Therefore, reliable results of brittle material in high temperature fatigue behavior are needed. In this paper, stress-strain curves and stress-life curves in die STD61 steel are carefully examined between room temperature and 90
$0^{\circ}C$ , as the basic experimental data are used to predict from fatigue life of casting mold. -
Fatigue strength. especially crack initiation behavior of high strength steel under marine water environment was investigated. Marine structures were usually constructed by lot of weld joints and were designed by basis of the fatigue strength of weld joints. This study was carried out to mini. The fatigue initiation behavior is more important rather than crack propagation behavior under the design of marine structures, because it is very difficult to find out the crack propagation phenomena and repair the damaged part of welded joints in sea water Then, the new configuration specimen for fatigue crack initiation tests was proposed. Using this new specimen, it is easy to carry out the crack initiation tests with relatively low cycling loading and clearly find out a crack initiation fatigue life.
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A copper-clad aluminium composite bar is lighter and less expressive than a commercial copper alloy bar. Copper-clad aluminium composite bar can be fabricated by hot hydrostatic extrusion process. In this work, the effect of die angle on the compressive properties of copper-clad aluminium composites fabricated using hydrostatic extrusion process was investigated experimentally. The results showed that optimum half die angle was in the range of 40
$^{\circ}$ to 50$^{\circ}$ for an extrusion ratio of 19. The results also showed that the half die angle had little influence on the compressive strength of copper-clad aluminium composites. A diffusion layer increased with increasing die angle. -
Specimens of Ti-10Ta-10Nb have been hot upset forged after heating to either the
$\alpha$ +$\beta$ and$\beta$ -phase field. The variety temperatures (At 650, 700, 750, 800, 85$0^{\circ}C$ ) and strain rates (At 0.001, 0.01. 0.1, 1, 10$s^{-1}$ ) were used. On the basis of flow stress data obtained as a function of temperature and strain rate in compression, a processing map for hot working has been developed. At strain rates lower than about 0.1$s^{-1}$ and almost temperatures, processing efficiency exhibited high, but at 0.001$s^{-l}$ , and temperature 80$0^{\circ}C$ , low because the Shear band has occurred. On the basis of the processing map, the optimum processing routes available for hot working of this material are outlined.d. -
Investigated whether fiber orientation distribution of twisted yarn composites and the fiber content are 0
$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$ direction tensile strength and some correlation. Tensile strength of 0$^{\circ}$ directions of twisted yarn composites increased changelessly being proportional the fiber content and fiber orientation function get into anisotropic in isotropic. But, tensile strength ratio by separation of fiber filament of 90$^{\circ}$ directions tensile strength decreased when tensile load is imposed for width direction of reinforcement fiber. 0$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$ direction tensile strength ratio value of a twisted yarn composites not receive almost effect of the fiber content of fiber orientation function J = 0.4 lows. Although do, 20 wt% of the fiber content is high about 0$^{\circ}$ and 90$^{\circ}$ direction tensile strength ratio about 1.6~2 than 10 wt% from J = 0.4. Therefore. could know that effect of the fiber content is dominate. -
In this study, phase transformation characteristics of Nitinol shape memory alloy with 54.5wt%Ni-45.5wt%Ti were investigated by varying with annealing treatment and cutting conditions through DSC(differential scanning calorimetry). Annealing treatment conditions were considered as heat treated time of 5 min, 15 min, 30 min, and 45 min, heat treated temperature of 40
$0^{\circ}C$ , 50$0^{\circ}C$ , 5$25^{\circ}C$ , 55$0^{\circ}C$ , 575$^{\circ}C$ ,$600^{\circ}C$ ,$700^{\circ}C$ , 80$0^{\circ}C$ , and 90$0^{\circ}C$ , and environmental condition of heat treatment under vacuum or air. Cutting conditions were considered as no cutting, one side cutting, and two side cutting. Tensile test was also conducted on Nitinol shape memory alloy to investigate thermomechanical characteristics by varying with annealing heat treatment histories. According to the results, annealing treatment and cutting conditions were found to significantly affect on phase transformation and thermomechanical characteristics of Nitinol shape memory alloy. -
Air-operated valve is one of principal valves that are using to control fluid flow. A period diagnosis for safety of power plants is necessary. But there are many difficulties such as economic loss caused by intone of high cost devices and a matter hard to deal with users. In this study we developed the diagnosis system that usersofpower plants are easy to handle. The diagnosis system is composed of database module, reliability analysis module, design safety nodule and diagnosis test and evaluation module.
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Evaluation or the patterning accuracy of e-beam lithography machines requires a high precision inspection system that is capable of measuring the true xy-locations of fiducial marks generated by the e-beam machine under test. Fiducial marks are fabricated on a single photo mask over the entire working area in the form of equally spaced two-dimensional grids. In performing the evaluation, the principles of self-calibration enable to determine the deviations of fiducial marks from their nominal xy-locations precisely, not being affected by the motion errors of the inspection system itself. It is. however, the fact that only repeatable motion errors can be eliminated, while random motion errors encountered in probing the locations of fiducial marks are not removed. Even worse, a random error occurring from the measurement of a single mark propagates and affects in determining locations of other marks, which phenomenon in fact limits the ultimate calibration accuracy of e-beam machines. In this paper, we describe an uncertainty analysis that has been made to investigate how random errors affect the final result of self-calibration of e-beam machines when one uses an optical inspection system equipped with high-resolution microscope objectives and a precision xy-stages. The guide of uncertainty analysis recommended by the International Organization for Standardization is faithfully followed along with necessary sensitivity analysis. The uncertainty analysis reveals that among the dominant components of the patterning accuracy of e-beam lithography, the rotationally symmetrical component is most significantly affected by random errors, whose propagation becomes more severe in a cascading manner as the number of fiducial marks increases
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For an efficient sliding mode control system stability and chattering avoidance should be guaranteed. A continuation method using boundary layer is well known as one solution for this. However since not only model uncertainties and disturbances but also control task itself is variable. it is practically impossible to set controller parameters - control discontinuity, control bandwidth, boundary layer thickness - in advance. In this paper first an adaptation law of control discontinuity is introduced to assure system stability and then fuzzy logic based tuning algorithm of design parameters is applied based on monitored performance indices of tracking error, control chattering, and model precision. In the end maximum control bandwidth not exciting unmodeled dynamics and minimum control discontinuity, boundary layer thickness making system stable and free of chattering are found respectively. This eliminates control chattering and enhances control accuracy as much as possible under given control situation. In order to demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithm safe headway maintenance control for autonomous transportation system is simulated. The control results show that the proposed algorithm guarantees system stability all the time and tunes control parameters consistently and in consequence implements an efficient control in terms of both accuracy and actuator chattering.
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The vibration mode shape changed by the phase angle that can be controlled by phase-shifting ESPI system is discussed. For the phase-shifting ESPI experiment the stroboscopic illumination by using AOM(Acousto-Optic Modulator) is needed, and the initial phase angle can be adjusted by the program. The vibration mode shape is changed when the initial phase angle is changed. We examined the vibration mode shape change due to the initial phase angle change at each resonance frequency. Through this study, we found that in the vibration testing using phase-shilling ESPI the vibration mode shape is improved in the quality by adjusting exact phase angle and the error of the quantitative vibration analysis can be reduced.
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This paper concerns on application of active magnetic bearing(AMB) system to levitate the elevation axis of an electro-optical sight mounted on moving vehicles. In such a system. it is desirable to retain the elevation axis within the predetermined air-gap while the vehicle is moving. A disturbance compensation control is proposed to reduce the base motion response. In the consideration of the uncertainty of the system model, a filtered-x least-mean-square(FXLMS) algorithm is used to estimate adaptively the frequency response function of the feedforward control which cancels disturbance responses. The frequency response function is fitted to an optimal feedforward control. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed control reduces the air-gap deviation to 27.7% that by feedback control alone.
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The Oil Coolers is very important unit for the stable thermal performance in machine tools, semiconductor equipments and high precision measuring systems. To select a proper oil cooler for the temperature control of core unit in a machine, not only cooling ability but also static and dynamic sensitivity of temperature sensors are considered. In this paper, the relationship between cooling ability and inflow oil temperature is identified. The cooling ability is increased with the increase of inflow oil temperature. The oil temperature control errors of a cooler are influenced by mainly sensitivity of temperature sensors and heating velocity in a machine. The validity of error cause analysis for temperature control is proved by real cooling experiments with inflow and outflow temperature sensors.
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An optimal control approach to robust control design is proposed in this study for rigid robotic systems under the unknown load and the other uncertainties. The uncertainties are quadratically bounded for some positive definite matrix. Iterative method to find the matrix is shown. Simulations arc made for a weight-lifting operation of a two-link manipulator and the robust control performance of robotic systems by the proposed algorithm is remarkable.
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This paper presents a force model of the clean tube system, which was developed as a means for transferring the air-floated wafers inside the closed tube filled with the super clean air. The recovering force from the holes for floating wafers is modeled as a linear spring and thus the wafer motion is modeled as a mass-spring-damper system. The propelling forces are modeled as linear along with the wafer location. The paper also proposes the control method to emit and stop a wafer at the center of a control unit. It shows the minimum value of the propelling force to leave from the control unit. In order to stop the wafer, it utilizes the exact time when a wafer arrives at the position to activate the propelling force. Experiments with the clean tube system built for 12 inch wafer shows the validity of the proposed model and the algorithm.
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The traveling system of wheel type excavator, that is applied to drive method by friction of transmission, has many problems about transmisson. It need to settle the problem which is occurred at wheel type excavator and to study continuously variable transmisson which is used with only travel motor. This paper base on mathmetical modeling for travel motor and travel motor of wheel type excavator is designed continuously variable transmisson system without transmisson by direct control method.
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The A* algorithm is usually used in game programming, mainly because it is fast in finding a optimal path to goal. In this paper. This algorithm was utilized for path finding, HIMM(Histogramic In-Motion Mapping) method is used in map-building. Map is updated continuously with range data sampled by PSD sensors From the map, A* algorithm finds a optimal path and sends subsequently the most suitable point to the Eyebot. A* algorithm has been tested on the Eyebot in various unknown maps of unknown and proved to work well. It could escape the local minimum, also.
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Electric Power Steering (EPS) mechanism has become widely equipped in passenger vehicle due to the environmental consciousness and higher fuel efficiency. This paper describes the development of co-simulation technique and simulation integration technique of EPS control system with dynamic vehicle model. A full vehicle model interacted with EPS control algorithm is concurrently simulated on a single bump road condition. Dynamic responses of vehicle chassis and steering system resulting from road surface impact are evaluated and compared with proving ground experimental data. The comparisons will show reasonable agreement on tie-rod load. rack displacement, handle-wheel torque and tire center acceleration. This developed simulation capability can be used for EPS performance evaluation and calibration as well as for vehicle handling performance integration and synthesis.
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This paper presents an effective method to analyze the dynamic characteristics for the shilling transients of power transmission system using the multibody dynamics, which is composed of subsystem equation, subsystem assemble, and the self-determining technique for the system degree of freedom. Using the advantages of multibody dynamics, the proposed method can be used easily for mathematical models of mechanical systems, such as a power transmission, compared with newtonian method. With this theory, dynamic simulation program was developed. The program can be used to verify system performances, transient phenomena, and other dynamic problems. The simulation of a target system was presented, and its validity was attained by being compared with the previous analysis using newtonian method.
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This study describes the real-time measurement system which consist of multi-components load cell and linear motor. Operationg and data acquisition is controlled by PC. Multi-components load cell measures simultaneously the vertical force Fz and frictional force Fx when contactors move on sample surface. Linear motor is used to translate with constant speed without vibration. The frictional coefficient is calculated by Matlab
$^{TM}$ . The frictional coefficients between Al. plates. and fingertip and fabrics are measured.d. -
To reduce lateral force of traditional plunger type piston in the swash plate type hydraulic piston pumps and motors, we have proposed rod type piston with ball joint on both ends. We have studied the theoretical reaction force on two types of piston moving in the cylinder block bore. and made an experiment for the resistance force measurement on a reciprocating motion of plunger and rod type piston, changing the test condition such as swash plate angel and supply oil pressure and so on. As a result. a rod type piston has more smaller resistance force, about 29%. than a plunger type one.
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This paper describes the development of a small 6-axis force/moment sensor for robot's finger, which measures forces Fx. Fy, Fz, and moments Mx, My, Mz simultaneously. In order to safely grasp an unknown object using the robot's gripper, and accurately perceive the position of it in the gripper, it should measure the force in the gripping direction, the force in the gravity direction and the moments each direction. and perform the control using the measured forces and moments. Thus, the robot's gripper should be composed of 6-axis force/moment sensor that can measure forces Fx, Fy, Fz, and moments Mx, My. Mz simultaneously. In this paper, the small 6-axis force/moment sensor for measuring forces Fx, Fy, Fz, and moments Mx, My, Mz simultaneously was newly modeled using several parallel-plate beams, designed, and fabricated. The characteristic test of made sensor was performed, and the result shows that interference errors or the developed sensor are less than 3%. Thus, the developed small 6-axis force/moment sensor may be used for robot's gripper.
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A rotating device driven by an Inchworm motor was designed and fabricated to be used as an angie standard system. 1. PZT was adopted as a driving source, while the movement of PZT was guided by the leaf spring employing the elastic transformation of metals. 2. The device could rotate in a 360-degree arc. continuously Performance test of the device showed about 0.02 sec. of the minimum revolution angle and 1/15 rpm of the maimum revolution speed. 3. To improve its performance requires further studies on realizing a shifting device with faster response time, on increasing the output current (capacity) of the power amplifier used to drive PZT, on the dynamic motion of clamping. and on determining the optimum clamping condition
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Increase energy costs have placed demands for improved combustion efficiency, high equipment availability, low maintenance and safe operation. Simultaneously low NOx modification, installed due to stricter environmental legislation, require very careful combustion management. We aimed at gaining the relationship between burner flame image and emissions such as NOx and unburned carbon in furnace by utilizing the image processing method. For the first step of development, its possibility test was undertaken with bench furnace. The test proceeded to the second step with pilot furnace, the system was observed to be effective for evaluating the combustion conditions. By using this technology, it is possible to perform continuous monitoring of the combustion conditions and instant detection of individual changes for each burner to prevent future loss of ignition.
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The most profound technologies are those that disappear. Silicon-based information technology, in contrast, is far from having become part of the environment. The idea of integrating computers seamlessly into the world at large runs counter to a number of present-day trends. Ubiquitous computing is not just aiming nomad multimedia. Rather, this computing environment lets us free to use computers without thinking and so to focus beyond them on new goals. In that context, Mom is such a fundamental membrane through which humans can interact with the environment. An embodied interaction paradigm, based on Mom, is investigated. Mom, space. sensing/perception, ubiquitous computing, and interactive technology are some of the key ideas to explore.
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The railroad is a means of large transportation which has many latents such as a safety and a regularity. That is a results from various confidential performance tests and evaluations of the system. The railroad system consist of various subsystems - vehicle, power supply, signal, communications, track structures, operations, etc. Among them, as an item of safety evaluation there is a measurement of wheel/rail force, so called a measurement of derailment coefficient. This is a very important item because a derailment of a train will bring about a big accident. Especially it is more important in high speed rail of which operation speed is over two times as fast as existing rail. In this paper, it is introduced to preprocess the wheelset for measuring wheel/rail force of high speed rail, such as to treat a measuring wheelset, its finite element analysis, adhesion of strain gauges and static toad test, running test result of main line.
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Phase Measuring Profilometry(PMP) has been developed as one of three dimensional 3-D shape measuring methods. The 3-D profile of an object was calculated from the phase data obtained by the sinusoidal patterns projected on the object. However, in some cases the approximation includes considerable errors. In this paper, the effect on the errors caused by the optical geometry and the calibration procedure in PMP technique are discussed. The errors which occured in the process of calculating the 3-D profile from the phase distribution are investigated theoritically and experimentally.
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The snow-fatting measurement system including the snow sensor applying the photo-coupler is investigated in this study and using this snow sensor the height of snow fallen is measured. To measure the snow depth, five photo sensors are arranged with 5 mm distance. The snow-falling measurement system, which is measuring the motor revolution controlled with stepping motor, is mounted above the snow surface. From this work, it is feasible to measure quantitatively the snow on real time. Its software implements a proven method to achieve valid measurements also under difficult conditions as future study. In cases where the snow sensor is applieded to the prediction of snow in the meteorological observation system and the snow removing system, it is recommend the GRS-Option in order to improve the quality of snow measurements for better compensation.
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This paper is aimed to develop the circuit of a coil-type oil sensor packaged to the automotive engine oil monitoring the deterioration in the driving condition and let a driver notify the optimized time for the exchange of engine oil. By applying the principle which the deterioration of automotive engine oil can be expressed to the dielectric constant, the capacitance bridge circuit and the integrator circuit are designed and packaged to a coil-typed engine oil. In this study. the range of operating temperature of engine oil is experimentally recommended within 55
$^{\circ}C$ for the stability of a sensor designed. It is concluded that the characteristics of output voltage converted from the dielectric constant are linearly distributed. -
The aspherical lens are used as objective lens of optical pickup. The sample product is made before manufacturing the injection mould of lens to examine the design factor. The optimum cutting conditions of the main spindle speed, the depth of cut, the feed rate are found when we cut PMMA and PC lens sample with ultra-precision SPDT. The demanded surface roughness 10 nm Ra. aspherical form error 0.5
${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ P-V for aspherical lens of optical data storage device are satisfied for PMMA. but not satisfied for PC. -
Machining technique for optical crystals with single point diamond turning tool is reported in this paper. The main factors influencing the machined surface quality are discovered and regularities of machining process are drawn. Optical crystals have found more and more important applications in the field of modern optics. Optical crystals are mostly brittle materials of poor machinability. The traditional machining method is polishing which has many shortcomings such as low production efficiency. poor ability to be automatically controlled and edge effect of the workpiece. The purpose of our research is to find the optimum machining conditions for ductile cutting of optical crystals and apply the SPDT technique to the manufacturing of ultra precision optical components of brittle materials. As a result. the surface roughness is good when spindle speed is 200m/min. and teed rate is small. The influence of depth of cut is very small.
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Compared to sintered polycrystalline diamond (PCD), the deposited thin film diamond has a great advantage on the fabrication of cutting tools with complex geometries such as drills. Because of high performance in high speed machining non-ferrous difficult-to-cut materials in the field of automobiles industry, aeronautics and astronautics industry, diamond-coated drills find large potentialities in commercial applications. However, the poor adhesion of the diamond film on the substrate and high surface roughness of the drill flute adversely affect the tool lift and machining quality and they become the main technical barriers for the successful development and commercialization of diamond-coated drills. In this paper, diamond thin films were deposited on the commercial WC-Co based drills by the electron aided hot filament chemical vapor deposition (EACVD). A new multiple coating technology based on changing gas pressure in different process stages was developed. The large triangular faceted diamond grains may have great contribution to the adhesive strength between the film and the substrate, and the overlapping ball like blocks consisted of nanometer sized diamond crystals may contribute much to the very low roughness of diamond film. Adhesive strength and quality of diamond film were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), Raman spectrum and drilling experiments. The ring-block tribological experiments were also conducted and the results revealed that the friction coefficient increased with the surface roughness of the diamond film. From a practical viewpoint, the cutting performances of diamond-coated drills were studied by drilling the SiC particles reinforced aluminum-matrix composite. The good adhesive strength and low surface roughness of flute were proved to be beneficial to the good chip evacuation and the decrease of thrust and consequently led to a prolonged tool lift and an improved machining quality. The wear mechanism of diamond-coated drills is the abrasive mechanical attrition.
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Ultra-precision machining was carried out on a electroless nickel materials using single crystal diamond tools. The effects of the cutting velocity, the tool length, the tool nose radius, the feed rate and depth of cut on the surface roughness were studied. In this paper, the cutting condition for getting nano order smooth surface of electroless nickel have been examined experimentally by the ultra-precision machine and single crystal diamond tools. And also. the surface roughness was measured by the three dimension
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This paper describes the machining characteristics of a developed micro grooving machine. Experiments have been conducted on the various grooving condition such as spindle revolution speed, feed rates and depth of groove. V and U-shaped blade tool and STD11 workpiece was used in this study. Evaluating the machining conditions, RMS and frequency spectrum analysis of AE(acoustic emission) signals according to each conditions were applied. As a result, this study presented the process to optimize micro grooving condition and possibility of application of AE technique in groove machining.
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In mold machining, there are many concave machining regions where chatter and tool deflection occur since MRR (material removal rate) increases as curvature increases even though cutting speed and depth of cut are constant. Boolean operation between stock and tool model is widely used to compute MRR in NC milling simulation. In finish cutting, the side step is reduced to about 0.3mm and tool path length is sometimes over 300m. so Boolean operation takes long computation time and includes much error if the resolution of stock and tool model is larger than the side step. In this paper, curvature of CL(cutter location) surface and side step of tool path is used to compute the feedrate for constant MRR machining. The data structure of CL surface is Z-map generated from NC tool path. The algorithm to get local curvature from discrete data was developed and applied to compute local curvature of CL surface. The side step of tool path was computed by point density map which includes cutter location point density at each grid element. The feedrate computed from curvature and side step is inserted to new tool path to regulate MRR. The resultants wire applied to feedrate optimization system which generates new tool path with feedrate from NC codes for finish cutting. The system was applied to speaker mold machining. The finishing time was reduced to 12.6%. tool wear was reduced from 2mm to 1.1mm and chatter marks and over cut on corner were removed.
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End-milling have been used in the industrial world because it is very effective to the manufacture of mechanical parts with various shape. Recently the end-milling processing is needed the high-precise technique with good surface roughness and rapid time in aircraft, automobile part and molding industry. Therefore this study carried to decide the optimum cutting condition for surface roughness and rapid manufacturing time using design of experiment and ANOVA. From the results of experimentation, surface roughness have an effect on cutting direction, spindle speed and depth of cut. And then the optimum condition used Taguchi design is upward cutting in cutting direction, 600rpm in spindle speed, 240mm/min feed rate, 2mm in axial depth of cut and 0.25mm radial depth of cut. By using design of experiment, it is effectively represented shape characteristics of working surface in end-milling.
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Magnetorheological finishing(MRF) is a newly developed and recently commercialized for finishing optical components. The magnetorheological fluid consists of a water based suspension of carbonyl iron, nonmagnetic polishing abrasives, and small amounts of stabilizer. This magnetorheological fluid is pumped from conditioner on the rotating wheel and suctioned back to the conditioner, where it cooled to setpoint temperature and evaporative losses are replaced. This method could produce some problems in suction. So newly designed MRF tools is proposed in which MR fluid is not circulated and conditioned by the slurry. The new polishing mechanism is experimented. Measured surface roughness supports the validity of this mechanism.
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The machining technology for the removal of micro-burr has been demanded because electrode parts of electron gun have minute holes. In this study, Magnetic Assisted Polishing(MAP) is applied to remove the micro-burr instead of the contentional polishing process such as the etching and barrel. Optimal polishing conditions are selected from many experiments using the tool of the flat end slit type. On the basis of experimental results, the deburring machine for the Magnetic Assisted Polishing of electrode part is developed and its performance is evaluated.
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In this paper we deal with behavior of the magnetic abrasive using Ba-Ferrite on polishing characteristics in a new internal finishing of STS304 pipe applying magnetic abrasive polishing. The magnetic abrasive using Ba-Ferrite grain WA was used to resin bond fabricated at low temperature. And Ba-Ferrite of magnetic abrasive powder was crused into 200 mesh. The previous research made an experiment in the static and the dynamic state on the movement of magnetic abrasive grain. In this paper. We investigated into the changes of the movement of magnetic abrasive grain. In reference to this result. we have made the experiment which is set under the condition of the magnetic flux density. polishing velocity according to the form of magnetic brush.
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In VLM-ST process, the fine detailed shape processing process is needed due to the use of thick sheets for layers. The developed process perform the fine detailed shape processing in VLM-ST parts using non-contact hot tool. To predict the heat-affected zone and temperature distribution of VLM-ST parts in detailed shaping, the heat flux from the tool to the surface was calculated for the finite element analysis by modeling the tool as a heat source of radiation. The dominant process parameters such as the radiated heat input, the tool speed, and the gap between the tool tip and the foam sheet (tool height) were considered in the analysis. The results showed a good agreement with the experiments.
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In this paper the following conclusions were obtained after examining and analyzing data through the various experiments by adopting automobile's piston as the experimental materials among the automobile materials which are being commercialized. The various experiments have been carried out with the object of presenting the selection of rational. economic materials and criterion according to the improvement of machining characteristics by grasping the strength and weakness of existing various materials and using the effects of metallic structure variables as well as satisfying the required conditions.
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Stress state of chip formation zone is one of the main problems in metal cutting mechanics. In two-dimensional case this process is usually considered as consistent shears of work material along single of several shear surfaces. separating chip from workpiece. These shear planes are assumed to be trajectories of maximum shear stress forming corresponding slip-line field. This paper suggests new approach to the constriction of slip-line field, which Implies uniform compression in chip formation zone. On the base of given model it has been found that imaginary shear line in orthogonal cutting is close to the trajectory of maximum normal stress and the problem about its determination have been considered. It has been shown that there is a second central slip-line field inside chip, which corresponds well to experimental data about stress distribution on tool rake face and tool-chip contact length. The suggested model could be useful in solution of various problems of machining.
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The austenitic STS 304 stainless steel was turned to clarify the effects of tool geometry on the tool wear. The wear of TiN-TiCN-TiC-TiAlN coated tungsten carbide tool was the smallest, exhibiting larger wear in the order of Si-Al-O-N ceramic, TiN coated tungsten carbide, TiN-TiCN-TiN coated tungsten carbide, TiC-TiN cermet and M20 tungsten carbide tools at the same cutting conditions. The S-type tool of M20 with large approach angle showed the longest tool life of all tools used in this tests due to preventing the groove wear of the side cutting edge. The wear of the S-type tool with the rake angle of 15
$^{\circ}$ became smaller than with that of -5$^{\circ}$ , but the tool with the nose radius of 0.8mm did not perform much better with increasing the rake angle. -
As the advance in technology requires micro mechanical systems, the production methods for micro parts are of a great interest of many researchers. Although MEMS is one of the most popular methods. it can only produce 2D microstructures. The micro manufacturing with micro-mill and micro-lathe has a great potential for producing arbitrary 3D shapes and are being researched. In this paper, a PC based 5-axis milling machine with high precision was developed. To evaluate the machine performance, micro ribs and micro columns were machined. The machining experiments of micro impeller and micro turbine blade confirmed the possibility of micro system manufacturing by using the developed milling machine.
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In the machining process of micros shape by using high-precision machining system and micro end-mill, it is important for machining characters of tools to be grasped in order to stably use tools of micro end-mill. In this study. we carried out an analytical experiment of basic machining features by using end-mill tools for the purpose of damage prevention and manufacture of high quality when the tools of micro end-mill are used. This experiment used a micro machining system with high precision and a variety of end-mill tools commercialized from tens to hundreds microns in diameter. To establish an optimal machining condition without tool damage, cutting force was analyzed according to the changes of tool diameter and cutting conditions such as cutting speed. feed rate, depth of cut. And an examination was performed for the shape and surface illumination of machining surface according to the changes of machining conditions. Based on these micro machining conditions, micro square pillar, cylinder shaft. thin wall with high aspect ratio, and micro 3-D structures such as micro gear and fan were manufactured.
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Ceramic plates containing many micro-holes are used in diverse applications such as MCP (Microchannel Plate). catalytic converters, filters, electrical insulators in integrated circuits, and so on. One of the efficient methods for machining many holes in ceramic plates is wet drilling of ceramic green bodies followed by sintering them. Since the strength of ceramic green bodies is much lower than the strength of sintered ceramic plate, ceramic green bodies can be drilled with high feed rate. The axial force during micro-drilling of ceramic green bodies increases rapidly at high feed rate, which induces the crack in workpiece. Therefore, the tool lift of micro-drill with respect to feed rate may be determined by the predicting increase of axial force. In this work, the axial force during micro-drilling was calculated using the chip flow model on the micro-drill tip. from which the tool life of diamond abrasive micro-drill during micro-drilling of ceramic green bodies was calculated.
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This paper present an error compensation system and On-Machine Measurement(OMM) system for improving the machining accuracy of ultra-precision lathe. The Fast-Tool-Servo(FTS) driven by a piezoelectric actuator is applied for error compensation system. The controller is implemented on the 32bit DSP for feedback control of piezoelectric actuator. The control system is designed to compensates three kinds of machining errors such as the straightness error of X-axis slide, the thermal growth error of the spindle. and the squareness between spindle and X-axis slide. OMM is preposed to measure the finished profile of workpiece on the machine-tool using capacitive sensor with highly accurate ruby tip probe guided by air bearing. The data acquisition system is linked to the CNC controller to get the position of each axis in real-time. Through the experiments, it is founded that the thermal growth of spindle and tile squareness error between spindle and X-axis slide influenced to machining error more than straightness error of X-axis slide in small travel length. These errors were simulated as a sinusoidal signal which has very low frequency and the FTS could compensate the signal less than 30 m. The implemented OMM system has been tested by measuring flat surface of 50 mm diameter and shows measurement error less than 400 mm
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This study investigates the micro-cutting of cemented carbides using PCD(polycrystalline diamond) and PCBN(polycrystalline cubic boron nitride) cutting tools are performed with SEM direct observation method. The purpose of this study is to make clear the cutting mechanism of cemented carbides and the fracture of WC particles at the plastic deformation zone in orthogonal micro-cutting. And also to achieve systematic understanding, the effect of machining parameter on chip formation and machined surface was investigated, including cutting speed. depth of cut and various tool rake angle.
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In this paper, laser direct micromaching is developed to fabricate micro patterns using UV laser ( λ
$_3$ = 355 nm). Experimentally, laser beam paths mainly influences the surface shape quality. Thus. we proposed laser beam path generator by extracting shape data in a blueprint worked through CAD modeler and using genetic algorithm that considers the characteristics of laser beam. The results show that various shapes of micro patterns could be manufactured using proposed method in this paper. -
Maskless laser patterning process is developed using 3rd harmonic Diode Pumped Solid State Laser with near visible wavelength of 355 nm. Photo-sensitive curable polymer is irradiated by UV laser and developed using polymer solvent to obtain quasi-3D patterns. We performed basic experiments for the various process conditions such as laser power, writing speed, laser focus, and polymer optical property to gain the optimal conditions. Experimentally, the patterns of trapezoidal shape were manufactured into dimension of 8
${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ width and 5.4${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ height. This process could be applied to fabricate a single mode waveguide without expensive mask projection method. -
Photochemical and photothermal effects have correlation with each other and depend on laser wavelength. Multi-scanning laser ablation process of polymer with DPSS(Diode Pumped Solid State) 3rd harmonic Nd:YVO
$_4$ laser with wavelength of 355nm is applied to fabricate three-dimensional micro shape. The DPSSL photomachining system can rapidly and cheaply fabricate 2D pattern or 3D shape with high efficiency because we only use CAD/CAM software and precision stages instead of complex projection mask. Photomachinability of polymer is highly influenced by laser wavelength and its own chemical structure. So the optical characteristics of polymers for 355nm laser source is investigated by experimentally and theoretically. -
The material processing by using ultrashort pulse laser, in recently, is actively applying into the micro machining and nano-machining technology since ultrashort pulse has so faster than the time which the electrons energy absorbing photon energy is transmitted to surrounding lattice-phonon that it has many advantages in point of machining. The micro machining of metallic thin film on the plain glass is widely used in the fields such as mask repairing for semiconductor, fabrication of photonic crystal, MEMS devices and data storage devices. Therefore, it is important to secure the machining technology of the sub-micron size. In this research, we set up the machining system by using ultrashort pulse laser and conduct on the Cr 200nm thin film ablation experiments of spot and line with the variables such as energy, pulse number, speed, and so on. And we observed the characteristics of surrounding heat-affected zone and by-products appeared in critical energy density and higher energy density through SEM, and also examined the machining features between in He gas atmosphere which make pulse change minimized by nonlinear effect and in the air. Finally, the pit size of 0.8
${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ diameter and the line width of 1${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ could be obtained. -
Microcontact printing (uCP) of alkanethiols on gold was the first representative of soft-lithography processes. This is an attempt to enhance the accuracy of classical to a precision comparable with optical lithography, creating a low-cost, large-area, and high-resolution patterning process. Microcontact printing relies on replication of a pattered PDMS stamp from a master to form an elastic stamp that can be inked with a SAM solution(monolayer -forming ink) using either immersion inking or contact inking. The inked PDMS stamp is then used to print a pattern that selectively protects the gold substrate during the subsequent etch.
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This study describes a new mastless nano-fabrication technique of Pyrex 7740 glass using the combination of nanomachining by nano-indenter XP and HF wet etching. First, the surface of a Pyrex 7740 glass specimen was machined by using the nano-machining system, which utilizes the mechanism of the nano-indenter XP. Next, the specimen was etched by HF solution. After the etching process, the convex structure or deeper hole is made because of masking or promotion effect of the affected layer generated by nano-machining. On the basis of this interesting fact. some sample structures were fabricated.
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As a process technology of nano pattern with a new conception for economic and practical technology of alternative nano process. process technologies such as Embossing, Imprinting. Molding and Inking are beginning to make its appearance. Among these alternative processes, nano mold process is a process that is of benefit to mass production and keeps excellency of reproduction and high quality of parts. In this study, we experienced micro precision machining technology of nano stamper for the injection mold of optical disk with big capacity. Especially, Flatness and uniformity are important for nano stamper with global area, for the purpose of developing polishing technology of micro precision of Back polishing only being used for nano stamper, we carried out a basic study to secure flatness standards
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It is difficult to machine below 10 micrometers by conventional machining methods, such as micro-EDM. However, ultra micro machining using focused ion beam(FIB) is able to machine to 50 nanometers. In addition, 3 dimensional structures can be made by a combination of FIB and CVD to the level of 10 nanometers. Die & moulds techniques are better than one-to-one machining techniques in the mass production of ultra size structures, in regards to production costs. In this case, the machining precision of die & moulds affects produced parts. Also, it is advantageous to machine die & moulds to the 10 micrometer level by FIB technique rather than other techniques. In this paper, the grooving characteristics for die & mould materials by FIB were carried out experimentally in order to compare the machining characteristics of FIB with conventional machining methods. The results showed that the machining parameters and the scanning path of FIB affects the precision. The machined width and depth of the groove varied depending on the required depth due to the redeposition of the sputtered ion material accumulating on both the bottom and the side of the wall.
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We present investigations of the surface micromachining for transparent glass substrate, e.g. soda lime glass using tightly focused 800nm Ti:sapphire femtosecond laser. In this study, experiment conditions such as laser intensity, scanning speed, focus position were controlled as variable parameters to decide optimal machining conditions. This study shows clearly that laser intensity and scanning speed are dominant factors for good surface morphology. Using the optimal conditions, grooves with 50
${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ line width were fabricated on glass substrate and their surface morphologies were investigated from SEM image. -
Resulting from reproducibility and possibility of mass production. many researches to fabricate micro lens array using lithography have been developed. However, it still remains the level of fabricating compensation lens. Therefore, to realize the fabrication of lens having high numerical aperture can be the key technology of ultra slim optical system. Reflow phenomenon have been researched to make lens having high refractive power. And through those researches, the possibility to fabrication of high refractive power lens has been investigated. In this paper, we analyze the effect of many parameters in reflow process to get an aspheric shape with high repeatability. And we make possible to estimate shape error, through we give direct information about decrease in volume of photoresist.
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This paper presents a 3-axis fine positioning stage. All the procedure concerning the design and fabrication of the stae are described. The stage considered here is composed of flexure hinges, piezoelectric actuators and their peripherals. A special flexure hinge is adopted to be able to actuate the single stage in three axes at the same time. A ball contact mechanism is introduced into the piezoelectric actuator to avoid the cross talk among the axes. The final design is obtained with the theoretical analysis on the stage. An actual fine stage is developed and the design specifications are verified through an experiment.
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This paper is about the recent development of the magnetic impact actuator for endoscope. The developed magnetic impact actuator has many problems to arrange in the system body. Because the magnetic impact actuator need a permanent magnet as an impacter, so the magnetic interference among magnets can not be eliminated. This interference causes the system size bigger. We need a new actuator design to solve these problems. One of the good solutions is to use the closed electro-magnetic circuit. This kind of circuit enhances the actuators to be independent. It is written about the design of the electro-magnetic circuit and simulation using Maxwell(version 9.0)
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Although Hereafter a mass production will claim for patterning nano sized thickness or line in micro-nano industry. existent lithography fabrication has many usable fields, it has complex fabrication steps, expensive values and row work rates. Development of Dip-pen type nano plotter using polymer actuator can construct row cost mass production system because it will change existent lithography fabrication more simple and easy.
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This paper proposes a systematic approach for an accurate control of the Terfenol-D actuator taking into account hysteresis, modeled by applying the classical Preisach operator with memory curve. A desired input displacement is calculated by using the hysteresis inverter, which is fed into the actuator. Then the PI compensator corrects the error between the commanded and actual displacements. Experiments with the step responses show that the PI controller settles in 70 ms and the hybrid controller in 20 ms. It means that the concurrent application of two control schemes is effective to control the actuator.
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This paper proposes a swing-arm type dual-stage actuator, which consists of a PZT actuator for fine motion and a VCM(Voice Coil Motor) for coarse motion, for SFF ODD(Small Form Factor Optical Disk Drive), in order to achieve fast access speed and precise track following control. We focus our attention on the design and control of the PZT actuator, because there have been a lot of previous researches related to the VCM and dual-stage actuators. Due to the dual cantilever structure, the PZT actuator can generate precise translational tracking motion at its tip where optical pickup is attached at, and the effect of hysteric behavior of the PZT element is reduced. The dynamic model of the PZT actuator is derived by using the Hamilton's principle, and verified by comparing with the experimental frequency response. The sliding mode control is designed in order to be robust against modeling uncertainties. Simulations and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the suggested control scheme.
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Fabrication of three dimensional microstructures by laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition of material is investigated. To fabricate microstructures, a thin layer of deposit in desired patterns is first written using laser direct writing technique and on top of this layer a second layer is deposited to provide the third dimension normal to the surface. By depositing many layers. a three dimensional microstructure is fabricated. Optimum deposition conditions for direct writing of initial and subsequent layers with good surface quality and profile uniformity are determined. Using an arson ion laser and ethylene as the light source and reaction gas, respectively, fabrication of three-dimensional carbon microstructures is demonstrated.
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This work presents a method of point-to-surface assignment for 3D inspection of solder pastes on PCB. A bounding box enclosing the solder paste tightly on all sides is introduced to avoid incorrect point-to-surface assignment. The shape of bounding box for solder paste brick is variable according to geometry of measured points. The surface geometry of the bounding box is obtained by using five peaks selected from the histogram of normalized gradient vectors for measured points. By using the bounding box enclosing the solder paste. the task of point-to-surface assignment is successfully executed. Subsequently, the geometrical features are obtained via surface fitting.
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In conventional optical data storage numerical aperture (NA) cannot be over 1 because of diffraction limit. To overcome this limitation. solid immersion lens(SIL) have produced a great interest in near-field optical data storage. In conventional optical recording method, the dual lens system using object lens and SIL had been studied generally. But the conventional SIL system has some critical problems that must be solved. The problems are heat, contamination. alignment of optical components and so on. To solve these problems. this work proposes enhanced SIL which has several advantages for mechanical and optical issues. This new SIL system named elliptic SIL(ESIL) can use evanescent energy in near-field more effectively. In addition. because of applying the inside recording unlike previous surface recording, ESIL can clear up the problems. The design and analysis of ESIL art executed by using CODE V. Also, in this paper we composed actual data recording system and achieved recording experiment by applying ESIL to magneto-optical recording. In conclusion. we analyze the improvement of aerial density and the reasonability of application to real data storage system.
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In this paper, we propose the method to measure the Young's modulus of carbon nano tube which was manufactured by chemical vapor deposition. We also made the tungsten tip by electrochemical etching process and the carbon nano tube which was detangled through ultra-sonication with isopropyl alcohol was attached to the tungsten tip. This tip which was composed of tungsten tip and carbon nano tube can be used in Young's modulus measurement by applying DC voltage with counter electrode. The attachment process and measurement of the deflection of carbon nano tube was done under optical microscope.
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Many technologies are applied to the measurement of elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) film thickness. In particular, optical in-situ interferometric method has many advantages in making the actual contact behaviors realized with the experimental apparatus. Careful selection of incident lights greatly enhances the fringe resolution up to nanometer scale by using image processing technology. In this work, it is found that dichromatic incident light can provide much finer resolution of EHL film thickness than monochromatic incident light, because it has much more variables of color components to be discriminated among the wavelengths of colors according the variations of EHL film thickness. Some simulated interferometric images are shown how the film thickness is resolutionized in nanometer scale
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Soft x-ray microscopy provides a unique set of capabilities in-between those of visible light and electron microscopy. It has long been recognized that nature provides a 'water window' spectral region between the K shell x-ray absorption edges of carbon (~290eV) and oxygen (~540eV), where organic materials show strong absorption and phase contrast, while water is relatively non-absorbing. This enables imaging of hydrated biological specimens that are several microns thick with high intrinsic contrast using x-rays with a wavelength of 2.3~4.4nm. Soft X-ray microscopy is therefore well suited to the study of specimens like single biological cells. The most direct advantage of X-ray microscope is their high spatial resolution when compared with visible light microscopes, combined with an ability to image hydrated specimens that are several microns with a minimum of preparation. Our study describes the conceptual design of soft x-ray microscope system based on a laser-based source for biomedical application with high resolution (
$\leq$ 50nm) and short exposure time ($\leq$ 30sec). -
Materials with specific micro-structural shape can exhibit negative Poisson's ratio. These materials can be widely used in structural applications because of their high resilience and resistance to impact. Specially, in the field of artificial implant's material, they have many potential applications. In this study, we investigated the Poisson's ratio and the ratio(E
$_{e}$ /E) of the elastic modulus of rotational particle structures based on structural design variables using finite element method. As the ratio of fibril's length to particle's diameter increased and the ratio of fibril's diameter to fibril's length decreased fixing the fibril's angle with 45 degree. the negative Poisson effect of rotational particle structures increased. The ratio of elastic modulus of these structures decreased with Poisson's ratio. The results show the reasonable values as compared with the previous analytical results.s. -
This paper presents a model and analysis techniques for a unilateral external fixator to achieve fracture reduction and deformity correction in long bones precisely. through fixator joint adjustment. Combining the kinematic analysis with a graphic model of the tibia and the fixator allowed 3D simulation and visualization of the adjustments required to reduce fracture or correct bone deformity after osteotomy. The model and analysis technique can be used for fixator evaluation and clinical application planning.
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Scoliosis is a complex musculoskeletal dieses requiring 3-D treatment with surgical instrumentation. Conventional corrective surgery for scoliosis was done based on empirical knowledge without information of the optimum position and operative procedure. Frequently, post operative change of rib hump increase and shoulder level imbalance caused serious problems in the view of cosmetics. To investigate the effect of correction surgery, a reconstructed 3-D finite element model for King-Moe type V was developed. Vertebrae, clavicle and other bony element were represented using rigid bodies. Kinematic joints and nonlinear bar elements used to represent the intervertebral disc and ligaments according to reported experimental data. With this model, optimization technique was also applied in order to define the optimal magnitudes of correction. The optimization procedure corrected the scoliotic deformities by reducing the objective function by more than 94%. with an associated reduction of the scoliotic descriptors mainly on the frontal thoracic curve.
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To observe a hydrated biological specimen, an environmental chamber was necessary to keep the specimen in a wet state under vacuum surroundings. The specimen holder is as follows designed consequently. The specimen holder consisted of two Si wafers, the centers of which were Si
$_3$ N$_4$ (100nm thickness) windows of a 0.3mm square. The windows were made by a photo-lithographic method. The transmission of a window at 400eV is about 70%. A hydrated biological specimen was put between the two windows. When the chamber was closed, two wafers were contact at the metal mesh by the pressure of O-rings, and the specimen holder moved by the three micrometers. -
The existing technical limitation makes engineer imitate nature to solve engineering problems. Recently Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) imitating the mechanism of birds or insects is being developed. Especially Ultra Flite supported by DARPA is studying hummingbird aerodynamics to relate that information to MAV. To drive MAV bender piezoelectric(PZT) actuators are used due to the convinience of control and the small size. But the displacement of the PZT actuators are very small, and the wing driving mechanism which amplifies the stroke generated by the PZT actuators has constraints in design and manufacture because of the small dimension. In this paper a wing design concept and a efficient driving mechanism are proposed. Electroactive polymers(EAPs) are used as wing mechanism actuators. Using OpenGL the mechanisms are simulated graphically. Also a prototype actuator is being developed and verified by digital Mockup with CATIA. Basic kinematics of the mechanism is studied.
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Decubitus ulcer is a pressure-induced ulceration of the skin occurring in persons confined to bed for long periods of time. In order to prevent decubitus ulcer, the medical bed mechanism to minimize pressure, friction, and shear forces acting between bed and patient had been developed. Air mattress also can be effective for reducing pressure over bony prominence. In this study, motion analysis was performed to examine whether this bed mechanism functioned properly in case of using air mattress, which was much thicker than common hospital mattress. We found that the patient on the air mattress above the medical bed for preventing decubitus ulcer slipped upward and downward excessively as the general motored-bed. New bed mechanisms were synthesized kinematically using simple 4-bar and 6-bar linkages so as to reduce sliding between the bed and the patient on the air mattress for preventing decubitus ulcer.
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This paper describes a novel experiment that measures the skin movement of a hand based on MR (magnetic resonance) images in conjunction with surface modeling techniques. The proposed approach consists of 3 phases: (1) MR scanning of a hand with surface makers, (2) 3D reconstruction from the MR images. and (3) registration of the 3D models. The results of registration are used to trace the skin movement with respect to underlying bone motions by measuring the positions of the surface markers.
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The physical restoration technology for lower limb amputees is being advanced as the biomechatronics is being applied to the area of rehabilitation. As the advanced prosthetics for lower limb amputees are introduced, a suitable prescription of biomechanical rehabilitation training becomes important to utilize the advanced full features of the devices. Since lower limb amputation significantly affects biomechanical balance of mosculoskeletal system for gait, an appropriate and optimal biomechanical training and exercise should be provided to rebalance the system before wearing the prostheses. Particularly, biomechanical muscular training for hip movements in the both affected and sound lower limbs is important to achieve a normal-like ambulation. However, there is no study to understand the effect of hip muscle strength on the gait performance of lower limb amputees. To understand the hip muscle strength characteristics for normal and amputated subjects, the isokinetic exercises for various ratios of concentric contraction to eccentric contraction were performed for hip flexion-extension and adduction-abduction. As a results. biomechanical isokinetic training protocols and performance measurement methodologies for lower limb amputees were developed in this study. Using the protocols and measurement methods, it has been understood that the appropriate and optimal biomechanical prescription for the rehabilitation process for lower limb amputees is important for restoring their gait ability
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The K-R design curve is an engineering method of linear-elastic fracture analysis under plane-stress loading conditions. By the way, linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) is valid only as long as nonlinear material deformation is confined to a small region surrounding the crack tip. Like general steels, it is virtually impossible to characterize the fracture behavior with LEFM, in many materials. Critical values of J contour integral or crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) give nearly size independent measures of fracture toughness, even for relatively large amounts of crack tip plasticity. Furthermore, the crack tip opening displacement is the only parameter that can be directly measured in the fracture test. On the other. the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) test is similar to CTOD experimentally. Moreover, the test is easier to measure the fracture toughness than other method. The shape of the CTOA curve depends on material fracture behavior and, on the opening configuration of the cracked structure. CTOA parameter describes crack tip conditions in elastic-plastic materials, and it can be used as a fracture criterion effectively. In this paper, CTOA test is performed for steel JS-SS400 hot-rolled thin plates under plane-stress loading conditions. Special experimental apparatuses are used to prevent specimens from buckling and to measure crack tip opening angle for thin compact tension (CT) specimens.
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This paper presents two systems of two-stage electrohydraulic servovalve with a nozzle-flapper pilot stage, which is controlled by stack-type piezoelectric elements. Two flapper moving mechanisms proposed in this research can compensate for the hysteresis problem and thermal expansion of the piezoelectric elements. The experimental results show that the first flapper moving mechanism has the frequency response of over 500 Hz and the second one has the response of over 600 Hz. And the first simplified servovalve system rising the first flapper moving mechanism has the frequency response of about 150 Hz, and the second system has the response of about 300 Hz at the supply pressure of 210 bar
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The wind power system is spotlighted as one of the no-pollution power generation systems. The system uses winds as power source that are rotated the blade and the rotating power from blade generate the electricity power. Gearbox needs to transfer the wind powers that have the high-torque-low-speed characteristics to generator that have the low-torque-high-speed characteristics. Because the wind power system generally locates the remote place like seaside or mountainside and the gearbox installs on the limited and high placed space, the gearbox of the wind power system is required the optimal space design and high reliability. In this paper, the structure of the gearbox is proposed to achieve the optimal space and efficiency by compounding the planetary gear train that has the high power density and parallel type gear train that has the long service life. The design parameters that are affected the service life are studied. The gear ratio and face width are investigated as an affected parameter for design sensitivity of service life.
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Piezoelectric elements driven ultra-precision stages have been used for high accuracy, fast response and high load rapacity. which are allowable to apply the stages to AFMs. Most of the piezoelectric driven stages are guided by flexure hinges for force transmission and mechanical amplification. However the flexure hinge mechanisms cause lack of position accuracy due to coupled and parasitic motions. Hence it is important that the mechanism design of the stage is focused on the stiffness of the flexure hinges to accomplish fast response and hish accuracy without the coupled and parasitic motions. In this study, some constraints for optimal design of a piezoelectric elements driven stage and a design method are proposed. Next, an optimal design is carried out using mathematical calculation. Finally the designed results are verified by FEM.
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Injection molding is the one of the most important processes for mass production of plastic parts. Usually Injection molds for mass production are constituted to multi-cavity runner system to manufacture the more parts at a time. To uniformly fill to each cavity, multi-cavity molds are designed to geometrically balanced runner system. However. in practice this is not the case. The previous studies by Beaumount at.[2] reported that filling imbalance occurred by thermal unbalance on the mold and viscosity variation of resins and so on. In this study, we conducted experiments in order to know the causes or filling imbalance for 3 plate type mold with 8 cavities. We presented a new so called 4BF mold(4plate Type Balanced Filling Mold) to improve filling balance. We conducted a experimental injection molding to verify a efficiency of the 4BF mold. In the results of the experiment, We could confirmed the possibility of the 4BF mold.
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Steam Generator is one of the most important structural part of nuclear power plant. It is manufactured by welding process of various steel forgings such as shell, head, torus and tube sheet. These steel forgings have been made by open die forging process. After steel melting and ingot making, open die forging has been carried out to get a good quality which means high soundness and homogeniety of the steel forgings by using high capacity hydraulic press. This paper introduced open die forging status and investigated forging method of the ultra large steel forgings which is used for the steam generator of 1000MW nuclear power plant. For the same thing. the type of steel forgings consisting steam generator is classified by shell, head, torus and tube sheet. And corresponding forging processes of the steel forgings have been investigated.
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This study proposed the analysis of damage defection due to the change of the stiffness of structure by using the original and modified dynamic characteristics. The method is applied to examples of a cantilever and 3 degree of freedom by modifying the stiffness. The predicted damage detections are in good agreement with these from the structural reanalysis using the modified stiffness.
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The characteristics of diesel spray have much effect on the engine performances such as power. fuel consumption rate and emissions. Therefore, the measurement of fuel spray characteristics is very important for the improvement of heat engine. The factors which control diesel spray characteristics are injection pressure, ambient temperature and density etc. Spray behaviors are visualized by using the high speed video camera and spray angle, spray penetration are measured. Experimental equations of spray penetration and spray angle were derived by using the experimental results. 1) Ambient temperature and density influence on the characteristics of diesel spray. 2) Experimental equation of spray penetration is expressed as follows 0<t<
$t_{b}$ ;$S_1$ =11.628$\Delta$ $P^{0.485}$ $\rho$ $_{a}$ $^{-0.478}$ $t^{1.337}$ ,$t_{b}$ <t;$S_2$ =7.457$\Delta$ $P^{0.523}$ $\rho$ $_{a}$ $^{-0.382}$ $t^{0.548}$ 3) Experimental equation of spray Angie is expressed as follows$T_{a}$ =293K; Tan($\theta$ /2)=059($\rho$ $_{a}$ /$\rho$ $_{f}$ )$^{0.437}$ ,$T_{a}$ =473K; Tan($\theta$ /2)=0588($\rho$ $_{a}$ /$\rho$ $_{f}$ )$^{0.404}$ _{f}$ )$^{0.404}$ -
The impulse between launch vehicle and atmosphere can generate a lot of noise and vibration during the process of launching a satellite. Structurally, electronic equipment (KOMPSAT 2, RDU : Remote Drive Unit) of a satellite consists of aluminum case containing PCB (Printed circuit boards). Each PCB has resistors and IC (Integrated circuits). Noise and vibration of wide frequency band are transferred to the inside of fairing, subsequently creating vibration of the electronic equipment of the satellite. In this situation. random vibration can cause malfunctioning of the electronic equipment of the device. Furthermore, when tile frequency of random vibration meets with natural frequency of PCB. fatigue fracture nay occur in the part of solder joint. The launching environment, thus. needs to be carefully considered when designing the electronic equipment of a satellite. In general. the safety of the electronic equipment is supposed to be related to the natural frequency, shapes of mode and dynamic deflection of PCB in the electronic equipment. Structural vibration analysis of PCB and its electronic components can be performed using either FEM(Finite Element Method) or vibration test. In this study. the natural frequency and dynamic deflection of PCB are measured by FEM, aud the safety of the electronic components of PCB is being evaluated according to the results. This study presents a unique method for finite element modeling and analysis of PCB and its electronic components. The results of FEA are verified by vibration test. The method proposed herein may be applicable to various designs from the electronic equipments of a satellite to home electronics.
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A bushing is a device used in automotive suspension systems to reduce the load transmitted from the wheel to the frame of the vehicle. A bushing is a hollow cylinder, which is bonded to a solid steel shaft at its inner surface and a steel sleeve at its outer surface. The relation between the force applied to the shaft and the relative deformation of a bushing is nonlinear and exhibits features of viscoelasticity. A force-displacement relation for bushings is important for multibody dynamics numerical simulations. For the nonlinear viscoelastic axial response, Pipkin-Rogers model, the direct relation of force and displacement, has been derived from Lianis model and the sinusoidal input was used for Pipkin-Rogers model, and the affection of displacement with frequency change was studied with Pipkin-Rogers model.
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To reduce the storage space of spent fuel used at the atomic power plants in the over the world, the uranium elements contained in the spent fuel is being extracted and effectively stored. For this, the spent fuel are oxidized and deoxidized. In this study, it is produced the heat-resisting methods about the spent fuel management technology research and test facility for the spent fuel waste for spent fuel minimized. The first considered processes in the facility are the electrolytic metal reduction reactor process. Since the electrolytic metal reduction reactor is operated at the high temperature range, we have to consider the heat-resisting methods for the devices. For the heat-resisting methods, we have searched and analyzed technical reference for the heat-resisting methods. We have calculated thermal stress and strain of each devices by the commercial analysis software, ANSYS. D.S. It is experimented for inspecting confidence rate of analysis results. By using the results, we have analyzed the problems of parts and determined the heat-resisting material, commercial parts, and the size of parts and O-ring. Based on these results, it is produced the heat-resisting methods of magnesia filter, cathode, and reactor for the electrolytic metal reduction reactor.
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In this study, As The Tae Yang Metal company manufactured oil tank inserts welding structure bogie, it is Contributed in stability security of freight car of oil tank through static load test, dynamic characteristics analysis. vibration performance test etc. to verify intensity of bogie frame & body structure
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The present work covers three-dimensional flow simulation and deformation analysis of injection molded plastic lenses using solid elements. A numerical scheme to evaluate part deformation has been proposed from the results of injection molding analysis. Proposed scheme has been applied to the injection molding processes of optical plastic lenses: a spherical lens and an aspheric lens for a photo pick-up device. Through the simulation processes. residual stress is estimated and the final deformed patters are obtained for both products. The reliability of the proposed approach has also been verified in comparison with the results of real experiments.
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Rotating machines are widely used in industrial world and especially motor and generator take up much part of it. As for this kind of motor and generator, electrical loss due to eddy current is the very important factor and that is also a primary factor causes heat generation. To solve this kind of problem like the above. insulated laminating silicon steel sheet is used to prevent eddy current effect. Laminated rotor is widely used as rotating shaft of motor and generator. Due to that, electrical loss and heat problem can be solved but designer meets another problem. In general. most of the motor and generator can be normally operated under 3,600 rpm because they are designed to have the first critical speed more than that speed. But nowadays, they should be operated more than the first critical speed as usual with the trend of high speed, large scale and high precision in industrial world. The critical speed can be determined from the inertia and stillness for the rotor and bearing of rotating systems. The laminated rotor stiffness can be hardly determined because it can be derived a lot factors for instance rotor material and shape, lamination material and shape, insulation material. lamination force and so on. In this paper, the change of the natural frequency of the motor was examined with the change of the lamination force as an experimental method and design criteria will be presented for motor & generator designer, who can apply the result of numerical analysis with equivalent diameter scheme with ease.
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This study dealt with the manufacturing process of self-healing microcapsules for damage repair in polymeric composites. The microcapsule was consisted with a DCPD (dicyclopentadiene) as the healing agent and a urea-formaldehyde resin as the wall section. The size distribution of microcapsules were measured by a particle size analyzer using a laser diffraction technique. Thermal stability of microcapsules was investigated by using a TGA under continuous and isothermal heating conditions. According to the results, these microcapsules were verified to be to thermally stable and have a great potential to be applicable for damage repair in polymeric composites.
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The mechanical properties such as shear strength and the hardness of milli-size products that manufactured for various process parameters by forward extrusion using square dies are investigated. Shear strength test is implemented for the observation of relation between vickers hardness and shear strength in the interface of head and shaft part of a stepped pin. When the extrusion ratios of pure aluminum and pure copper billets increase, the hardness on both the surface and the center line of a pin also increase, especially the hardness on the surface is shown to be a little higher than on the center. The existence of knock-out pad in extrusion die caused hardness increase in the interface of a extruded pin. As compared shear strength with hardness of a pin, the approximated linear relations are suggested in this study.
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Structural surface becomes an antenna. The integration of antennas into structural body panels is a new high payoff technology. It emerged from the need to improve structural efficiency and antenna performance. In this paper, we developed new design concept for the structural surface which transmits and receives the electromagnetic signals, and it is termed Surface-Antenna-Structure (SAS). Design procedure was presented including structure design. material selection and design of antenna elements, which was processed according to the communication with KORSAT satellite at Ku-Band (12.25-12.75 GHz). The final demonstration article was 350
$\times$ 200$\times$ 7.5mm flat antenna panel. Experimental results for antenna performances were in good agreements with design requirements. Also structural analysis was performed with SAS. estimating stress distributions under simply supported condition with Laminated Plate Theories and Wavier Solutions. The SAS concept can be extended to give a useful guide to manufacturers of structural body panels as well as antenna designers. promising innovative future communication technology. -
In this paper, extracting design information from arbitrary aspherical lens shape in reverse engineering is introduced. Deformation terms and sphere data equation with various variables compose asphere equation. Aspherical lens shape is expressed with complicated polynomial expression that includes deformation terms and sphere data. Deformation term and vertex curvature have direct influence on a geometric shape and an optical characteristics of aspherical lens. Hence, extracting these information mean that design information could be derived and analyzed from shape data of arbitrary aspherical lens. Furthermore, sharing designer's experience and knowledge for aspherical lens design could be expected.
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Wide spread using of mobile and handy electronic apparatus is giving rise to a question on the harmfulness of health and causing troubles when electical and electronic equipments are in use. This paper reports on the experimental results obtained by using a pliable and structured specimen that has a long shape aperture, made of stainless steel fibers. Based on the TEM mode transfer structure that was designed and manufactured through HFSS, we measured electromagnetic shielding effectives, where the network analyzer was applied. We could draw a conclusion from this research that the metal fabric showed a good electromagnetic shielding effect, mainly by means of the good reflex loss at the fiber surface. Even though the material itself possesses a good absorption loss. the specimen revealed that structural factors. e.g.. the shape of the aperture. the size of the aperture, etc., can have a more influence on the shielding effect than the components of material have. A special notice is required for modeling and analyzing the electromagnetic characteristics of metal fabrics, because there exists a strong possibility that multiple reflection can happen on the surface of metal fibers. which can presume a model of fiber bundle and fabric structure.
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Machine tool design concepts have evolved towards high efficiency, accurate precision. high structural integrity, and multi-functional systems. Like many other structures, machine tools are also composed of many parts. When these parts are assembled, many kinds of joints are used. In the finite element analysis of these assembled structures, most joints are commonly considered as rigid joints. But, to get the more accurate solution, we need to model these joints in a appropriate manner. In this study, rational dynamic modeling and analysis method for complex structures are studied with special attention to slide way joints. For modeling of slide way joints, a general modeling technique is used by influence coefficients method which is applied to the conversion of detailed finite element model to the equivalent reduced joint model. The theoretical part of this method is illustrated and the method is applied to the structure with slide way joint. In this method. the non-linearity of the contact surfaces is considered within a proper range and the boundary effect of the joint model can be eliminated. The proposed method was applied to finite element modal analysis of a clamp jointed cantilever beam and slide way joints of the vertical type lathe. The method can also be used to other kinds of joint modeling. The results of these analysis were compared with those of Yoshimura models and rigid joint models. which demonstrated the practical applicability of the proposed method.
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Recently, the linear motors have been widely used in the industry, owing to various advantages in comparison with conventional feed mechanism; high speed, high acceleration and high stiffness. In addition, the linear motors have the merits of a good velocity control, reversible movement and long lifetime. For the application of the linear motors to vibrating conveyor, the study of vibrating characteristics is required. In this paper, we developed the linear vibrating conveyor using the linear motor that has the 410N thrust and the 7.2m/min maximum moving velocity. To accomplish this system, we had some experiments that included the influence of deceleration time, vibrating amplitude and additional weight.
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The study of Sealless Cylinder is presented. The cylinder has a piston with air bearing. The piston has a partly cylindrical and partly conical shape. The description of system geometry is follows by the flow rate equations. Then pressure distribution and Bearing force equations are derived. Several non dimensional parameters are suggested. The relationship among bearing force, leakage flow and geometry of the bearing is investigated by simulation. And determination method for optimal design of sealless cylinder is given. A prototype of seatless cylinder which had rod bearing with four pockets, five pockets, and six pockets was built respectively.
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The benefits of the pneumatic valve with piezoelectric element are faster response times, low energy consumption, and the ability to be used in hazardous environments and field bus systems. In this paper, PZT actuator, 2 and 3 stages pneumatic valve were designed and manufactured. Also. characteristics of the pneumatic valve with piezoelectric element were tested with a testing system. It is confirmed that the PZT actuator is useful one for controlling the direction of pilot valve.
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This paper presents the investigation and development of heat exchangers incorporated with thermoelectric modules. Firstly, the characteristics of the modules themselves are evaluated with respect to the applied DC power. Then, the modules-based heat exchangers with an amplification apparatus to enhance cooling effects are designed and developed. The cooling performance of the proposed heat exchangers is experimentally investigated with respect to the magnitude and pattern of input DC power, along with cooling liquids. The results denote that the heat exchangers using thermoelectric modules can be effectively used in the field of the various cooling system.
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A pneumatic servo valve which is widely applied in industrial field. And It is consist of force motor, spool & sleeve and servo controller. In this study. we developed the force motor which is consume to low power for a pneumatic servo valve. We could reduce the number of turn of the solenoid by using ferromagnetic permanent magnet and took different direction of each other using one coil instead of two coil. we modeled a system consisting of various electro-mechanical subsystems. The appropriateness of the model was verified by simulation. The simulation model resolved the motion of spool, the winding current and the magnetic force. Also, we calculated the displacement and velocity of the spool, flux contour line, b vector. flux density. flux linkage, back EMF etc.
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The Paper presents theoretical and experimental investigation of plunger type water hydraulic pump (plunger pump). An analysis of Crank shaft for plunger pump is carried out. With this results, the optimal dimensions of plunger pump are determined. And performance test results about slide resistance, hydraulic leak test, efficiency-pressure. and flow-speed and flow-pressure are presented.
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This thesis suggests design considerations and solutions for cam type transfer unit in which feed, lift, and clamp motions are occurred by cams. For fast transferring and avoiding cam breakage, each designed cam must satisfy the given specifications such like velocity, acceleration, jerk, pressure angle, ram thickness, and torque. To reduce absolute torque magnitude, conjugate cam is suggested. Conjugate cam eliminates the redundant pre-load by using complementary cam and follower to avoid jumping between them. The result from the prototype shows the reductions of the absolute torque value, and it indicates that conjugate cam could enhance the working speed of cam type transfer unit and extend of the life span of cam type transfer unit.
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In this paper, a separating system for used CRT recycling is presented. Depend on manufacturer CRTs has small differences in dimension for the same model, but the dimensions of the panel are nearly same. To simplifying configuration of the system, we developed CRT fixing pallets for every model of CRT. The height of cutting position for every model of CRT will be same. The cutting machine has two rotating arm and use metal-bond type diamond cutting wheel. Instead of water, two vortex tube type air-coolers are used for the cooling of cutter. Workers in recycling factory are generally old people. Therefore, control program should be easy to use and operate. Thus we developed GUI with very simple interface.
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Gas-Assisted Injection Molding(GAIM) process, that can be used to provide a hollow shape in a molding, is a variant of the conventional injection molding process. GAIM has many advantages such as reduction of material, sink mark. warpage. and lower injection pressure. Thus, GAIM has been widely applied in the industry to make moldings with a hollow channel such as handles, TV frames and so on. On the other hand, GAIM has some disadvantages such as slow cooling time and flow marks. In the disadvantages, hot gas core causes slow cooling of a molding and the overflow. which is to prevent flow mark. is waste of materials. To solve these problems, we developed a new GAIM system that we called RGIM(Reverse Gas Injection Molding). The RGIM has two special units; one is the overflow buffer, which is used for reduction of a material, and the other tile air unit, which is used for faster cooling of a molding. We conducted an experiment and simulation to verify the efficiency of the RGIM system. Through experiments and simulation, we confirmed the effectively operating of the RGIM system and extracted the optimum process conditions.
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Currently, the domestic recycle rate of ELV parts is about 3%. The reason of the row rate of it is due to that consumer can not obtain the needed ELV parts. In order to supply the good parts to consumer. the equipment of the ELV disassembly is required. This research is to developed the lifter for ELV disassembly by considering the references such as the disassembly tool and equipment of the domestic and foreign ELV disassembly company.
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Recently. use of compound semiconductor is widely increasing in the area of LED and RF device. In this study, wafer bonding module is designed and optimized to bond 6 inches device wafer and carrier wafer. Bonding process is performed in vacuum environment and resin is used to bond two wafers. Load spreader and double heating mechanisms are adopted to minimize wafer warpage and void. Structure and heat transfer analyses show the designed mechanisms are very effective in performance improvement.
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e-Catalog is defined as an electronically-described production information on the Web that includes various features of products and enables the customer interaction. Therefore the system is constructed with the database of all the information regarding manufacturing processes, order, cost, delivery. etc. The display of the e-Catalog is preferred to be 3 dimensional animated images in order to impress the customers. This work optimizes the 3D image conversion process from the design data to the e-Catalog data of products and automates the conversion process such that the human intervention can be minimized. The e-Catalog of electronic appliances are discussed as examples.
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This paper presents a geometric machining simulation algorithm to enhance the reliability and user-friendliness of a comprehensive computer aided process planning (CAPP) system by verifying generated NC data. In order to represent the complex machining geometry with high accuracy, the proposed algorithm is developed based on a boundary representative (B-rep) solid modelling kernel. Solid models are used to represent the part geometry. tool swept volume and material removal volume by Boolean unite and subtract operations. By integrating a machining simulation procedure into the CAPP system, the systematic analysis of the tool path can be implemented synthetically. To demonstrate and check the validity of suggested system, a simple example of simulation is represented and the result is discussed.
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Z-map model is the most widely used model for NC simulation and verification. But it has several limitations to get a high precision, to apply 5 axis machining simulation. In this paper, we tried to use quadtree for searching cutting region. Quadtree representation of two dimensional objects is performed with a tree that describes the recursive subdivision. By using these quadtree model. storage requirements were reduced. And also, recursive subdivision was processed in the boundries, so, useless computation could be reduced, too. To get more high Accuracy, we applied the supersampling method in the boundaries. The Supersampling method is the most common form of the antialiasing and usually used with polygon mesh rendering in computer graphics To verify quadtree model we compared simulated results with z-map model and enhanced z-map model
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In a competitive and globalized business environment, the need for the green products becomes stronger. To meet these trends, the environmental assessment besides delivery, cost and quality of products should be considered as an important factor in new product development phase. In this paper. a knowledge-based approximate life cycle assessment system (KALCAS) for the collaborative design environment is developed to assess the environmental impacts in context of product concept development. It aims at improving the environmental efficiency of the product using artificial neural networks consisting of high-level product attributes and LCA results. The overall framework of the collaborative environment including KALCAS is proposed. This architecture uses the CO environment to allow users on a wide variety of platforms to access the product data and other related information. It enables us to trade-off the evaluation results between the objectives of the product development including the approximate environmental assessment in the collaborative design environment.
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Owing to governmental regulations and concern regarding the safety of the environment, environmental conscious machining technology has become important in today's manufacturing industries. However, cutting conditions in metal cutting processes must also consider traditional dimensions such as production cost, production time and quality of a final product. The purpose of this study is to determine the cutting conditions in achieving a balanced consideration of productivity and environmental consciousness. The environmental factors such as cutting fluid, toxicity and energy are considered in metal cutting processes. In order to consider the relationship between environmental impacts and machining parameter, two factors of the metal cutting processes in this study are considered: cutting fluid and tool life. The experimental results are provided and discussed.
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The e-catalog system consists of e-catalog database. e-catalog manager. and a web server, and provides e-catalog web service by displaying e-catalog documents that contain web 3D images. product specifications and manuals. Various web contents such as the 3D images of products, which offer basic viewpoints/movement handles and function simulations, product specifications, product manuals and product features, can be integrated into e-catalog documents in XML format through image manipulation and database connection by using the e-catalog manager tool. By reducing time and cost for publication and management of an e-catalog web service, the competitiveness of companies is expected to be intensified in the perspective of e-business activities.
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This paper discuss basic functional construction and plant layout of a ELV dismantling system that can maximize the reusability of tarts and the recoverability of materials by dismantling ELV rationally and efficiently. "Island" type was selected for the system configuration considering processing amount, economical efficiency, and effectiveness. The system is supported by the information system, and composed of dismantling stations and handling equipments. The layout of the stations was determined after simulation and optimization using commercial software package, Arena and OptQuest. The objective of the optimization was maximum profit while the system capacity is considered as constraint. The environmental load of ELV can be minimized when the composition and function of each station are embodied in detail and the system is interfaced with shredding operation.
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The higher precision is demanded in modem manufacturing and it requires the more accurate servo controller. Cross-coupling control (CCC) has been developed to improve contouring motion. In this paper we introduce a new nonlinear CCC that is based on contour-error-vector using a parametric curve interpolator. A vector from the actual tool position to the nearest point on the desire path is directly adopted. The contour-error-vector is determined by constructing a tangential vector of nearest point on desired curve and determining the vector perpendicular to this tangential vector from the actual tool position. Moreover, the vector CCC can apply directly and easily to free-form curves include convex and concave form. The experimental results on a three-axis CNC machine center show that the present approach significantly improves motion accuracy in multi-axis motion
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Tight integration of product design and process planning in the early design stage would make bigger impact as wider spectrum of design and manufacturing alternatives can be pursued and evaluated. Thus the development of systematic computer-based support for this integration is desirable. For this integration and process planning in the early design stage. the systematic method to synthesize shape of part from functional requirements is crucial. This research presents the methods of functional decomposition from overall function or product and synthesizing shape of part based on functional relations extracted from functional decomposition using planetary gear transmission system as an example.
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Most of previous research on machining process planning has not fully included consideration on fixturing. With fixture components properly assembled with the part workpiece in a CAD modeling environment, necessary geometric information of fixture elements and their interrelations with the part model can be obtained so that machining process plans could incorporate fixturing considerations. This paper introduces an interactive fixturing system called I-Fix. I-Fix is a dowel-pin based modular fixture system, and it has been developed using Solid Edge CAD system and Visual Basic. Through customized operations of the assembly commands of the CAD system, I-Fix significantly simplifies user operations and thus reduces fixturing time. Furthermore, I-Fix enhances user convenience by providing general guidance about the fixture components and fixturing methods.
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The non-contact laser measurement system what can be used for the vibration analysis of structures is discussed. There are few systems using laser speckle interferometer for vibration analysis. One of these systems is the Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer (ESPI). With ESPI system, one can obtain the vibration mode shape qualitatively and the maximum vibration amplitude quantitatively of the structure at each resonance frequency. In this paper, the phase-shifting ESPI system with stroboscopic illumination for measuring vibration mode shapes is constructed and the operating software is programmed. The results are compared with that of commercial ESPI system.
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This paper presents a fuzzy-motion-control based tracking algorithm of mobile robots, which uses the geometrical information derived from the active stereo-vision system mounted on the mobile robot. The active stereo-vision system consists of two color cameras that rotates in two angular dimensions. With the stereo-vision system, the center position and depth information of the target object can be calculated. The proposed fuzzy motion controller is used to calculate the tracking velocity and angular position of the mobile robot, which makes the mobile robot keep following the object with a constant distance and orientation.
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This paper on measurement of curvature radius by the using of laser interferometer and prove. Mean value compared of ball and bearing It is developed program for date creation, and the verification using program. Measurement object center and curvature radius taking of LSC. when it is compared bearing prove with ball prove, the bearing prove can not proper by reason of big uncertainty and If laser setting error decrease, curvature radius get precision radius 10
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In this paper, a precision measuring machine for large sized axial fans of cooling towers are developed. A laser sensor is used as a measuring device and aluminum profiles and stepping motors are engaged into the system as frame structure and driving devices respectively. 3-dimensional measuring data are compared to the design data to compute the distortion of the axial fans. Two distortions such as the axis of the fan and the airfoils along the axis are introduced to define the shape precision of axial fans. Genetic algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem during computing the distortion. Results of distortion are displayed 3 dimensionally in a solid-modeler as well as 2-D drawings to help users find it with case.
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Internal defects of thin pressure vessel used in the power plants or the chemical plants may be created and grow due to corrosion or creep fatigue to reduce the strength and cause critical failure during operation. Therefore it is very important to detect this defect at the early stage. For this purpose, non-destructive, non-contact and highly sensitive method should be considered for on-line application. In this paper, a laser shearographic interferometer is applied to inspect circular defects and notch defects existed inside of thin pressure vessel under the presence of pressure up to 3 times of atmospheric pressure. The influences of the defect shape and size as well as the internal pressure to the characteristic pattern in the shearography fringe are investigated, and the quantitative evaluation of the defect size is tried. Also the experimental results are compared with the destructive test results to show the applicability of this method to the quantitative evaluation of internal defects in the thin pressure vessel.
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In this paper, authors use a stereo vision system based on the visual model of human and establish inexpensive method that recognizes moving distance using characteristic points around the robot. With the stereovision. the changes of the coordinate values of the characteristic points that are fixed around the robot are measured. Self-displacement and self-localization recognition system is proposed from coordination reconstruction with those changes. To evaluate the proposed system, several characteristic points that is made with a LED around the robot and two cheap USB PC cameras are used. The mobile robot measures the coordinate value of each characteristic point at its initial position. After moving, the robot measures the coordinate values of the characteristic points those are set at the initial position. The mobile robot compares the changes of these several coordinate values and converts transformation matrix from these coordinate changes. As a matrix of the amount and the direction of moving displacement of the mobile robot, the obtained transformation matrix represents self-displacement and self-localization by the environment.
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As the application area of range finder initially developed for military purpose has been extended, the necessity of precision measurement for long distance and its miniaturization is being presented. Recently, LRF(Laser Range Finder) is widely used because it shows more accurate results of range finding. However, most of LRFs use laser source which have wavelength ranges harmful to the human eyes. In this study, we developed the LRF using OPO(Optical Parametric Oscillator) which can stretch laser wavelength to safe region and realized more compact one using solid state laser
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Noise cause is dividing to fluid noise by exhaust flow of fan and vibration noise by rotational vibration of motor. Until now, measuring method has been used to measure vibration by the accelerometer, this method has been not measured for the vibration in some parts of brush and commutator because of motor construction. This research was purposed on the accurate analysis. using laser vibration analyzer, of noise cause against the difficult part in old times. By using this measured data, we would like to use for the design of silent motor.
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In this paper, a computer-vision based pipe shape inspection algorithm is developed. The algorithm uses the modified Hough transformation and a line-scanning approach to identify the edge line and radius of the pipe image, from which the eccentricity and dimension of the pipe-end is calculated. Line and circle detection was performed using Laplace operator with input image, which are acquired from the front and side cameras. In order to minimize the memory usage and the processing time, a clustering method with the modified Hough transformation for line detection. The dimension of inner and outer radius of pipe is calculated by proposed line-scanning method. The method scans several lines along the X and Y axes, calculating the eccentricity of inner and outer circle. by which pipes with wrong end-shape can be classified removed.
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Generally, for the burrs formed in machining are irregular and very sharp in shape, it is usually very difficult to measure burr accurately. But, it is proved that precision measurement for micro burr using the conoprobe sensor by conoscopic holography method is possible. We developed 3D burr measurement system using this sensor. The system is composed of Conoscopic laser Sensor, X-Y table, controller and 3D measurement program. Some measurements using the developed system are applied to burrs formed in micro drilling and piercing.
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Strip top mark is one of the major problem areas in hot strip coiling operation. The key for good coiling is having a precise detection instrument of strip head end and an understanding of QOC(quick open control) control algorithm and mechanism. Therefore, this study aims at developing QOC monitoring system that is useful for avoiding strip top mark at coiling process. In this study, strip movement between mandrel and unit roll(wrapper roll) was thoroughly studied using high speed camera. The monitoring system was developed to calculate QOC open time and to estimate optimal open time values for good coiling operation. Its performance has been proven by extensive field tests on downcoiler of #2 Hot Strip Mill Line in Pohang Works.
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In this paper, a decentralized adaptive controller is proposed to control robot manipulators which are governed by highly nonlinear dynamic equations. The controller is computationally efficient since it does not require mathematical model or parameter values of robot manipulators. The stability of the manipulators with the controller is proved by Lyapunov theory. The results of computer simulations show that the robot manipulator system is stable, and has excellent trajectory tracking performance.
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The continuous process systems usually consists of various components: driven rollers. idle rolls, load-cell and so on. Even a simple fault in a single component in the line may cause a catastrophic damage on the final products. Therefore it is absolutely necessary to diagnosis the components of the continuous systems. In this paper, an adaptive eccentricity compensation method is presented. And a new diagnosis method for transverse roll shape defects on rolling process is developed. The new method was induced from analyzing the rolling mechanism by using rolling force model, tension model, Hitchcock's equation, and measured delivery thickness of materials etc. Computer simulation results also show that the proposed diagnosis methods is very effective in the diagnosis of 3-D roll shape
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A simple and cost-effective method for the electrostatic suspension of thin plates like silicon wafers is proposed which is based on a switched voltage control scheme. It operates according to a relay feedback control and deploys only a single high-voltage power supply that can deliver a dc voltage of positive and/or negative polarity. This method possesses the unique feature that no high-voltage amplifiers are needed which leads to a remarkable system simplification relative to conventional methods. It is shown that despite the inherent limit cycle property of the relay feedback based control, an excellent performance in vibration suppression is attained due to the presence of a relatively large squeeze film damping origination from the air between the electrodes and levitated object. Using this scheme, a 4-inch silicon wafer was levitated stably with airgap variation decreasing down to 1
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This paper presents an artificial intelligent model for a soccer robot. We classified soccer robot as artificial intelligent model into three elemental groups as instinct, intuition, reason. Instinct is responsible for keeping the ball, driving or rushing toward the ball. This is very simple fundamental action without regard to associates and enemies. Intuition contributes to the fast/slow moving and simple basic turing to get near to the ball and to make a goal noticing associates and enemies. Reason is the most intelligent part. The law of reason is not simple relatively with instinct and intuition. We also compared nerve system and muscles of human being model with controller and motor of physical soccer robot model individually. We had designed several algorithms and made programs th investigate effects and control soccer robot.
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In this study, because of change in electromagnetic force, deformation of the free surface motion of a magnetic fluid is changed. Deformation of the free surface motion of a magnetic fluid for the change in electromagnetic force is discussed and carried out theoretically and experimentally on the basis of Rosensweig Ferrohydrodynamic Bernoulli Equation. Objective of this study explicates free surface motion by electromagnetic force and planes to designed controller. To control free surface of magnetic fluid, it embody designed two-dimensional free surface form of magnetic fluid. By using this characteristics, they applied to oscillator for surface control, flow control, boundary layer control. Strength of magnetic field and height of free surface of magnetic fluid measure as a hall-effect sensor. As performing height control of magnetic fluid, the result will be presented possibility of free surface deformation control.
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Vibration causes noise and makes structure unstable. Especially, due to the effort of lightening, deformation of flexible structure is increased in its shape. Just a little disturbance causes vibration and low damping ratio causes residual vibration lasts long time. In this paper, by using a neuro-controller, which is one of the algorithm of adaptive control. we performed adaptive control of flexible cantilever plate and opened box structure with piezoelectric materials. The proposed adaptive vibration control algorithm, a neuro-controller, is proved in its effectiveness by applying to a opened box structure. The neuro-controller was implemented with DSP, and the real-time adaptive vibration control experiment results confirm that neuro-controller is reliable.
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In this paper, we try to develop the controller which uses the block diagrams of SIMTool and internal functions CEMTool for planning the global driving controller for high efficiency AGV. We acquire the control efficiency by controlling the motor used each part of AGV driving controller. The block diagram structures provided with SIMTool is easily designed by the controller, and the monitoring and analysis of the results is researched by simulation. We expect to control AGV. robot and various plant using Ziegler-Nichols auto-tuning method and external I/O board
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A haptic device operated by the user's hand can receive information on position and orientation of the hand and display force and moment generated in the virtual environment to the hand. For realistic haptic display, the detailed information on collision between objects is necessary. In the past, the point-based graphic environment has been used in which the end effector of a haptic device was represented as a point and the interaction of this point with the virtual environment was investigated. In this paper, the shape-based graphic environment is proposed in which the interaction of the shape with the environment is considered to analyze collision or contact more accurately. To this end. the so-called Gilbert-Johnson-Keerthi (GJK) algorithm is adopted to compute collision points and collision instants between two shapes in the 3-D space. The 5- DOF haptic hand controller is used with the GJK algorithm to demonstrate a peg-in-hole operation in the virtual environment in conjunction with a haptic device. It is shown from various experiments that the shape-based representation with the GJK algorithm can provide more realistic haptic display for peg-in-hole operations.
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In this paper, Fly robot with electric power, a kind of Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), is considered as an autonomous hovering platform, capable of vertical lift-off, landing and stationary hovering. This aircraft has four rotor and DC motors of electrical Power, which is capable of omni-direction for indoor application. In the earlier days of vertical flight experimentation developers looked at the intuitively easy control functionality of 4 rotor designs. But we need to obtain design method of suitable structures and adequate components because the existing prototypes of 4 rotor-craft don't analyze the propeller, motor characteristic and propose a methodology to optimize this system. In this paper, we will show the new 4 rotor craft with blimp, analyze design and manufacturing method of 4 rotor craft system. Also we prove propriety of our design and manufacturing method by being based on thrust and motor experiment.
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Most electronic chassis control systems until today have been designed with optimization on its own performance. Recently, however. importance of the global chassis control (GCC) concept that aims to achieve optimal performance on a global basis is more emphasized than ever, as the x-by-wire technology is rapidly progressing. In this research, a study has been done for developing a GCC logic for combining longitudinal, lateral, and vertical chassis control subsystems. A simulation has been performed to investigate interactions among the subsystems, and based upon the results, a GCC logic has been developed. The logic has been tested under various driving conditions. and the results have been compared with those from implementing subsystems without any GCC logic.
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In this study, a novel systematic design procedure by Genetic Algorithm of a two stage relief valve is proposed. First of all, a mathematical model describing the dynamics of a balanced piston type relief valve has been derived. Governing equations such as dynamic equations for the main spool and the pilot spool and flow equations for each orifice are established. The mathematical model is verified by comparing the results of simulation with that of experiments. Furthermore, influences of the parameters on the dynamic characteristics of a relief valve have been investigated by simulation of the proposed model. Major design parameters on the valve response are determined, which affect the system response significantly. And then, using the determined parameters, the optimization of the two stage relief valve by Genetic Algorithm, which is a random search algorithm can find the global optimum without converging local optimum, is performed. The optimal design process of a two stage relief valve is presented to determine the major design parameters. Fitness function reflects the changing pressure according to parameters. It is shown that the genetic algorithms satisfactorily optimized the major design parameters of the two stage relief valve.
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The development of a fast, accurate, and inexpensive position-controlled pneumatic actuator that may be applied to a variety of practical positioning applications with various external loads is described in this paper. A novel modified pulso width modulation (MPWM) valve pulsing algorithm allows on/off solenoid valves to be used in place of costly servo valves. A comparison between the system response of standard PWM technique and that of the novel modified PWM technique shows that the control performance is significantly increased. A state feedback controller with position, velocity and acceleration feedback is successfully implemented as the continuous controller. Switching algorithm of control parameter using learning vector quantization neural network (LVQNN) is newly proposed. which estimates the external loads of the pneumatic actuator. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithms are demonstrated through experiments with various loads.
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A scratch tester was developed to evaluate the adhesive strength at interface between thin film and substrate(silicon wafer). Under force control, the scratch tester can measure the normal and the horizontal forces simultaneously as the probe tip of the equipment approaches to the interface between thin film and substrate of wafer. The capacity of each component of force sensor is 0.1 N ∼ 100 N. In addition, the tester can detect the signal of elastic wave from AE sensor(frequency range of 900 kHz) attached to the probe tip and evaluate the bonding strength of interface. Using the developed scratch tester. the feasibility test was performed to evaluate the adhesive strength of semiconductor wafer.
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Although the globe is the most typical valve to control high pressure drop in piping system, it is very hard to figure out the characteristics of flow field in the globe valve caused by its complex geometry. So there is very few studies to find out flow characteristics of globe valve. In this study, numerical analysis for flow field in the globe valve is carried out using the Fluent code which is commercial CFD program. Pressure drop through the globe valve is also measured to verify the results come from numerical analysis. Comparing experiment with numerical analysis, two results are very close to each other. Also finite element method is employed to evaluate the safety of globe valve using the results coming from the flow analysis to make the boundary conditions for FEM analysis. Maximum stress appears on the inlet channel of valve where inlet flow runs against. Because the maximum stress between 11.7 MPa to 3.6 MPa is within 3.4% of yield stress. the structural safety of valve is considered to be very sound
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There are always some errors in force sensing of multi-axis force sensors that aggravate sensor performance. Error sources may be classified mainly in two groups. One is structural error due to inaccuracy of sensor body, and the other is error due to noise signals existing in the sensed information. This paper presents a brief review about the principle of multi-axis force sensors, and then a method that can reduce the effect of noise signals. The method is to read digital signals in computer instead of analog voltage signals. We can eliminate the bad effect of electromagnetic waves emitted from computer and of 60 Hz noise emitted from AC source by the proposed method. The proposed method is investigated through experimental demonstration. The experimental results show the proposed method improves the sensor performance significantly.
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The packing-free piston has become widely distributed in certain branches of instrument making and precision machine building. A large number of the most diversified instruments are now being constructed on the principle of the packing-free piston like piston manometers, vacuum manometers, hydraulic machines, dynamometers. hardness measuring instruments. power indicators, hydraulic scales, and many others. In spite of the widespread application of systems with a packing-free piston, there were practically no special papers to the theory and practice of the application of such systems. This paper describes the theoretical approaching method to get the pressure distribution profile between the piston and cylinder using finite element method.
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Recently in the field of precision positioning device, the contact-free actuators are gaining focuses with their outstanding performances by eliminating mechanical frictions. Th is paper is about the driving algorithm for contact-free linear actuator. The proposed driving algorithm has similar structure of drives of switched reluctance motor and reduces the normal forces and force ripple. The simulation and experiment are executed to verify the proposed method.
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The magnetic suspension system is used in many areas, because it has great advantages. such as no friction, no noise, no lubrication and so on, but it is a unstable system in natural. It must have a feedback control with the position is measured for a stable levitation. There are an eddy-current sensor, a capacitive sensor, an inductive sensor, and an optical sensor with a laser as the sensor which measures displacements without contact. Among them, an inductive sensor is made with lower price than others. And it has a good linearity. In this paper, a magnetic circuit leads a linear equation between an input as a displacement and an output as a voltage. Experiments establish that voltage change according to displacement is linear. This paper presents the preliminary study of an inductive position sensing for self-sensing magnetic suspension system.
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In this paper, we present a new method for the monitoring of Electric Control Unit's(ECU) self-diagnostic and the sensor signals of vehicle through Web. In order to measure the ECU's self-diagnostic and sensor signals, the interfaced circuit is designed to communicate ECU and terminal according to the ISO, SAE regulation of communication protocol standard. Microprocessor 80C196KC is used for communicating ECU's self-diagnostic signals and the results are sent to the Embedded Linux System(ELS) through RF module. ELS is developed by SA1110, RF module, Embedded Linux. All commands related in ECU communication are executed through Web. The CGI program composed in web server is executed by user and will return sensor signals from ECU Software on Embedded Linux system is developed to monitor the ECU's sensor signals using the arm compiler tool chain in which RS232 port is programmed by half duplex method. The possibility for remote measurement of ECU sensor signal through Web is verified through the developed systems and algorithms.
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In this paper, we describe study on the development or multi-path ultrasonic gas flowmeter using a transit time method. This system includes 5 pairs of ultrasonic transducers. ultrasonic signal processing unit using switch matrix method, computation algorithm of gas flow rate, spool piece type multi-path pipe unit. We have developed enhanced type of main ultrasonic signal processing unit using switch matrix method fer multi-path ultrasonic gas flowmeter. Also, we have developed the new transmitting & receiving method of ultrasonic waves and the new signal processing algorithm for the computation of ultrasonic transit time from received ultrasonic waves. In this study, we have designed more compact signal processing unit compared with the conventional hardware system of multi-path ultrasonic gas flowmeter. We have confirmed its reliability for multi-path ultrasonic gas flowmeter through the laboratory test using calibration system. In the future. we will perform the field test for the developed system in the POSCO gas line.
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For micro-weighing, null balance method is widely used in the precision industrial fields, such as biomedicine, semiconductor, chemistry and so on. In order to obtain high resolution and large measurement range simultaneously, the mechanism should be analyzed and optimized. However, large measurement error can be generated according to the mass loading position and this error is called as a corner loading error. The corner loading error is caused by the parallelism error of a Roberval mechanism used to minimize it. The corner loading error is one of the most dominant error sources that should be removed. It is possible to design that the mechanism has no corner loading error theoretically, but the mechanism of the micro weighing device is very difficult to be realized as original design due to assembling and manufacturing error. For the required specification of the device, the precise manufacturing technique under a few
$\mu\textrm{m}$ is required for the realization of the design. In this paper, the effects of the parallelism error are analyzed by using Lagrange method and verified by experiment. Also, the compensation mechanism is proposed and the corner loading error is reduced by restoring tile parallelism. -
The robustness and reliability of vision algorithms is the key issue in robotic research and industrial applications. In this paper robust real time visual tracking in complex scene is considered. A common approach to increase robustness of a tracking system is the use of different model (CAD model etc.) known a priori. Also fusion or multiple features facilitates robust detection and tracking of objects in scenes of realistic complexity. Voting-based fusion of cues is adapted. In voting. a very simple or no model is used for fusion. The approach for this algorithm is tested in a 3D Cartesian robot which tracks a toy vehicle moving along 3D rail, and the Kalman filter is used to estimate the motion parameters. namely the system state vector of moving object with unknown dynamics. Experimental results show that fusion of cues and motion estimation in a tracking system has a robust performance.
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Micro-tensile testing system has been developed and micro-tensile tests for copper foil have been carried out. The system consisted of a micro tensile loading system and a micro-ESPI system for measuring strain. The loading system has a maximum loading capacity of 50N and a stroke resolution of 4.5nm. Stress-strain curves for the electro-deposited copper foil with the thickness of 18
$\mu\textrm{m}$ were obtained, and tensile properties, including elastic modulus, yielding strength and tensile strength, were determined. The tensile properties obtained under three different conditions of testing speed showed a dependency on the speed. -
A flow-meter and its measurement controller was developed for a hydraulic system. This study, for development of positive displacement flow-meter, consist of PIC(Peripheral Interface Controller) controller with MR(Magneto-resistive) sensors. This flow-meter is used valve position indicator for valve control system by hydraulic. The MR sensors are used for the rotation of OVAL gear that detecting device. In the ship environments, consideration that necessary explosive proof. Thus electro device or electro flow-meter needs explosion design for electric circuit. We designed noncontact type flow-meter and evaluated the safety and measuring abilities.
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In this paper, we present a remote measurement system for the wireless monitoring of ECU Sensor Signals of vehicle. In order to measure the ECU sensor signals, the interface circuit is designed to communicate ECU and designed terminal wirelessly according to the ISO, SAE regulation of communication protocol standard. A micro-controller 80C196KC is used for communicating ECU sensor signals. ECU sensor signals are transmitted to the RF-wireless terminal that was developed using the micro controller 80386EX. LCD, and RF-module. 80386EX software is programmed to monitor the ECU sensor signals using the Borland C++ compiler in which the half duplex method was used for the RS232 communication. The algorithms for measuring the ECU sensor signals are verified to monitor ECU state. At the same time, the information to fix the vehicle's problem can be shown on the developed monitoring software. The possibility for remote measurement of ECU sensor signals using 80386EX is also verified through the developed systems and algorithms.
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In a closed square cavity filled with a liquid, a cooled the upper horizontal wail and a heated the lower horizontal wall, the flow isn't generated under the ground-based condition when Rayleigh number is lower than 1700. In such case the flow phenomena near an air bubble under a cooled horizontal wall were investigated. The temperature and the flow fields were studied by using the Thermo-sensitive Liquid-Crystal and the image processing. The qualitative analysis for the temperature and the flow fields were carried out by applying the image processing technique to the original data. Injecting bubble at the center point of upper cooled wall, the symmetry shape of two vortexes near an air bubble was observed. The bubble size increased, the size of velocity and the magnitude of velocity increased. In spite of elapsed time, a pair of two vortexes was the unique and steady-state flow in a square cavity and wasn't induce to the other flow in the surround region.
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The vector field histogram(VFH) uses a two-dimensional Cartesian histogram grid as a world model. The VFH method subsequently employs a two-stage data-reduction process in order to compute the desired control commands for the vehicle. In the first stage the histogram grid is reduced to a one dimensional polar histogram that is constructed around the robot's momentary location. Each sector in the polar histogram contains a value representing the polar obstacle density in that direction. In the second stage, the algorithm selects the most suitable sector from among all polar histogram sectors with a low polar obstacle density, and the steering of the robot is aligned with that direction. We applied this algorithm to our simulation program and tested..
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To develop a reliability analysis program applied to the diagnosis for air operated valve's integrity. we collected, analyzed AOV failure data from foreign and domestic nuclear power plants, and classified whole subjects of this program into several groups according to type and size. We established a theoretical basis using Lognormal Distribution and Bayesian Theory to develop analysis methodology. The result of this program was applied to the calculation of operational unavailability of AOV, and the effect of AOV's failure. Also this program can be applied to the development of diagnostic technique considering AOV environment (temperature, pressure), and setting-up maintenance cycle.
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Recently, the study on bearingless motors which integrate both motor and magnetic bearing function in one stator is very active, as many machines have high rotational speed, high precision, smaller size and lighter weight. In this paper, we propose a novel rotary actuator including function of axial bearing using Lorentz force as a preceding research for development of a bearingless motor. As using Lorentz force, this type has some merits such as the linearity of control force, freedom from flux saturation and high efficiency unlike conventional rotary actuators using a reluctance force. This type is cotrolled independently in levitation and rotational directions respectively. It shows by mathematical expression of levitation force and torque in the proposed rotary actuator. And also, the levitation force is generated by magnetic interaction between the magnetic materials and the rotational torque is generated by Lorentz force. Finally. for verification of this proposed system, a prototype is made and some experiments will be performed in the near future.
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In this study, experimental procedures were suggested to investigate the sloshing behavior of a liquid storage tank subjected to inevitably external vibrating conditions. For this purpose. liquid storage tank with rectangular cross section was made of an acrylic resin for the visualization of liquid fluctuation. A specially designed vibrator was used to provide a specified vibrating condition to the liquid storage tank. Extrapolation technique was applied to determine sloshing natural frequency by using various sloshing frequencies at each vibrating displacement and liquid contents at a fixed vibrating frequency. Sloshing mode was also determined from continuous images or liquid fluctuation captured from a video camera. In addition, change in the height of the liquid free surface was measured by using a floating target and a laser displacement sensor. It is found that the suggested method can be applicable to identify the sloshing behavior of liquid storage tank with rectangular cross section.
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It is very important to find out causes of strip pinching for the high quality of products and for the stable operation of hot roiling system. We have examined the strip pinching from three points of view to find out the causes of strip pinching in hot rolling system: strip shape, rolling operation conditions, and behavior of strip. Wedge, off center, and difference of rolling force through CMD are found to possibly provide major initial causes of strip pinching. Generally strip pinching occurred in the tail of strip. Thus, computer simulations by using a FEM code were also carried out to find out the initial mechanism of strip pinching depending upon the force and geometric boundary conditions at the time of strip tail rolling. The strong compression force effect due to the sudden release of strip tail from the work roll and non-uniform strip tail shape (ex. Tongue tail) across the CMD were found to provide possible major causes of strip pinching.
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Data Loggers for environmental monitoring are mostly dispersion in installation and systems located at long distance from monitoring system. And, it requests mostly flexible functions and high performances. that can fit to various sensor inputs, sensor interfaces and conditions or system working. In this research, we developed the micro controller based Data Logger with minimum hardware construction that allows the higher flexibility of application. Finally, we developed software function for water quality monitoring and tested in real system launched at Han river.
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In this paper, we performed the study on the operation characteristics of tele-grasping using the developed experimental system. The experimental system consists of master and slave gripper. and signal processing system. For the stable grasping of an object, this system feedback the normal force obtained from the straingage of the slave gripper to magnetic particle brake of the master gripper through the signal processing system. This experimental system can control the grasping force in remote using the force feedback device. Some experimental results of the-tele-grasping are presented and discussed
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Adaptation in dynamic environments gains a significant advantage by combining evolution and learning. We propose an on-line, realtime evolutionary learning mechanism to determine the structure and the synaptic weights of a neural network controller for mobile robot navigations. We support our method, based on (1+1) evolutionary strategy, which produces changes during the lifetime of an individual to increase the adaptability of the individual itself, with a set of experiments on evolutionary neural controller for physical robots behaviors.
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Information technology has enabled mass standards calibration to be performed through internet. For this, an automatic weight handler was manufactured. During the operation the images of weight operation and the system are provided via the measurement system and a web server. The measurement system consists of a balance, a weight handler, instruments for environment measurement and a PC. The weight handler automatically loads and unloads weights on and from the weighing pan. The weight handler allows 6 series weights to be operated for weight calibration of 100-50-20-20-10-10 gram series weight. This capability could be used for "remote training" for series weight calibration.
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In this paper, it is suggested that the technology sound measurement which is to search the inferiority of the plate during the pressing. We evaluate whether there is a inferiority by analysing and comparing the satisfactory and inferior plate with the method of a spectrum analysis by measuring the sound which is emitted during pressing. We designed the analysis algorithm to detect inferior plate throughout comparison of measured sound data using FFT, DFT and DASYLab S/W. In addition to these, we suggest the way to compare both inferior and satisfactory signal statistically.
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The paper on table deflection by stop state and move speed at loaded load, and the table deflection measured of static load. It is developed program for Date correction of LSM(Least Square Method). We experimented the method as following. The first a Laser setting and scan Experimental device measured curvature radius, The second A center of measurement object and curvature radius taking of LSC.
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In this research 4 plate type ER-Valves which have same surface but different width and length are designed and an experimental apparatus is constructed. With this experimental apparatus, flow rate and pressure drop of ER fluid flowing in ER-Valve are measured by varying electric field strength of ER-valve, and relation between valve types and pressure drop is also experimented. ER fluid is made silicon oil mixed with 40wt% starch having hydrous particles. The pressure drop according to the strength of electric field by differential pressure gauge in the present ER-Valve was used. This test reviewed experiment for the special changes of ER fluids in the steady flow condition.
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This paper introduces histogramic in-motion mapping for real-time map building with the Eyebot in motion. A histogram grid used in HIMM is updated through three PSD sensors. HIMM makes it possible to make fast map-building and avoid obstacles in real-time. Fast map-building allows the robot to immediately use the mapped information in real-time obstacle-avoidance algorithms. HIMM has been tested on the Eyebot. The Eyebot sends PSD data to computer and computer builds a 3D-Map based on PSD data.
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Unknown parameters of a nonlinear system were estimated using a signal compression method. The estimated parameters were natural frequency and tile damping coefficient. This study applied a algorithm using tile comparison of the cross-correlation coefficient between the impulse response from a model and it from the signal compression method. The impulse through linear element included in a nonlinear system could be obtained by the signal compression method. The unknown parameters of the linear element could be estimated by comparing the Bode plots of system's impulse response with them of model's response. In this study, a LSCM(LabVIEW-Signal-Compression-Method) was developed to identify a nonlinear system. The LSCM consisted of National Instrument's (NI) Data Acquisition (DAQ) Board (Model PCI-1200), a monitoring program using LabVIEW software package, DAQ Signal Accessory Board, and 2nd-order electric circuits. The designed electric circuits consisted of resistors, inductors and capacitors. To evaluate the performance of the LSCM, the response from model with known parameters is compared with the response from the real system using the monitoring program. The results from simulation of experiment showed that the developed LSCM provided a reliable estimation performance.
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ERFs(Electrorheological Fluids) arc a complex system consisting of polarizable particles and insulation liquid. When an external electric field is applied to ERFs, its apparent viscosity increases dramatically. This phenomenon is called the ER effect. Generally, the behavior of ERFs has been modeled on those of Bingham fluids. But the behavior of ERFs differs from those of Bingham fluids in many respects. In the paper, ER effect concerning flow mode of ERFs is analyzed experimentally. According to several flow conditions, the change of ER effect is presented and visualized. A new modeling methodology of ER effect to reduce the modeling error is presented.
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HILS(Hardware-In-the-Loop Simulation) is a scheme that incorporates hardware components of primary concern in the numerical simulation environment. Due to its advantages over actual vehicle test and pure simulation, HILS is being widely accepted in automotive industries as test benches for vehicle control units. Developed in this study is a HILS system for EHB(Electro-Hydraulic Brake) systems that include a high pressure generator and a valve control system that independently modulates the brake pressures at four wheels. An EHB control logic was tested in the HILS system. Test results under various driving conditions are presented and compared with the VDC logic.
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It is very important to measure circular motion accuracy of NC lathes it affects accuracy, performance, interchange ability and quality of machine parts machined by the NC lathes in industries. So, in this study, measuring units system to measure circular motion accuracy two axes circular motion accuracy of NC lathes was composed of two optical linear scales installed on the z and x-axes of work coordinate system on NC lathe and a computer inserted with PC counter card enables to obtain measuring data. Here, ATC(Automatic Tool Changer) and moving part of linear scales are fixed with magnet bases in order to measure circular motion accuracy of the ATC of NC lathe. And next, computer software was developed in order to measure the circular motion accuracy of NC lathe under resolution of 0.1
$\mu\textrm{m}$ using two linear scales, and also computer softwares were developed so that measuring data could be modeled on plots and be analyzed numerically, -
Recently, Many studies have been undergoing to reduce a working time in a field of machine tool. There are two ways of reducing working time; to reduce actual working time by heighten spindle speed and to reduce stand-by time by shortening tool exchange time. Automatic tool change system belongs to the latter case. Fixed address type automatic tool change system that is being developed in this study can store more number of tool in small space than magazine transfer type automatic tool changer as well as shorten tool exchange time. In this paper, a simplified equivalent model of finite element method in order to analyze frame structure of fixed address type automatic tool change system is presented.
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The spent fuel slitting device is an equipment developed for the separation of the pellet and hull from the cutting fuel rod with length of 250 mm, and in order to feed UO
$_2$ pellet. We have analyzed on the existing technologies for designing and producing of the slitting device in the first year(2001), based on these results, designed and produced the rod slitting device. It has effectively separated the pellet from the hull, but demanded the supplement separation work because of the mixing with pellet and hull in the vessel, and required the condition for the reducing time of the process. In the second year(2002), we have reduced the work time, performed the test and capacity evaluation with the improving device, based these results, and ensured the data demanded for designing of the spent fuel rod slitting device. We have compared with the DUPIC(Direct use of spent PWR fuel in CAND reactors) process, and developed the device for the purpose of reducing over 40 % in comparition with the DUPIC operation time(5 minutes). Based on these results, it will is effectively applied to available data for designing and producing of the hot test facility. -
For underwater milling of parts of nuclear reactor, a waterproof main spindle system was developed. which used a servo meter. Particularly, a waterproof system is available to cope with emergencies such as an electricity failure so that it prevents hazards from cutting radioactive materials. A developed spindle was designed to be capable of horizontal and vertical cutting and structural analysis was conducted with a FEM tool(Design Space) when the forces were loaded in each axis-direction.
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Contouring errors are important especially for high speed and precision machining. Since the contouring errors of a machine tool affect the error of a machined part directly, it is necessary to find the contouring errors by some relevant tests. In this study, contouring errors are obtained by performing circular tests with a grid plate. Various error sources are diagnosed by a least square method.
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The issue with the drainpipe now a day is that they are laid underground Causing us to perform additional work to repair, such as digging up the ground and peeling off the insulator that surrounds the pipe. And such series works are difficult that concession appears from government and municipal office. However, if we can save time and money. Performance of piping robot that we are studied in existing session through fixing unit and improvement of cutting byte shorten and wished to heighten work efficiency. This is why we aye trying to develop a unit that can cut up the projecting parts which connects with the interior part of the drainpipes.
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In the semiconductor and the optical industry a new transport system which can replace the common system is required. The common systems are driven by magnetic field and conveyer belt. The magnetic field damages semiconductor and contact force scratches, the optical lens. The ultrasonic wave driven system solve these problem. In this paper the object transport system using the excitation of ultrasonic wave is proposed. the experiments for finding the optimal excitation frequency, finding phase-difference between two ultrasonic wave generators are performed. The effect of transporting speed according to the change of amplification voltage is verified. In addition, the system performance for actual use is evaluated
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In this study, to achieve the optimal conditions for mechanical hyper-fine pattern fabrication process, deformation behavior of the materials during indentation was studied with numerical method by ABAQUS S/W. Polymer (PMMA) and brittle materials (Si, Pyrex glass) were used as specimens, and forming conditions to reduce the elastic recover and pile-up was proposed. The indenter was modeled a 3D rigid surface. Minimum mesh sizes of specimens are 1-10nm. Comparison between the experimental data and numerical result demonstrated that the finite element approach is capable of reproducing the loading-unloading behavior of a nanoindentation test. The result of the investigation will be applied to the fabrication of the hyper-fine pattern.
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Nanotechnology is the creation and utilization of materials, devices, and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer-length scale, that is, at the level of atoms, molecules, and supramolecular structures. The essence of nanotechnology is the ability to work at these levels to generate larger structures with fundamentally new molecular organization. These nanostructures, made with building blocks understood from first principles, are the smallest human-made objects, and they exhibit novel physical, chemical, and biological properties and phenomena. The aim of nanotechnology is to learn to exploit these properties and efficiently manufacture and employ the structures. Control of matter on the nanoscale already plays an important role in scientific disciplines as diverse as physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, medicine, engineering, and computer simulation. This paper describes the superprecision nano separator to productive particle size of nano powder. this separator system is very important in the industrial area for other high technology parts.
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Recently, the research of the nano technology has been done on a lot of area over the world. Especially, the interest of them is much higher for semiconductor companies and other super accuracy processing area. In this thesis, we have approached the characteristic of the tensile and bonding of copper, frequently used to nano wires, by molecular dynamics simulation. And the simulation was done by EAM, Embedded Atom Method which has the most highest accuracy for metal. Then the feature of copper at atom space is understood through the simulation of nano wire.
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In this paper, a valveless bubble-actuated fluid micropump was has been developed and its performance was tested. The valveless micropump consists of the lower plate, the middle plate, the upper plate and a resistive heater. The lower plate includes the nozzle-diffuser elements and the double-chamber. Nozzle-diffuser elements and a double-chamber are fabricated on the silicon wafer by the DRIE(Deep Reactive Ion Etching) process. The lower plate also has inlet/outlet channels for fluid flow. The middle plate is made of glass and plays the role of the diaphragm. The chamber in the upper plate is filled with deionized water, and which contacts with the resistive heater. The resistive heater is patterned on a silicon substrate by Ti/Pt sputtering. Three plates and the resister heater are laminated by the aligner and bonded in the anodic bonder. Since the bubble is evaporated and condensed periodically in the chamber, the fluid flows from inlet to outlet with respect to the diffusion effect. In order to avoid backflow, the double chamber system is introduced. Analytical and experimental results show the validity of the developed double-chamber micropump.
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At present, the fabrication of optical filter for optical communication mostly depends on handwork, and only a few companies are propelling semi-automatic systems compounded with automatic and hand-operated methods. The measurement evaluation of optical filters is not commonly useful, so it causes difficulties in the producing field. And the packaging process becomes a very unstable process because the filters are judged from the results that they are not measured and immediately packaged during that process. In this situation, the automatic assembly system of optical filter for communication is extremely important and has begun to make its appearance as the most necessary technology for developing optical communication component with high-functionality. In this paper, we constructed systems of assembly and performance evaluation for micro optical collimator. And by using that, we designed a system capable of performance evaluation and assembly of film filter of about 30
$\mu\textrm{m}$ thickness as well as optical filter for common communication. -
Micro former has been known as a useful tool for machining micro parts. It makes micro holes automatically with punches, a hole-shape die and material by rotation of crank shaft synchronously. Micro displacement in micro forming affects on the performance of machining because micro forming size is similar with its mechanical displacement. Therefore, the measurement of this micro displacement is essential to be guaranteed to obtain high forming precision in the whole machine as well as its devices. This paper addresses the development of a laser interferometer to measure micro displacement for a micro former. The laser interferometer is able to measure micro displacement during a few micro seconds with non-contact. For the experiment, a laser probe is installed on the optical table with optical devices and a micro displacement generating device. The velocity decoding board is also added to calculate doppler shift frequency directly. Finally simple experiments are conducted to confirm its functional operation.
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In this research, microfabrication technique using localized electrochemical deposition is presented. Electric field is localized near the tip end region by applying ultra short pulses. Platinum tip is used as the counter electrode and copper is deposited on the copper substrate in 0.5 M CuSO
$_4$ and 0.5 M H$_2$ SO$_4$ electrolyte. The deposition characteristics such as size, shape, and structural density according to pulse duration and applied voltage are investigated. Micro-columns less than 10$\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter are fabricated using the presented technique. The process can be potentially used for three dimensional metal structure fabrications with micrometer feature size. -
After the micro turning lathe was developed in the last year by AMR Laboratory, a micro-milling machine is developed for micro machining. This machine is integrated with PZT-driven micro-sliders, micro-linear encoders, air turbine spindle which has maximum 150.000 rpm. It is applicable to milling and drilling machining. This paper shows the possibility of micro machining and characteristics of micro end milling process by using micro machine. A machining of micro barrier ribs using 0.2 mm flat type end mill was achieved by micro-milling machine. As experimental results show the machining capability and positional accuracy of this machine is good enough for machining micro parts.
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This paper deals with experiments for dynamic characteristics and performance evaluation of the 3-axis fine positioning stage developed in [1]. The features of the developed fine positioning stage are the long stroke due to the magnetically preloaded PZT actuators, the minimum motion crosstalk due to the use of a ball contact mechanism and the compact design. The dynamic characteristics of the actuator and the stage are tested with the preload changed in order to validate the actuator and the stage design. Performance evaluation is also made for the PZT actuators as well as the stage positioning accuracy. Experimental results show that the developed stage is accurate enough to be used for nanometer positioning.
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The film is prepared by electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECRCVD) employing CH
$_4$ and H$_2$ gases. It is deposited by the control of microwave plasma power, gas flow ratio, deposition pressure, and In-situ thermal treatment temperature. The structure of a-C:H (hydrogenated amorphous carbon) thin film is analysed by FT-IR spectroscopy. The fraction sp$^3$ versus sp$^2$ bonding is very important to clear up the surface and interrace of a-C:H film properties such as nano-scale friction behavior. The sp$^3$ versus sp$^2$ bonding of a-C:H thin film is dependent on the deposition conditions, therefore. nano-scale friction behavior is dependent on the deposition conditions. -
Light Guide Panel(LGP) is a key part of backlight unit(BLU) which transforms line-light of lamp to surface-light. Dot pattern is formed on the injected LGP surface by screen printing. This dot pattern is composed of several ten thousands micro dots of diameter 150-180
$\mu\textrm{m}$ or so. The dot patterning by screen printing causes low productivity and low performance of TFT-LCD. This research develops the micromachining technology for LGP mould which could form micro dot pattern by injection molding, removing the existing screen printing process. -
The UV nanoimprint technology uses the UV light as the energy source. Because the imprint process is carried out in room temperature and low pressure, this technology has its own merits compared to the thermal nanoimprint. However, in UV nanoimprint technology, a resin which has low viscosity is essential for the improvement of accuracy. In this research, a resin (named as IMS01) which has relatively low viscosity was developed. And a measurement system was developed in order to measure the degree of cure of the resin. The measurement system which is composed of FT-IR, UV light source and optical guide can measure the degree of cure in real time. From the experimental results, it was found that the IMS01 is cured more rapidly than existing resin (PAK01).
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In this work, we developed a high resolution printing technique based on transferring a pattern from a PDMS stamp to a Pd and Au substrate by microcontact printing Also, we fabricated various 2D metallic and polymeric nano patterns with the feature resolution of sub-micrometer scale by using the method of microcontact printing (
${\mu}$ CP) based on soft lithography. Silicon masters for the micro molding were made by e-beam lithography. Composite poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) molds were composed of a thin, hard layer supported by soft PDMS layer. From this work, it is certificated that composite PDMS mold and undercutting technique play an important role in the generation of a clear SAM nanopattern on Pd and Au substrate. -
A roughing process is one of the most important and indispensable shoe manufacturing processes of various types of shoes. This basic process to rough the upper of the shoe is studied to improve the productivity and to reduce the processing time. In this study, the CAM system for shoe roughing is developed. The B-spline surface generated by the developed CAM system ignores the small inclinations of the real roughing surface because the developed roughing tool has potential to rough the roughing surface of the shoe properly. The roughing tool roughs the roughing surface using its side along the generated tool paths. The generated NC codes were applied to 5-axis polishing machine for the test. Experimental results show good evaluation result. The upper of the shoe is roughed properly along the roughing path line and the roughing surface was good to cement the outsole of the shoe.
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Pneumatic servo valve which is widely applied in industrial world is advanced technology compounded with electric, electronic and machine. And It is consist of Linear Force Motor. Spool Commutation Mechanism and Microprocessor. In this study, we accomplished test method of Linear Force motor test, Static characteristic test, Dynamic characteristic test for KS(Koran industrial standard) of Pneumatic servo valve. we accomplished study about the main item of Static characteristic test which is related to unload flow characteristic test. And Dynamic characteristic test was step input test and frequency response test. Specially about frequency response test, There was a difficulty resulting from the time delay problem caused by the basic compressibility of air. In order to solve the problem in this study. we proposed two methods. First, displacement of the servo valve spool was directly measured by using a laser sensor. Second, method of calculating control flow by measuring pressure and temperature of chamber.
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A rule-based CAPP(computer aided process planning) system is proposed in this research to develop integrated manufacturing process of machining and inspection using OMM(On-Machine Measurement) device. Generally workpiece composed of many primitive form features. This features are determined optimum inspection sequence by analyzing the feature information such as features-relationship, probe approach direction and etc. Proposed paper is more efficient method of CAIP(computer aided inspection planning) considered machining process
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The target of this paper is the manufacturing system of mould plant and the object of system development is the reduction of lead times and the improvement of product quality. From the existing MES framework. we found the module to apply in the mould plant, designed and developed the function of the module. Also. as the environment of development is based on internet, we can check and analysis correctly the status of mould plant from remote site.
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It is very important to measure linear motion accuracy of NC lathe as it affects all other parts of machines machined by them in industries. If the motion accuracy of NC lathe is bad, the dimension accuracy and the change-ability of works will be bad in the assembly of machine parts. In this paper, computer software systems are organized to measure linear motion of ATC(Automatic tool changer) on zx plane of NC lathe using two linear scales and the time pulses coming out from computer in order to get data at constant time intervals from the linear scales. And each sets of error data obtained from the test is discripted to plots and the results of linear motion errors are expressed as numerics by computer treatment.
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To analyse the cyclic variations in a test engine, the burn parameters are determined on a cycle-to-cycle basis through the analysis of the engine pressure data. Combustion analysis based on cylinder-pressure provides a mechanism through which a combustion researcher can understand the combustion process. The objective of this paper is to identify the most significant sources of cycle-to-cycle combustion variability in a spark ignition engine at idle. The burn rate analysis program was used and the burn parameters were used to determine the variations in the input parameter. In this study, the author investigated the relationship of indicated mean effective pressure, coefficient of variation of indicated mean effective pressure and burn angles, and lowest normalized value in a spark ignition engine for the cyclic variations.
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These days, companies have to process enormous information and knowledge to satisfy desire of customers. The mere storage of them is no longer a significant problem because of the immense progress information technology has made during the past years and decades. It is important to deliver the right piece of information to the right person at the right time. Consequently, Knowledge management which supports the exchange of relevant information within company organization structure is of special interest for current enterprises. To solve this problem, a concept of the Knowledge management system is introduced in this paper based on the ontology technology. An ontology can describe all relevant information about documents, products, organizational structures or the users, their interests and experiences and be understood by everybody.
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Rapid Prototyping technology has many advantages such as Rapid Tooling. However, Using the RT technique is limited by the poor surface quality of the RP part. Thus, additional post-machining is required for improving the surface roughness by the sanding, grinding and polishing etc. But, these traditional finishing techniques are time and labor cost consuming. Hence, improving and formulation the finishing technique is inevitably necessary for the RF part. A new post-machining methodology for RP part is presented by the SLS part is used for automobile components in this research. Also, a web based interface tool that user requirements are rapidly ordered for post-machining RP part is developed.
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Kim, Kyung-Hoon;Park, Kyung-Seok;Jang, Ju-Sub;Kim, Bong-Hwan; Lee, Kyu-Won;Son, Kwon;Shin, Min-Ho 1261
Axial piston pumps of bent axis have been commonly used in hydraulic systems because of high pressure level. best efficiency, low shear force on pistons and low operating costs. The other side, they have a few demerits like that they have the relatively high number of moving parts and more discharge pressure ripples. Especially, the discharge pressure ripples bring about vibrations and noises in hydraulic system components such as connecting pipes and control valves, so that these deteriorate the stability and accuracy of the systems. Therefore, the hydraulic systems having the axial piston pumps of bent axis require the methods to reduce the discharge pressure ripples. So, the purpose of this paper is to reduce the discharge pressure ripples by the phase interference of pressure wave and to develope the analysis model of the pumps to predict the discharge pressure ripples. In this paper, the analysis model of the axial piston pumps of bent axis was developed using the AMESim software, and the reliability of that was verified by the comparison with the experimental results. The hydraulic pipeline with a parallel line was used as the method to generate the phase interference of pressure wave. the dynamics characteristics of the hydraulic pipeline with a parallel line were analyzed by a transfer matrix method. the usefulness of the phase interference of pressure wave was investigated through the experiment and simulation. The results from the experiment and simulation said that the phase interference of pressure wave by the hydraulic pipeline with a paralle linel could reduce the discharge pressure wave of the pump well. The analysis model of the axial piston pumps of bent axis developed in this paper and the method of the phase interference by the hydraulic pipeline with a parallel line are expected to be helpful to achieve the design of the pump and to reduce the discharge pressure wave of the pump effectively. -
Many studies have indicated that most of a product's cost is fixed early in its lift cycle, before the original design cycle is complete. This implies that we should consider various aspects of product lift cycle at the design stage. This means the need of collaboration in design stage. Because the Internet provides instant access to a wealth of design information, the Internet is used by the collaborative design team members as a medium to share data, information and knowledge, and in some cases for product data management and project management by integrating the Web with appropriate technologies. This paper presents a real-time collaborative design system for powerful interaction performance, based on the Internet and Web technologies. Using The system use the client/server architecture and the purpose of the system is to provide a method that enables real-time view, review and modification of the 3D model through the Internet.
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The objective of this paper is to introduce the standard of evaluation methods and fatigue test for linear motion rolling bearing. In particular, attention well be given to the list of evaluation and fatigue results in this paper. The life of a linear motion rolling bearing is given by the length of distance covered between the connection parts before the first evidence of fatigue develops in the material of one of the raceways of rolling elements. The main factors that contribute to fatigue failures include: Number of load cycles experienced; Range of stress experienced in each load cycle; Mean stress experienced in each toad cycle; Presence of local stress concentrations.
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This research describes a image-processing technique for the scratch detecting algorithm for ITO coated glass. The light emitter efficiency of Organic EL has a failing-off in quality due to many causes. One of the many causes was the defects of the surface in ITO coated glass. We use the logical level thresholding method for binarization of gray-scaled glass image. This method is useful to the algorithm for detecting scratch of ITO coated glass automatically without need of any prior information of manual fine tuning of parameters.
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The hydraulic pressure system can deliver strong power and control is easy so that it have been applied to the element technique of an each industrial field. Apply range is the actual circumstances to be more widening according to the automation plant and trend of the manufacture facilities. The hydraulic pressure system have been used since early times and it was universalized considerable in the industrialized country. Utilized to an automation device instrument wide at an each industrial spot and contributed the air space development which contribution make great strides for robotics and airospace departments. Our circuit design technology for the device structure are weak and in fact domestic is depending on the income though importance of the hydraulic pressure system.
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Reverse engineering technology refers to the process that creates a CAD model of an existing part using measuring devices. Recently, non-contact scanning devices have become more accurate and the speed of data acquisition has increased drastically. However, they generate thousands of points per second and various types of point data. Therefore. it becomes a important to handle the huge amount and various types of point data to generate a surface model efficiently. This paper proposes a new triangular mesh generation method using 3D grids. The geometric information of a part can be obtained from point cloud data by estimating normal values of the points. In our research, the non-uniform 3D grids are generated first for feature based data reduction based on the geometric information. Then, triangulation is performed with the reduced point data. The grid structure is efficiently used not only for neighbor point search that can speed up the mesh generation process but also for getting surface connectivity information to result in same topology surface with the point data. Through this integrated approach, it is possible to create surface models from scanned point data efficiently.
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This study predicts muscle forces acting on the lower extremity when the knee joint is in deep flexion. The whole bodies were approximated as a link model, and then the moment equilibrium equations at the lower extremity joints were derived for given reaction forces against the ground. Measurement of deep flexion was carried out by placing ten markers on the body. This study calculated the moment acting at each joint from the equations of force and moment, classified the complicated muscles around the knee joint. and then predicted the muscle forces to balance the joint moment. Two models were proposed in this study: the simpler one that consists of three groups of muscle and the more detailed one of nine groups of muscle.
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With the development of medical field, many kinds of operations have been performed on human articulation. Arthroscopic surgery, which has Irrigation Pumping System for security of operator vision and washing spaces of operation, has been used for more merits than others. In this paper, it is presented that the research on a reliable control algorithm of the pumping system instrument for arthroscopic surgery. Before clinical operation, the flexible artificial articulation model is used for realizing the model the most same as human's and the algorithm has been exploited for it. This system is considered of the following; limited sensing point, dynamic effect by compliance, time delay by fluid flow and so on. The system is composed with a pressure controller, a regulator for keeping air pressure, an airtight tank that can have distilled water packs, artificial articulation and a measuring system, and has controlled by the feedback of pressure sensor on the artificial articulation. Also the system has applied to Smith Predictor for time delay and the parameter estimation method for the most suitable system with both the experiment data and modeling. In this paper, the pressure error that is between an air pressure tank and an artificial articulation was measured so that the system could be presumed and then the controller had developed for performing State-Feedback. Finally, the controller with a real microprocessor has realized. The confidence of system can be proved by applying this control algorithm to an artificial articulation experiment material.
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The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effect of pre-load and fatigue life of the distracted one-level pedicle screw system. A spring, which acted as a substitute of the ligament, was installed in the one-level pedicle screw system before testing. The static and fatigue properties are now being tested, which includes 6mm rod to 6mm screw, 6mm rod to 6.5mm screw and 6.35mm rod to 6.5mm screw, under pre-load. Until now as test data were analyzed, 6mm rod to 6.5mm screw was found to have the best performances of stillness and fatigue lift, while 6mm rod to 6mm screw showed the shortest fatigue life. If the stiffness of screw was bigger than that of rod. the fatigue life was prolonged. The fatigue life of the distracted pedicle screw was proved to be shorter than that of the one-level pedicle screw system. So the fatigue life was shortened because of the effect of the spring on the flexibility and stiffness of the rod. In order to obtain the stability of the pedicle screw, more tests are under doing on this topic.
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In this paper we analyzed the effect of compliance mismatch with respect to the thickness variation of elastic foundation(fatty tissue) in end-to-end anastomosis. This study considered the preliminary deformed shape induced by suturing in the anastomosis of coronary artery and PTFE with different diameters using simplified suturing model and the fatty tissue surrounding heart and coronary artery for more accurate result using finite element method. Area compliance(C
$\sub$ A/) was used to analyze the final deformed shape of the anastomotic part with respect to the thickness variation of fatty tissue under mean blood pressure, 100 mmHg(13.3kPa). The results obtained were as follows : 1. When the elastic foundation, assumed to be incompressive material, surrounded the grafts in anastomosis, the compliance mismatch of artery and PTFE was improved by 47∼72%. 2. As the initial diameter ratio(R$\sub$ I/) became larger, the higher difference of compliance was induced in spite of elastic foundation surrounding grafts. -
In the present paper, finite element analyses were carried out to evaluate the most important feature of a stent, that is. high radial strength and flexibility. Palmaz-Schatz 154 stent and two new models(stent A, stent B) were selected because they are the most representatives of tubular stents. Finite element analyses for the stent system were performed using ABAQUS/Explicit code. As a result, Palmaz-Schatz 154 stent shows sufficient radial strength but it needs some improvement in general properties such as high flexibility, low elastic recoil, low longitudinal contraction and low metal coverage area. Other two models show that sufficient flexibility, foreshortening and longitudinal recoil.
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Severe osteoarthrosis of the knee joint often requires total knee arthroplasty (TKA) to yield adequate knee function. The knee joint with TKA is expected ideally to restore the characteristics, however, this is not necessarily true in the clinical cases. In this study the motions of the intact joint and the joint after TKA were investigated numerically using computer simulation. For active knee extension from 90 degrees of flexion to full extension, the intact knee joint exhibited anterior tibial translation near the full extension while it showed only rotation for other flexion angles. Physiologic external rotation of the tibia near full extension was also noted in the analytical model. The analysis of the tibial insert of three different shapes (flat, semicurved, and curved types) demonstrated characteristic rotational and sliding motions as well as different contact forces.
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The micromovements and stress distributions of cancellous bone in dental implant system play important roles in evaluating chewing function of an implant system. The micromovements and stress distributions in dental implant system generally depend on the chewing force and bone properties. Three dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis has been employed to investigate this issue quantitatively. Chewing forces and bone properties are classified into several groups and three types of implants involving one classical cylindrical type and two expandable implants are investigated in this paper.
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In this study, the micro-FE analyses were carried out for the plastic behaviour of vertebral trabecular bones. Many researchers have investigated the elastic behaviour of trabecular bones by using the micro-finite element models based on the micro-CT images. However, there was no micro-FE model to account for the plastic behaviour of trabecular bones. Ulrich et at. reported that best results at coarser model were obtained when using 'compensated hexahedron models' with the same relative density. This study indicates that, for the elastic and plastic analysis, 'the compensated hexahedron FE model' is likely to be limited to about 63
$\mu\textrm{m}$ image resolution in the vertebra trabecular bones. -
The compressed fracture of spine caused by osteoporosis is one of the most frequent diseases in bone fracture. Recently the vertebroplasty has drawn much attention as a medical treatment for the compressed fracture of spine, which strengthens the vertebral body and corrects deformity, and relieves pain in patients by injecting bone cement. The finite element analysis is used to investigate the vertebroplasty quantitatively. Previous works with finite element analysis have drawbacks in their simplified models geometry of vertebral body and with material properties of bone. In this paper the exact geometry of vertebral body has been constructed from medical image data and the biomechanical property changes of vertebral body in vertebroplasty have been investigate by using three dimensional finite element analysis.
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As rates of gastric cancer. fatness. and GERD (chronic gastric esophageal reflux disease) patients have been increased in the world, suturing mechanism using endoscope has been focused. which is the medical instrument to apply stitches and suturing inside the body, since it helps the patients lessen pains and reduce operation time. This paper deals with mechanism design, which makes it possible to apply multiple suturing without the repeat of inserting and removing the endoscope. This successive suture mechanism includes gripper, linkage, rotational part, and articulation part. Also, the mechanism is operated through 4mm one-side channel attached to the endoscope by means of pulling wires.
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This paper presents the enhancement of oxygen transfer efficiency using the vibrating intravascular lung assist device (VIVLAD) in in-vitro experiments for patients having chronic respiratory problems. The test section was a cylinder duct with the inner diameter of 30 mm. The flow rate was controlled by the pump and monitored by a built-in flow meter. The vibration apparatus was composed of a piezo-vibrator, a function generator. and a power amplifier. The direction of vibration was radial to the fluid flow. Gas flow rates of up to 6 l/min through the 120-cm-Jong hollow fibers have been achieved by exciting a piezo-vibrator. The output of PVDF sensor were investigated by various frequencies in VIVLAD. The experimental results showed that VIVLAD would be enhance oxygen transfer efficiency.
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The compressed fracture of spine caused by osteoporosis is one of the most frequent diseases in bone fracture. Recently the vertebroplasty has drawn much attention as a medical treatment for the compressed fracture of spine, which strengthens the vertebral body and corrects deformity, and relieves pain in patients by injecting bone cement. The purpose of this research is to provide the theoretical background for the vertebroplasty by employing scientific methods and thus to find out the improvements of the conventional surgical method. By applying the engineering analysis tools to clinical study, new application fields can also be obtained
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Studies on impact damage of composite laminate shells were fewer compared with those on impact behaviors to analyze time-load, displacement-load and impact energy - energy absorption. Up to date the studies were not enough to demonstrate suitability of their results because they were dependent on theories and numerical analyses. In particular, it is a well-known fact that there was a correlation between initial peak load and damage resistance of composite material flat plates imposed with low-speed impact, but studies on composite material shells with curvature were also very few. Actually structures such as wings or moving bodies of airplanes, motor cases and pressure containers of rockets are circular. And as low-speed impact load is imposed for optimal design of take-off and landing, and containers of airplanes, it is very important to analyze evaluation of behaviors and damaged areas. Therefore, in this paper to evaluate the impact characteristics of the CFRP laminate shell according to size of curvature quantitatively, it was to identify energy absorption and impact damage instruments according to change of impact speed.
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The Ferrule for the Optical Communication Connector is the product to set the optical ares of an optical fiber very precisely. Therefore, it is required high expectations such as high dimensional precision and new including flaws. Up to new the optical instrument has been used for the defeat and shape inspection of the ferrule, but in the paper we examined the detectable defeat and expectation by using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy(RUS). The RUS is the measurement which is to excite specimen and to inspect the difference at natural frequency pattern between acceptable specimen and specimen which has some defeats. We analyzed the difference of natural frequency pattern in the experiment using Spectrum Analyzer. And we compared the results in the experiment with those in the simulation from the explicit finite elements code, Nastran.
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Previous researches for fiber reinforced composite material(FRCM) have been evaluated the fatigue delamination behavior using the traditional fracture mechanics parameters. Therefore. previous researches for FRCM have not generally been firmed yet. Because delamination growth behavior in FRCM should be consider relationship between delamination area, A
$\sub$ D/ and crack length, a instead of traditional fracture mechanics parameters. Especially, in case of delamination behavior for FRCM without crack should be considering equivalent crack, i.e., pseudo crack, a$\sub$ p/, using the fracture behavior of FRCM with crack. The major purpose of this study was to evaluate the delamination for FRCM without crack. The details of the studies are as follow : 1) Relationship between crack growth rate, da/dN and stress intensity factor, ΔK in FRCM containing a saw-cut and circular hole with crack. 2) Propose of PSEUDO CRACK MODEL for the delamination in FRCM without crack. 3) Analysis of crack propagation energy, E$\sub$ crack/ using a total energy, E$\sub$ total/ and delamination growth energy, E$\sub$ del/. -
Mold Analysis is crucial factors in the design of injection molding process. Since the qualify of products depends on filing, shrinkage and etc, the procedure of prediction through analysis in the design of injection molding process is needed. In many cases, this kind of analysis makes it possible to predict pressure pattern which determines the condition of injection molding process. Crystallinity is the factor that determines the shrinkage of products. The studies showed the factors that had been related to the degree of crystallinity, which were mostly Weight Reduction, mold temperature and melt temperature. Therefore, the objective of this study is to see the differences of the degree of crystallinity depending on the positions of foamed plastics. The procedure of this study is as the following. First, Simulate the pressure gradient in mold cavity that can produces specimen by using Moldflow. Secondly, produce specimen and measure the degree or crystallinity of each part of specimen by using XRD. Lastly, identify the sensitivity of conventional plastic and foamed plastic on pressure gradient by comparing the simulation and the results of measurement.
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In this study, intrinsic static/dynamic fracture toughness of Al 7175-T74 are evaluated from the apparent static/dynamic toughness of notched specimen. The notch/crack critical average stress fracture model is suggested to establish the relationship to predict the intrinsic fracture toughness from the apparent fracture toughness of a notched specimen. The notch/crack critical average stress fracture model is established using the relation between the notch root radius and the effective distance calculated by finite element analysis. It is conclude that the true fracture toughness can be estimated from test results of apparent fracture toughness measured by using a notched specimen. Also, critical notch root radius can be predicted by notch/crack critical average stress fracture model.
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On this study. we improved the efficiency applying algorithm that is repeatedly using orthogonal array in discrete design space and filling a defect of gradient method in continuous design space. we showed optimal ply angle that maximized buckling strength of CFRP laminated composite plate without a hole and with a hole by each aspect ratio. In the case of CFRP laminated composite plate without a hole, we confirmed the reliance and efficiency of algorithm in comparison with the result optimization achievement repeatedly using statistical orthogonal array of experimental design.
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Today, the industries use polymer material for many purpose. Specially, it is important in automobile industry because tile costs of polymer hold high proportion of the overall cost. If we reduce the weight of automobile, fuel efficiency of car is raised and cost of bumper is lower. Therefore there are many efforts to reduce of car currently. The purpose of this paper is to reduce polymer used in car bumper.
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Specimens of Ti-10Ta-10Nb have been tested for Rockwall hardness after heating to either the
$\alpha$ +$\beta$ and$\beta$ -phase field. And the specific heat and the dilatometer of Ti-10Ta-103Nb swaged have been measured. From the result, the$\beta$ transus of the alloy was determined to be 82$0^{\circ}C$ . The hot deformation behavior of Ti-10Ta-10Nb with an$\alpha$ +$\beta$ microstructure is modeled in the temperature 75$0^{\circ}C$ and strain rate range 0.001-10$^{-1}$ -
Ti-8Ta-3Nb is made for biomaterial. The experimental speciments are as-cast Ti-8Ta-3Nb and Ti-8Ta-3Nb swaged. The solution treatment in the range 760-96
$0^{\circ}C$ have been carried out. The microstructural investigations have been carried out on the specimens after the solution treatment. and the hardness have been measured. And the specific heat and the dilatometer of Ti-8Ta-3Nb swaged have been measured. From the result, the$\beta$ transus of the alloy was determined to be 880-86$0^{\circ}C$ . -
Recently, high-performance composite materials have been used for various industrial fields because of their superior high strength, high stiffness and lower weight. In this study, manufactured fiber reinforced metal laminate materials are composed of two parts. One is hard-anodized A15083-O alloy as a face material and the other is high strength aramid fiber (Twaron CT709) and polyethylene fiber(Dyneema HB25) laminates as a back-up material. Resistance to penetration is determined by protection ballistic limit(V
$\sub$ 50/, a static velocity with 50% probability for complete penetration) test method. V$\sub$ 50/ tests with 0$^{\circ}$ obliquity at room temperature were conducted with 5.56mm ball projectiles that were able to achieve near or complete penetration during high velocity impact tests. -
Deformation on shapes of the hydrogen absorption metal in this paper was investigated on hydrogen absorption-desorption cycling. In order to study this problem, the cold rolled palladium plate and the cold extrusion palladium bar as specimens had been used. By using the electrochemical method, the palladium specimens were cyclically hydrogenated in the 0.1 mol H
$_2$ SO$_4$ electrolyte. As results, it is noted that the thickness of the plate specimen gradually increased in increasing hydrogenation cycles whereas the width and the length decreased. But both the diameter and the length of the bar specimen increased with increasing hydrogenation cycles. Also, grains in the plate specimen were greatly deformed after hydrogenation cycling whereas internal grains in the bar specimen were pulverized. And deterioration of the hydrogen absorption rate of the bar specimen was lager than the plate specimen. -
In this study. the fatigue behavior of cracked aluminum repaired by unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites was experimentally investigated. The aluminum used was 7075-T6 and the patch used was four plied unidirectional ([0]
$_4$ ) composites. The composite patch was adhesively bonded to the cracked aluminum using secondary bonding procedure. Two different specimens of cracked aluminum and cracked aluminum repaired with patch were used in the fatigue tests. Load ratio and the frequency applied in the fatigue tests were 0 and 10 Hz, respectively. The results showed that the fatigue behavior of cracked aluminum was improved by repairing the cracked area with composite patch. Specifically, the specimen repaired by composite patch showed 30% more improved fatigue behavior than regular specimen. -
Work factor approach is conveniently used in metal fracture mechanics to determine fracture toughness from a single fracture test. In this work, we investigated the applicability of the work factor approach in order to determine fracture toughness of thick graphite/epoxy composites in the hydrostatic pressure environment from a single fracture test. The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the elastic work factor was studied, The stacking sequence used was multi-directional, [0
$^{\circ}$ /${\pm}$ 45$^{\circ}$ /90$^{\circ}$ ]. The hydrostatic pressures applied were 0.1 MPa, 100 MPa, 200 MPa, and 300 MPa. The results showed that the elastic work factor was not affected by the hydrostatic pressure, The elastic work factor decreased in a linear fashion with crack length. -
The first thing in developing injection molding and extrusion with microcellular foaming process is to get a grip on one phase state's rheology of gas and polymer solution. Understanding rheology is essential to design mold or die. and it is so important to control the condition of process. Also, this data is got the utmost out of simulation carrying out. In this paper, we will see the measurement of rheology in one phase that mixed polypropylene which contains talc with carbon dioxide of super critical fluid state, and will compare its result with the simulation result.
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Recently, The PolyPropylene(PP) Foam used as Bumper and Helmet is well known as a protective material for products. In this paper, the effect of the density of PP foams on the absorption of the impact energy is implemented. The result of the experiment has revealed that the effect of the high-density PP foams is remarkably increased compared with that of the low-density PP foams. And it also shows that the absorption of the impact energy of PP foams are greatly influenced by the density in impact velocity(220cm/s). These results are expected to be utilized for the technique of manufacturing a optimum impact structure.
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The main object of this study was evaluated by the delamination damage for fiber stacking angle. Therefore, this work need to compare the shape of delamination for a different fiber stacking angie. So this study uses a method of fatigue test which was created [0]
$_2$ ,[+45]$_2$ [90]$_2$ . The extension of the delamination zone formed between aluminium alloy and glass fiber-adhesive layer were measured by an ultrasonic C-scan image. As a result, the shapes of delamination zone don't depend upon the crack propagation. We could know that the delamination zone grew interaction between stress flow of fiber layer and crack driving force. Hence, the existing study were applied to the stress transfer, fiber bridging effect, delaminantion growth rate should need to the develop useful factor because of change of fiber stacking angle. -
There is a great demand for reducing the amount of material used in mass-produced plastics parts, for material cost constitutes a large percentage of the total cost of 60%. It may be noted that the price of plastics is directly rotated to the price of petroleum. Material reduction therefore decreases the amount of oil needed for the manufacture of plastics and thus help conserve this natural resource. Therefore microcellular foaming process(MCPs) was studied for solving this problems alternatively in 1980's at M.I.T Until now in MCPs carbon dioxide gas was mainly used for microcellular foaming. Besides, Talc was used for reducing the price of plastics. Consequently, we must certificate using the Talc in MCPs according to contents of the Talc.
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Drawing is a basic plastic deformation method and productive manufacturing process make wire. rod and variety section geometry bar. Study for the rod drawing process of rod was researched long littles. but non-axisymmetric drawing process is weak. So metal flow is very irregular in non-axisymmetric drawing process and difficult to define about material deformation generally. In this paper, to solve material deformation, use finite element method and then define suitable shape for rod to hexagonal drawing dies. And research corner filling rate and surface roughness for the high strength steel hexagonal bar produced defined dies.
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In chemical forming process, mixed materials of LDPE, EVA and forming agent are used. However mechanical properties has been dropping remarkably through this forming process. In this study, Above materials(LDPE, EVA) were used in microcellular foaming injection process. And various effective factors in this process were selected by Axiomatic approach and systematically estimated by DOE(Design of Experiments). As a results, injection type and rate of mixing resins have more influence on forming rate than other factors.
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The Vacuum circuit breaker is a kind of power circuit breaker and protect electric devices from over-current. In this paper we built a dynamic model of VCB driving mechanism using ADAMS. The development of the new circuit breaker with less energy and more compactable mechanism is focused. Through the dynamic model, the concept design of the new circuit breaker with less energy and more compactable mechanism is proposed, and then the detailed design is carried out through the design process based on the dynamic model.
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In the design of optical system, important variables of optical system (including indices, shapes, spaces, stops. etc.) must manipulate in order to balance out offensive aberration. In this paper, it carried out a basic study on the design of micro optical system usable for the acquaintance of visual information in the particular conditions such as capsule type endoscopes. In this study, specification for design of optical system selected voluntarily and the basic design of optical system carried out by using the ray tracing method on the assumption that ideal lenses without aberrations. In the designed optical system, the optimization including aberration correction and the performance evaluation of optical system carried out by using the CODE-V. The final designed optical system consists of seven sheets of lenses. Also the results of performance evaluation. the micro optical system combined with aspherical lenses was confirmed to have improved optical performance as compared with the micro optical system consisted of spherical lenses.
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This paper describes screw tool design and machining method witch is able to design tool profile and 3-dimensional geometry for screws in self-wiping co-rotating twin screw extruder. The geometric features of screws for co-rotating twin screw extruders are developed from kinematic principles. Closely self-wiping screw segments are manufactured in universal milling machine by using designed screw tools. It is shown that experimental results verified the closely intermeshing condition in twin screw.
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Transducers, which are incorporated in control devices for fixed wing aircraft, land vehicles. and weapon systems were designed and manufactured by use of semiconductor strain gages. These transducers consist of three parts; flange mounts, sensing rods, and semiconductor strain gages. In this investigation, we designed cylindrical sensing rods with high sensitivity and developed installation procedures of semiconductor strain gages. The semiconductor strain gage has hish gage factor such that it can produce high resistance change in spite of low strain, but it is so small and fragile that one should handle carefully and sophisticated installation method is needed for good performances. The prototype transducers are manufactured, and then tested about three important factors: sensitivity, linearity, and hysteresis. We got results or 0.084 V/N sensitivity, 0.2% nonlinearity, and 0.5% hysteresis.
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Sometimes open holes are required for the function and the weight reduction of structure and machinery. However, the serious stress concentration occurs because of the geometric discontinuity caused by the holes and cutting section. In this study, it is attempted to obtain the stress concentration coefficients of the inner surface of the hole boundary by changing the position and the shape of holes on the homogeneous isotropic plate. And the effects on the plate are investigated. The results show that the stress level becomes low and the distribution area widens the position of stress concentration changes as the ratio a/b increases and change to a circle. And as the ratio a/l decreases, the stress concentration reduces. As the plate with three holes. the stress
$\sigma$ $\_$ x/ and$\tau$ $\_$ xy/ of hole 1,3 becomes high, especially$\sigma$ $\_$ x/ dominant and high. -
The project for "Development of Advanced Spent Fuel Management Technology" has a plan of a demonstration for the Advanced Management Process in the hot cell of IMEF. The Advanced Management Process are being developed for efficient and safe management of spent fuels. For the demonstration, several devices which are used to safely transport and handle nuclear materials without scattering have been derived by analyzing the Advanced Management Process, object nuclear material and modules of process equipment and performing graphical simulation of transportation/handling by computers. For verification, powder transportation vessel and handling device have been designed and manufactured. And several tests such as transporting, grappling, rotating the vessel have been performed. Also, the design requirements of transportation/handling equipment have been analyzed based on test results and process studies. The developed design requirements in this research will be used as the design data for the Advanced Management Process.
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In precision machinery industry, it's required with small size and low noise design to using in constant liquid delivery equipment. To accomplish it's purpose, we designed the check valve with rubber sheet of circle shapes as a possible assembly in pump body. The test equipment for piezoelectric pump was able to test pressure-flow property and output property of piezoelectric pump by variation(magnitude of voltage and frequency) of input power.
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In this study we analyze operation principle of wedge type rail clamp using in the harbor and when wind force applies to container crane, we calculate deformation in each part of rail clamp. As a result of calculation, we will design rail clamp supporter that forbid overload to be applied at rail clamp according to adjust climbing wedge distance of roller. It would be adapted various container capacity and wind velocity.
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Safety-shoes are developed for heavy industry. Nowadays with the development of industry, it is increase on all of industry field. Safety-shoes are to be classfied into using intention. And it's developed not only protect from danger but also more comfort wearing. When wear a safety shoes, in cold weather, serious disease could be occur such as frostbitten and so on. In the study replacees steel toe-cap by polymer. When it replace by polymer, Moreover add keeping warm, light weighting, chemicals-proof. Nowadays plastic material can exchanged from metal, because of rapid growth in engineering plastic and FRP. Prodcts of engineering plastic and FRP goods are equal. So we develop plastic Toe-Cap using plastic technology.
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This study was carried out to minimize the lifting force of a two hinge type stand mechanism. This unit is designed for the display devices in order to enhance the ergonomics for effective height adjustment and maintenance at any preferred position. The unit will be very useful for the mechanism fabricated with a coil spring and disc springs as a torque generator. The maximum and the minimum torque value should be calculated initially for the smooth lift. And the reasonable torque distribution is necessary to prevent any AUTO LIFT and AUTO Drooping at any position because the torque generated by coil spring is more sensitive than disc spring in tilting the position. Therefore, the analysis of the coil spring is requisite to issue the specific torque value depending on the distorted angle with securing reliability of a long time storage condition. After the theoretical torque value was calculated, the evaluation was carried out by making a proto-type sample, then distorted angle was updated by experiment. The result of this study can readily be applied to various units for the optimization of the smooth lift.
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High temperature and high pressure heavy water flows through the pipes in atomic power plants. The curved parts of pipes are critical parts in that they change the direction of steam flow, and these parts are especially affected by severe wear. Therefore, most pipes in atomic power plants are tested by non-destructive examination by workers who use ultrasonic sensors to measure the wall thickness of pipes. But not only are these pipes located in a very dangerous environment, but the space is also very limited. For the safety of workers, it is necessary to design a device that uses a mobile robot that can inspect curved pipes. This paper presents the design and construction of a small device that can generate the necessary contact forces between ultrasonic sensors and pipe walls in a limited space. And a mobile robot is used in place ortho worker for successful non-destructive examination.
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Korean tank has been used from the end of 1980's. Even though Korean tank is regarded as the tank which is made in Korea, a lot of parts still need to be imported from abroad. Therefore, the localization for the parts of Korean Tank is necessary to be set free from the rate of dependence on imports. In this research, one of the most important part of Korean Tank, Lever, was considered to carry out localization. For the first step, two dimensional drawing and three dimensional modeling of the Lever was done. Secondly, the stress analysis was carried out for Lever and it is shown that the predictions of the proposed modeling are in very good agreement with the expected results.
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In order to enhance the productivity of design and manufacture of injection molds, various computer-aided systems have been developed and introduced to mold manufacturers. The customized 3-D CAD systems for mold design is one of the most representative computer-aided system. However, these systems usually do not provide a convenient way to access and manage design knowledge implemented in them. To overcome this shortage, knowedge-based engineering systems have been developed, and now they are imbedded as modules of commercial CAD systems. In this paper, we introduced a 3-D design system for standard mold base based on Knowledge Fusion, a commercialized KBE system imbedded in Unigraphics. By introducing KBE system, design knowledge can be exposed to the users and modified by the end-users.
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The correlation between the object function and the design parameter is shown on this paper by using the characteristic function for tile mixed result of the structure analysis. tile buckling analysis and the table of orthogonal array according to the original crane's dimensional change. About the above two object functions, the effective of design change according to the change of design parameters could be estimated. Also, the crane's weight is reduced up to 20.58 percent maintaining the structural stability according to the thickness of plate.
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This paper introduces the development of design capabilities for air cylinders and jig bases in a three-dimensional jig design system for automobile body assembly. We first built the standard part library for these parts, and then developed the dedicated 3D design capabilities based on the Unigraphics system. By using this 3-D jig design system, design can be performed more intuitively, and verification and simulation of design results can be done more easily as the 3-D design result can be used readily for virtual manufacturing simulation.
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The shock absorber is a part having a direct influence on the ride comfort, stability and dynamic load prediction of a vehicle. Thus, a rationally modeled shock absorber should be required in the dynamic analysis of vehicles. This thesis presents a modified model, based on Worden's hyperbolic tangent function, in order to fit experimental data on the velocity-damping force of a shock absorber. The hyperbolic tangent function correctly indicates the characteristics of a shock absorber. and has the advantage of containing physical causality. To evaluate the method, comparative evaluations of the linear model. the 5th polynomial model and Worden's model were carried out. The function presented in this paper is not only simple but also makes it possible to estimate the function coefficients easily and visually. In addition, it has the advantage of containing physical causality. Lastly, it effectively models the damping force of a shock absorber.
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Injection mold is a manufacturing process used to produce the various parts of complicated shape at a low cost. Many factors such as, section shape, resin and mold temperature, filling time, etc, affect on the quality of injection part during injection molding process. The precent study, was carried out the shrinkage analysis of shoes injection mold to optimize runner shape based on filling and packing pressure with MoldFlow. Taguchi design and analysis of variance are used to optimize injection mold design.
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In this paper, the application of object-oriented Data Model to develop a multibody dynamic system, called O-DYN, is introduced. Mechanical components, such as bodies, joints, forces are modeled as objects which have data and method by using object-oriented modeling methodology. O-DYN, a dynamic analysis system, based on the object-oriented modeling concept is made in C++. One example is analyzed through the O-DYN, It is expected that the analysis program or individual module constructed in this paper would be useful for mechanical engineers in predicting the dynamic responses of multibody systems and developing an analysis program
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A specific experimental method, the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) technique has been widely used to determine the dynamic material properties under the impact compressive loading conditions with strain-rate of the order of 103/s∼104/s. This type of test procedure has been used to examine the dynamic response of materials in various modes of testing. In this paper, dynamic deformation behaviors of rubber materials widely used for the isolation of vibration from varying structures under dynamic loading are determined using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar technique.
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Recently, self-healing methods of a cracked matrix, especially polymeric composite materials, became the center of engineering researchers. In this paper, we summarized the self-healing concept for polymeric composite materials and investigated the effect of microparticle on the crack growth behavior in colorless and transparent matrix by experimental observation to describe the crack propagation around the microparticle inside epoxy matrix composite. Compression splitting test for the specimen involving microparticle was conducted. In addition, FE analysis was pursued to present the stress contour around microparticle in the matrix. Through the experiments and FE analysis, we found that the size. relative position, bonding condition and relative stiffness of microparticle are important parameters to decide the direction of crack propagation, which is related to the rupture of microparticle for self-healing
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This paper describes the result of carbody and vibration test for freight car. The purpose of the test is to evaluate an safety which carbody structure shall be considered fully sufficient rigidity so as to load a freight car under maximum load and operating condition on line track. The test carbody is constructed by RS korea co., LTD. in accordance with KNR specfication. The test cases of the carbody is tested the vertical load and compressive load to verify the strength and stillness. The vibration test is tested for analysis and evaluation of vibration, to allow for the fact that mechanical vibration in railway vehicles have specific characteristics.
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A general vibration phenomenon of a rigid-body supported by springs can be viewed as a small repetitive screw displacement. From this view, a multi-directional vibration absorber can be designed by use of screw theory and transfer matrix method. In this paper, the basic equations of motion for a multi-body system have been expressed in terms of screws using transfer matrix method and a simple approach to the design of a multi-degrees-of-freedom absorber has been presented. In order to illustrate the methodology, an example for the design of a 2-DOF active absorber which is capable of absorbing vibration of a rigid body excited by 3-DOF external force has been presented.
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In this study, retardation behavior of fatigue crack under single overloading of the mixed mode state was experimentally investigated. To produce single overload in the mixed mode I+II state, the compact tension shear (CTS) specimen and loading device were used. The propagation tests for fatigue crack were performed under mode I and mixed-mode loading overloading afterwards. We examined the observed deformation aspects, the variation of fatigue life and crack propagation rate, and the aspects of retardation behavior from tests. The retardation effect of mixed-mode single overload on fatigue crack propagation behavior was smaller than that of mode I single overload. Also the loading modes of variable and constant amplitude loads have influence on the retardation behavior of fatigue cracks.
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A crank throw, which is one of the crankshaft part for a large diesel engine is manufactured by closed die forging or open die forging. For the purpose of improvement of productivity the open die forging is usually adopted these days. However it has disadvantage of low yield ratio compare to closed die forging. To overcome this problem, the material properties for hot top and bottom zones of ingot are investigated to utilize them to the product and a modified forging process to reduce the material loss of ingot body through forging analysis according to forging factors(a , R, Ø
$\sub$ B/, Ø$\sub$ D/) is suggested. -
Han, Geun-Jo;An, Chan-Woo;Kim, Tae-Hyung;Sim, Jae-Jun;Han, Dong-Sub;Lee, Ho;Jeon, Young-Hwan 1517
In this paper, we design a wedge type rail-clamp which can protect container crane from wind with constant clamping force regardless of the operating period. When we design wedge type rail clamp, it is important to determine the weight for locker to descent smoothly with an initial clamping force of rail and pad. Therefor, this paper suggest a process to decide a wright within proper range which could be obtained using FEA of wedge type rail clamp. -
Currently the plates used for the various structures has a tendency to being slim to the degree of the sheet metal vis-a-vis the overall measurements of the structure, and the conditions of their usage and load have been getting diverse. As the structure material has been used more and more under the various conditions, the necessity of the strength analysis is to be required. While most of these methods are simply based on the strain gaging method; that is, directly attaching most of the material to the gage, using the non-contact method is still in the early stage. One of the non-contact methods is by the use of the laser that has high-level of the accuracy for the measurement, and this laser also has excellent characteristics on which many studies for its applications are focused throughout the many fields. Therefore, this dissertation is on the measurement of the strain caused by the characteristics of the TIG welded zone which is used with 3D ESPI system that is functionally modified through the laser ESPI system.
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This paper describes the result of carbody load test. The purpose of the test is to evaluate an safety which carbody structure shall be considered fully sufficient rigidity so as to satisfy proper system function under maximum load and operating condition. Carbody material applied a stainless steel and an aluminum alloy, The stainless steel model is the carbody of a motor car which is delivering to KNR line 1 in 2002 and the aluminum alloy model is the carbody of a motor car which is delivering to GWANGJU line 1 in 2003.
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This paper deals with the impact analysis of the impact absorbing system consist of one degree of freedom and two degree of freedom damping-spring system in spreader to increase efficiency of it. It shows the optimum damping coefficient and spring constant of impact absorbing system using for crane spreader and the optimum condition of impact absorbing system causing certain contact impulse. In the optimal model, the contact impulse is reduced 98.57 percent and 92.22 percent respectively.
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Dynamic model of the rubber-tired AGT light rail vehicle. various load and boundary conditions between vehicle and infrastructures(running track. guidance rail) were defined to analyze vehicular dynamic behaviors occurred by inclement weather(strong wind and earthquake). The dynamic analysis were performed by using a commercialized software RecurDyn. whose results for the magnitudes of wind and earthquake showed the resultant forces and accelerations between car body and bogie, or bogie guidance frame and infrastructures in the various track conditions(straight or curved tracks) and train velocities. Based on these results, speed limitation of tile vehicle were proposed to ensure system stability and passengers safety.
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MEMS technology with micro scale is complete system utilized as the sensor. micro electro device. The metallization of MEMS is very important to transfer the power operating the sensor and signal induced from sensor part. But in the MEMS structures local stress concentration and deformation is often happened by geometrical shape and different constraint on the metallization. Therefore. this paper studies the effect of supporting type and thickness ratio about thin film thickness of the substrate thickness for the residual stress variation caused by thermal load in the multi-layer thin film. Specimens were made from materials such as Al, Au and Cu and uniform thermal load was applied, repeatedly. The residual stress was measured by FEA and nano-indentation using AFM. Generally, the specimen made of Al induced the large residual stress and the 1st layer made of Al reduced the residual stress about half percent than 2nd layer. Specimen made of Cu and Au being the lower thermal expansion coefficient induce the minimum residual stress. Similarly the lowest indentation length was measured in the Au_Cu specimen by nano-indentation.
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In this study, embodying reliability block diagram based on the web and reliability analysis technology are developed. RBD(reliability Block Diagram) represents the functional relation between elements in any product. Among relations between elements. there are serial, parallel, bridge, and stand by, etc. Advantages of developed system are integrated datum about reliability (NPRD, EPRD, MIL-HDBK 217F, NSWC. OREDA. Bellcore, and domestic institutes & companies datum). graphic user interface for convenience, and the various service analyzes the failure history data of parts.
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In rigid-plastic finite element method, there is a heavy computation time and convergence problem. In this study. static-explicit rigid-plastic finite element method will be introduced. This method is the way that restrict the convergence interval. In result, convergence problem and computation time due to large non-linearity in the existing numerical analysis method were no longer a critical problem. Also, we investigated the effect of punch stroke and the strain increment this method. It is expected that various results from the numerical analysis will give very useful information for the design of tools in sheet metal forming process.
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The front-end side members of automobiles absorb most of the energy in a front-end collision. The front-end side members are required to have a high stiffness together with easiness to collapse sequentially to absorb more impact energy. The axial static collapse test (5mm/mim) was conducted by using UTM with respect to the single hat shaped section members which are the standard section shape of the spot welded section members, to the single cap shaped section members, to the double cap shaped section members and to the double hat shaped section members whose section shape are changed in order to give more stiffness. As a result of test, the energy absorbing characteristic was analyzed for different section shapes. That is, it was analyzed that the change of section shape influenced the absorbing energy, the mean collapse load and the maximum collapse load, and that the relation between the change of section shape and the collapse mode.
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As the public use part of the railway and the road, the railway crossing is important to work properly by two transportation means. Also, It is important to provide the good face of friction on the railway crossing in aspect of protecting the railway crossing accident. Lately, the material of railway crossing panel is the wood. the asphalt, and the steel. As they have a various fault, it was studied to analyze the structural action of the new material. rubber panel. This paper analyzed eigenvalue, stress and displacement by truck passing weight and thermal stress using the FEM model.
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This paper presents the effect of varying boundary conditions such as ground subsidence on failure prediction of buried pipelines. The first order Taylor series expansion of the limit state function is used in order to estimate the probability of failure associated with three cases of ground subsidence. We estimate the distribution of stresses imposed on the buried pipelines by varying boundary conditions and calculate the probability of pipelines with von-Mises failure criterion. The effects of random variables such as pipe diameter, internal pressure, temperature, settlement width, load for unit length of pipelines, material yield stress and thickness of pipeline on the failure probability of the buried pipelines are also systematically studied by using a failure probability model for the pipeline crossing a ground subsidence region.
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In the dynamic analysis model of full vehicles, the ball joint is usually modeled as an ideal joint. Searching a ball joint, the engineering plastic covers metal and the plastic has little compliance. It is expected that the compliance will physically have an influence on load transfer. This thesis presents a dynamic model considering the compliance of a ball joint, and studies an influence related to load transfer. It models the compliance of a ball joint to 3 directional spring. Likewise, it researches the load of a ball joint via a four-post simulation of a full vehicle, comparing with a model considered compliant and the model of an ideal joint. As a result, the difference between the compliance and the ideal joint model was determined. For this reasons, to conduct precision load prediction for durability analysis, dynamic analysis considering the compliance of bali joint should be required.
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The backward extrusion process is one of the commonly used metal forming processes. In this paper. a battery case which has the rectangular section, is analyzed using a 3D metal forming package(MSC.Superforge). This pacakge uses the finite volume analysis method. It is shown that the MSC.Superforge package using finite volume method provides result very close to those obtained from a finite element analysis package(MSC.Superform). However, the simulation time using the finite volume method was almost 10 % of the simulation time consumed by the other package using finite element method. Moreover, the finite volume method used in MSC.Superforge can eliminate the remeshing problems that make the simulating a metal forming process with severe deformation, such as the extrusion process, so difficult.
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Meshfree approximations exhibit significant potential to solve partial differential equations. Meshfree methods have been successfully applied to various problems which the traditional finite element methods have difficulties to handle, including the quasi-static and dynamic fracture. large deformation problems, contact problems, and strain localization problems. A meshfree method based on the reproducing kernel particle approximation(RKPM) is applied to sheet metal forming analysis in this research. Metal forming examples, such as stretch forming and flanging operation, are analyzed to demonstrate the performance of the proposed meshfree method for largely deformed elasto-plastic material.
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The quality of bundles is closely related with the apparent thickness. Especially the variation of apparent thickness of bundle determines the qualify of the plane structure made or the bundle such as surface evenness, pore size, and the shape of air-gap, etc.,. This study is dealing with the development of a new measuring system of the thickness of bundle or cross-section by determining the size of the shadow of the object covered by a laser slit beam. Also the measured signal is characterized in terms of the correlogram, the irregularity in wavelength. The correlogram for the irregularity of several sample types could be represented by a sinusoidal function with exponentially decaying amplitude. Moreover, influence of the measuring speed on the signal and the characteristic differences according to the different types of bundle are investigated.
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In the recent years, as the research and the development of micro and precision machinery become active, the interest of micro actuators using SMA(Shape Memory Alloy) has been increased. The dynamic characteristic analysis of SMA is necessary for actuator application and many common researches report the material characteristics of SMA sufficiently. However, the research on dynamic characteristics is very deficient. In this paper, the helical spring are fabricated with NiTi SMA wire of high resistivity. The force, response speed, temperature, and displacement are measured by digital force gauge, infrared thermometer, and laser displacement sensor so that the dynamic characteristics of this SMA is analyzed. Also, bidirectional actuator was fabricated and experimented for its performance.
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This paper proposed efficient manufacturing system using OMM(on-machine measurement) system and OMM operating S/W based 3D modeler. A Developed program connected tool machine with RS232C. It is composed two operating system that touch probe operating and laser displacement sensor operating system. A program for touch probe possible measure considered inspection feature and CAD data. The laser operating program is used inspection for profile. very small hole using installed feature data. This system is applied manufacturing line of mold(cavity, core) also verification of efficiency manufacturing process that production, reduction machining error of each process
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Based on the design requirements for the rubber-tired AGT light rail vehicle. the braking system was designed. Its major components are a brake operating unit, a pneumatic-hydraulic transfer, screw compressor, oil separator. air dryer, hydraulic caliper. After the components of braking system were manufactured. some factory tests were executed to evaluate their performances. The Results of these tests can guarantee a performance. safety of the braking system developed.
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Automatic grease lubricator of gear type was developed by mechanical design, analysis and test with products manufactured by rapid prototyping machine. The mechanism of gear driving was designed in similar to the watch mechanism and lubrication could be controlled by PCB circuit. The body of the lubricator was analyzed by stress analysis with different constructed angle. Digital mockup was analyzed and RP products were combined with PCB circuit and grease. RP products and injection moulding products were tested and compared for roughness and roundness, Finally the grease was drained out for testing the time.
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Sheet metal forming process is a non-linearity problem which is affected by various process variables, such as geometric shape of punch and die, frictional characteristic, etc.. Therefore, the knowledge of the influence of the process variables is needed in the design of sheet metal working processes. In this paper, deep drawing tests for blank holding force, punch speed and lubrication between sheet material and tool were carried out to investigate the influence upon sheet formability. Experimental results were discussed about the defects on the deformation behaviors during the forming process.
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Fine-Blanking is an advanced and precision stamping process, by which a component with precise geometry and smooth cut surface can be produced without any further major secondary operations. By applying the Fine-Blanking technology, the significant improvement of the component should be obvious. As the components are with good shape, smooth surface and precise size, they can be ready for assembly without any further secondary operations. The productivity is increased, the production cycle time and the component cost are significantly reduced. We apply the fine-Blanking for chain sprocket. And do Mecanical test for compress strenth. impaact, roughness, Brinell hardness, dimensional stability.
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This paper describes a split operation for generation of core and cavity plates of an injection mold for a pseudo-solid model of a plastic part. Here, a pseudo-solid model means a sheet model that looks like a solid model. but whose boundary is not closed. When a solid model created in a different CAD system is imported through standard data exchange format, a pseudo-solid model is created in most cases as tolerance or some other problems make sewing operation failed. As most existing mold design system based on solid modeling kernels require a complete part solid model, mold designers have to do time-consuming healing operations to convert a pseudo-solid to solid. The essential capability of mold design system is the split operation for generation of core and cavity plates. Thus. we developed a split operation for pseudo-solid part model to eliminate or reduce healing preprocessing for mold design.
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A unstructured tetrahedral mesh generation algorithm has been presented. To make better meshes in interior region using an advancing front technique, a connecting operator has been developed in addition to the existing operators. Before applying digging operators that generate new nodes inside of a meshing region, a connecting operator is employed that uses existing nodes which satisfy certain conditions for producing well-conditioned elements if possible. By introducing this new operator, tetrahedral meshing process becomes more robust and produces better quality of meshes.
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This research focused on the development of automatically exclusive production equipment of corrupad as changing manual system into automatic system to increase the output. Therefore the minimization of the problem of the rewinding mechanism with eccentric cantilever structure is key to the achievement of the high performance for automation production. Proto-type corrupad rewinding machine is manufactured after considering the effect of the rotational vibration and natural frequency of the structure of machine by using 3D design packages such as ADAMS and I-deas. For evaluating the performance of the proto-type machine, simulations of dynamic and static characteristics using 3D design packages, a series of modal tests by accelerometer and measurements of dynamic behavior by high-speed camera for rewinding part, were carried out. As a result, the proto-type machine was not affected with the rotational vibration. Whirling error of eccentric cantilever structure in driving is small. Therefore the machine developed is most suitable to produce corrupad automatically. However reinforcement of the structure in axial direction is required due to so vibration in that direction.
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Actuator being used in the ship supplies engine with air. When actuator is out of order, engine is not operated. This out of order is due to fracture of piston or rotating of spindle in the case of plastic deformation of parallel part in locking plate. For this reason, locking plate must be guaranteed enough strength. Therefor in this paper, the effects of changes with the clearance of between spindle and parallel part, the contact height of parallel part and spindle, the side circle diameter of parallel part and the width of locking plate in the designated torque are investigated. The result of this investigation shows the relation between locking plate and spindle.
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Wire rope is widely used to handle heavy materials. The material used to build the wire rope lock is mostly aluminum which is expensive. In this study, wire rope lock made of cheeper material with better performance is developed.
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RMQC, rail mounted quay crane, lifts and moves large container by means of hoist and trolley motion on the dock. Our company is trying to develop advanced RMQC applying the concepts of elevator hoist and container conveyer for the automation and high efficiency in handling the boxes. Prior to the development of new products, it is necessary to check the capacity of conventional crane for reference. The program simulates container-handling rates and gives some design factors for the conventional cranes.
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The study is expressed on the web browser using virtual reality of developer manufacturing process and method or manufactured goods conviction for designer and developer with visualized model. This study purpose of basic feature with VRML file and Java and VRML with AWT to get WC code was presented. The study process is equal to the real thing modeling on using Pro/Engineer and exports on the VRML1.0. The condition converts VRML1.0 to VRML2.0 on the CROSS ROADS. And then Cosmo World is coding and manufacturing simulation is expressed on the Cosmo Player.
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Hair pin bending machine is pipe forming machine consisting of heat exchanger product system. Hair pin produced by these machine is pathway of refrigerant and play a important role improving the performance and productivity of heat exchanger. The core technology of hair pin bending machine is forming the straight pipe into U-type without any defaults. Therefore, this paper study the relation between the pipe bending forming and the shape and position of mandrel using the elastic-plastic finite element analysis and provide a foundation technology for which developing the hair pin bending machine. The results are followed 1. Mandrel located in front of rotating center of bending die minimized the circular shape variation of copper pipe. 2. Diameter change of mandrel hardly effect the pipe shape.
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Any given object on the motor-driven turntable is pictured from 8 to 72 different views with a digital camera. 3D shape reconstruction is performed with the integrated software called by Scanware from these multiple digital photographs. There are several steps such as configuration, calibration, capturing, segmentation, shape creation, texturing and merging process during the shape reconstruction process. 3D geometry data can be exported to cad data such as Autocad input file. Also 3D image model is generated from 3D geometry and texture data, and is used to advertise the model in the internet environment. Consumers can see the object realistically from wanted views by rotating or zooming in the internet browsers with Scanbull spx plug-in. The spx format allows a compact saving of 3D objects to handle or download. There are many types of scan equipments such as laser scanners and photogrammetric scanners. Line or point scan methods by laser can generate precise 3D geometry but cannot obtain color textures in general. Reversely, 3D image modeling with photogrammetry can generate not only geometries but also textures from associated polygons. We got various 3D image models and introduced the process of getting 3D image model of an internet-connected watchdog robot.
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Piezoactuator using a flexure hinge mechanism is often used in the precision stages. When the total size of the hinge mechanism become small compared with the deformation of the hinge mechanism, the geometrical nonlinearity makes a considerable error in the output displacement. In this research, the incremental method based on the matrix method is developed to model the effect of the geometrical nonlinearity. Developed modeling method is applied to derive the error of output displacement of the bridge-type hinge mechanism and its results are derived with respect to the design parameters. This method can be easily used to the design optimization of the hinge mechanism and analysis results show that the geometrical nonlinearity error should be considered to achieve a high accuracy to the piezoactuators.
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Drawing is a mechanical operation that attenuates thick material to an appropriate thickness for the next processing or end usage. When the input material has the form of a bundle or bundles made of very thin and long shaped wire or fibers, this attenuation operation is called "bundle drawing" or "drafting" Drafting is being used widely in manufacturing staple yarns. which is indispensable for the textile industry. However, the bundle processed by this operation undertake more or less defects in the evenness of linear density. Such irregularities cause many problems not only for the product quality but also for the efficiency of the next successive processes. Since long there have been many researches tying to find out factors affecting the irregularity of linear desity, to obtain optimal drafting conditions, to develop efficient measuring and analysis methods of linear density of bundle, etc., but there exists yet no fundamental equation describing the dynamic behavior of the flowing bundle during processing. In this research a mathematical model for the dynamic behavior of the bundle fluid is to be set up on the basis of general physical lows representing physical variables, i.e. linear density and velocity as the dynamic state of bundle. The conservation of mass and momentum balance was applied to the fluid field of bundle. while the movement of′ individual material was taken into account. The constitutive model relating the surface force and the deformation of bundle was introduced by considering a representative prodedure that stands for the bundle movement. Then a fundamental equations system could be simplified considering a steady state of the process. On the basis of the simplified model, the simulation was performed and the results could be confirmed by the experiments under various conditions.
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The Objective of this work was to design Surface Antenna Structure (SAS) and investigate fatigue behavior of SAS that was asymmetric sandwich structure. This term, SAS, indicates that structural surface becomes antenna. Constituent materials were selected considering electrical properties, dielectric constant and tangent loss as well as mechanical properties. For the antenna performance, SSFIP elements inserted into structural layers were designed for satellite communication at a resonant frequency of 12.5 GHz and final demonstration article was 16
${\times}$ 8 array antenna. From electrical measurements, it was shown that antenna performances were in good agreement with design requirements. In cyclic 4-point bending, flexure behavior was investigated by static and fatigue test. Fatigue lift curve of SAS was obtained. The fatigue load was determined experimentally at a 0.75(1.875kN) load level. SAS concept is the first serious attempt at integration for both antenna and composite engineers and promises innovative future communication technology. -
The process equipment for handling high level radioactive materials, such as spent nuclear fuel, is operated within a sealed facility, called a hot cell, due to high radioactivity. Thus, this equipment should be maintained and repaired by remotely operated manipulator. In this study, to carry out the sale and effective maintenance of the process equipment installed in the hot cell by a servo type manipulator, a collision free motion planning method of the manipulator using virtual prototyping technology is suggested. To do this, the parts are modelled in 3-D graphics, assembled, and kinematics are assigned and the virtual workcell is implemented in the graphical environment which is the same as the real environment. The method proposed in this paper is to find the optimal path of the manipulator using the function of the collision detection in the graphic simulator. The proposed path planning method and this graphic simulator of manipulator can be effectively used in designing of the maintenance processes for the hot cell equipment and enhancing the reliability of the spent fuel management.
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The application area of parallel mechanism is limited in spite of many advantages of that because the workspace of platform is a very small. Thus enlargement of workspace is important issue in design of parallel mechanism. In this paper a parallel mechanism design method is described using commercial simulation program. Firstly strokes of the assembled parallel mechanism's active joints are simulated from kinetic simulation mode to get required workspace, Secondly, dynamic parameters(velocity, acceleration, force, moment) are simulated for the gravity, friction and exit load. Finally, workspace of moving platform is displayed and workspace of area is simulated by motion analysis. The results of this paper will help engineer to design parallel mechanism with optimize workspace.
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The mass measurement of solid density standards using weight exchanger is described. KRISS(Korea Research Institute od Standards and Science) has several solid density standards. Their mass have been measured manually only using a mass comparator(Mettler, 1kg - 0.01mg). However, the uncertaity of the manual mass measurement is up to 300 microgarm much more than 32 microgram of advanced NMIS(National Metrology Institutes) for 1 kg silicon sphere which is primary density standards due to an eccentric error and buoyancy correction error. The new system with a weight exchanger is designed and built to improve the measurement accuracy. It comprises a weight exchager, a mass comparator, air density instruments, and application program for automatic measurement. It is evaluated by measuring several elements in an air tight chamber to verify the performance of it.
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This thesis is on tile development of LD(Laser Diode) chip tester and the control system based on graphical programming language(LabVIEW) to control the equipment. The LD chip tester is used to test the optic power and the optic spectrum of the LD Chip. The emitter size of LD chip and the diameter of the receiver(optic fiber) are very small. Therefore, in order to test each chip precisely, this tester needs high accuracy. However each motion part of the tester could not accomplish hish accuracy due to the limit of the mechanical performance. Hence. an image processing with machine vision was carried out in order to compensate for the error. and also a load test was carried out so as to reduce tile impact of load on chip while the probing motion device is working. The obtained results were within
${\pm}$ 5$\mu\textrm{m}$ error. -
Today, remote monitoring and control systems are becoming the cost-effetive management tools for almost all water user groups, including irrigators, water districts, municipal water suppliers, and wildlife management groups. This paper represents a new approach in the water-gate control using radio communication. The proposed device is simple in structure and suitable for implementation of water-gate control through the transceiver by radio communication. It was confirmed that the developed device was very efficient to control water-gate and to prove the up and down motion of water-gate through the LCD displayer
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In this study, we developed full automation test system for pressure vessel. This pressure vessel containing oxygen, nitrogen and carbon is widely used in industrial field. The test items of pressure vessel are divided into three branches which is weight measurement, water-hydraulic, and leakage test. After leakage test is completed, cleaning and dry progress is carried out. And control system is consist of three controller which is PLC, monitoring system and database system. PLC is control all of system. Monitoring system measures weight, pressure, flow etc and display to all conditions. Database system stores tested data. we design system to control all test modules in communication by a second period with three control modules. Finally, we verified this system by field test.
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The attachment of mobile vehicle is necessary for the automated operation on the inclined or vertical walls of steel structures. Since the vehicle requires attaching devices additionally, its overall efficiency can be reduced by the devices. Therefore, external shapes of mobile vehicles have to be researched to give the effective movement on the vertical face. For the design of mobile vehicle, the guideline has been derived from the modeling of wall-climbing, so that the vehicle should have a specific external shape for vertical movement due to the gravitational force. Hence, some adequate arrangement of attaching device to the mobile vehicle has been presented for the effective movement. In the experiments with four permanent magnetic wheels, a plausible result was achieved as a vertical attaching force of 185.2(N), a friction force of 153.8(N) and a curvature radius of 1.4m. The mobile vehicle should be modified according to the proposed design guideline. and then it could be applied to a specific operation as an appropriate external shape. Also, Further research is recommended on an optimal posture and a moving method in a specific application. as the attaching force ortho vehicle can be affected by its posture.
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Die polishing technology is very critical to determine quality and performance of the final products. Generally, the rotation-type tool is used most widely in the polishing process. However it is difficult to make the mirror surface, because the method using the rotation-type tool causes a lot of tiny scratch on the polished surface. This paper proposes a new method using the oscillation-type tool that reduces the scratch and improves the surface roughness. As result. the mirror surface was able to obtain by using the oscillation-type tool. AE is known to be closely related to material removal rate(MRR). As the surface is rougher, MRR gets larger and AE increase. The surface roughness can be indirectly estimated using the AE signal measured during automatic die polishing process. In this study. an AE sensor based monitoring system was developed to investigate the relation the level of AE RMS with the surface roughness during polishing process.
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The automatic Landing system is used for the automatic functions of automatic transfer crane in the automated container terminal. It confirms and adjusts the alignment and pose between spreader and container and accomplishes the automatic loading/unloading job of containers in yard. Specially, it is required in the automated container terminal and is well adapted under the coarse external environments. This system used the laser sensors to recognize the alignment between spreader and container. In this paper the algorithm of recognition of the alignment and pose is presented and the result of its simulation is shown.
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In this paper, input-output velocity transmission characteristics of the Casing Oscillator, which is a constructional machine with 4 degree of freedom are examined. After the Jacobian matrix is decomposed into linear part and angular part, the linear and the angular velocity transmission characteristics are analyzed and visualized in easy way even in the case of 3 dimensional task space with 4 variables. Regarding the measure of dexterity of the Casing Oscillator, the kinematic isotropic index and the manipulability measures which are respectively represented the isotropy and the volume of the manipulability ellipsoid are combined. A performance of the Casing Oscillator is evaluated by the combined manipulability measure.
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We propose a new technique for real-time controller design of a autonomous cruise mobile robot with three drive wheels. The proposed control scheme uses a Gaussian function as a unit function in the fuzzy neural network, and a back propagation algorithm to train the fuzzy neural network controller in the framework of the specialized learning architecture. It is proposed a learning controller consisting of two neural network-fuzzy based on independent reasoning and a connection net with fixed weights to simply the neural networks-fuzzy. The control performance of the proposed controller is illustrated by performing the computer simulation for trajectory tracking of the speed and azimuth of a autonomous cruise mobile robot driven by three independent wheels.
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This paper presents a new optimization technique of acceleration curve for a wafer transfer crane movement in which high speed and low vibration are desirable. This technique is based on a genetic algorithm with a penalty function for acceleration optimization under the assumption that an initial profile of acceleration curves constitutes the first generation of the genetic algorithm. Especially the penalty function consists of the violation of constraints and the number of violated constraints. The proposed penalty function makes the convergence rate of optimization process using the genetic algorithm more faster than the case of genetic algorithm without a penalty function. The optimized acceleration of the crane through the genetic algorithm and commercial dynamic analysis software has shown to have accurate movement and low vibration.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the manufacturing technique on the U type Draw-Bending of inner grooved tube. This bending process make the U shape tube by Hair Pin Bending machine. The U type tube requires the quality of product that satisfy sufficient conditions for a heat exchanger. The mandrel components act the important roles that prevent wrinkles and keep the shape of cross section of bended tube at bending process. We performed the FEM simulation using LS-DYNA software and the bending test of inner groove tube and then, compared bending simulation with bending test results about mandrel ball diameter, mandrel position and optimal clearance between mandrel and tube.
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Almost the on-off type solenoid valve is used to hydraulic system. It has a strong point that concerned about rapid response, electric and hydraulic characteristic at the same time. In this paper we produced the new type spool using the MR fluid different from the others. Also we controlled a cylinder position through PWM method. And using the AMESim software, We compared our new type spool valve with existed one from data of simulation and experiment.
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Casing Oscillator is a construction machine that used to insert casings which is based on construction of a building or bridge into the ground. The purpose of using casing supports a pile or in case when heavy loads and moments happens. It is very important that the casings are retaining perpendicular to sea level regardless of the slope of the ground. So it requires that Casing Oscillator keep horizontality. But, it was useless a horizontal control without another heavy equipment. Tornado is a type of Casing Oscillator to advance. It controls horizontality with 4 cylinders. Those cylinders controlled by high-speed solenoid valves. This paper represents horizontal control of the Tornado using Kinematics. First. the horizontal control simulated by AMESim, which is simulation tool. then it compared with experimental results.
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In this paper we developed flip-chip bonder using XY stage, liner-rotary actuator and vision system. We depicted the major parts of the developed flip-chip bonder. Then we discussed several problems and their solutions such as vision and motion control, pick-up module position accuracy, separation of chip from the blue taped hoop, etc. We used a post guide to improve the horizontal positional accuracy against the long arm. Also, we used an ejector module and synchronization technique for easy chip separation from the blue tape.
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Clean and well maintained roadway signs are important for preserving driver's safety. The existing signs on the roadway must be periodically re-painted in order to maintain clean state. However, current sign painting operations are manually performed now. These are very slow and workers are exposed to very dangerous and hazard working environment. In this paper, we present the method for automating this job with gantry robot and spray system. In addition, we suggest two design concepts to resolve the problem that it is impractical to make the gantry system so big as to cover whole lane width. In order to show the validity of this system, the painting operation is simulated and experimentally executed.
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A windshield wiper system plays a key part in assurance of driver's safety at rainfall. However, because quantity of rain and snow vary irregularly according to time and velocity of automotive, a driver changes speed and operation period of a wiper from time to time in order to secure enough visual field in the traditional windshield wiper system. Because a manual operation of windshield wiper distracts driver's sensitivity and causes inadvertent driving, this is becoming direct cause of traffic accident. Therefore, this paper presents the basic architecture of vision-based smart windshield wiper system and the rain sensing algorithm that regulate speed and operation period of windshield wiper automatically according to quantity of rain or snow. Also, this paper introduces the fuzzy wiper control algorithm based on human's expertise, and evaluates performance of suggested algorithm in simulator model. In especial, the vision sensor can measure wide area relatively than the optical rain sensor. hence, this grasp rainfall state more exactly in case disturbance occurs.
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We propose a unmaned integrating control system based-on Windows XP version Off-Line Programming System which can simulate a Robot model in 3D Graphics space in this paper. The robot with 4 and 6 axes modeled SM5 and AM1 respectively were adopted as an objective model. Forward kinematics, inverse kinematics and robot dynamics modeling were included in the developed off-line program. The interface between users and the off-line programming system in the Windows XP's graphic user interface environment was also studied. The developing language is Microsoft Visual C++. Graphic libraries, OpenGL, by silicon Graphics, Inc. were utilized for 3D Graphics.
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The dynamic design and evaluation of mechanisms need to be performed in a collaboration or concurrent system in order to shorten the development period of the product. A web-based system is the most suitable concurrent system to promote effective collaboration. In order to develop such a web-based system, Java Applet, which is not restrained by a computer's H/W and S/W, is widely used. This paper introduces a web-based 3D animation system for visualizing the motions of mechanisms. This web-based 3D animation system uses a JAVA Applet program method, which can be operated in a web-browser, and the Open Inventor for Java, which supports 3D graphics. It does not only allows the user to verify dynamic simulation results and design variables through the web, but it also has the advantage of supporting collaboration among a number of users through simultaneous connections.
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This paper introduces a Web-based vibration analysis system for rotary-type refrigerator compressors. Concern for vibration reduction in compressors has been growing for many years. What is important in vibration reduction is to easily predict the vibration without using a physical compressor. The dynamic model of the compressor is represented as a multi-body dynamic system. Solving the dynamic model is run on a high-performance server. The interfaces of the system are accessible via Web browsers, such as Netscape or Explorer. Anyone who wants to analyze the vibration of the rotary compressor or share the results data can access the system over the Internet regardless of their OS, platform. or location.
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Automated Container Terminals have been being developed over the world for many recent years and more and more countries get interested in it because the amount of containers exported or imported is steeply increasing. Existed Container Terminals were not designed to control this kind of heavily many containers. They would face many structural problems soon or later, although they have managed to do well until now. One of the most important things in developing Automated Container Terminal is to develop the equipment able to transfer the awfully many containers. Those are maybe Automated Transfer Cranes, Automated Guided Vehicles, and Automated Quay-Side Cranes. The word "Automated" means the equipment is operated without drivers and those equipments are able to work without taking any break. Through the researches on the existed transfer cranes, authors decided that the structure of existed transfer cranes is not proper to swift and fast transfer and it′s not impossible to handle so many containers in limited time. Therefore authors have been studying on the proper structure of the Automated Container Crane for past several years and a new type of transfer crane has been developed. Design concepts and control methods of a new crane will be introduced in this paper.
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The development of a Web-based powertrain performance simulation system is introduced. The development approach of system architecture and each module is introduced along with the H/W and S/W used. The interface with all users is developed via a JAVA applet. The powertrain modeling and other job history data of a user is managed systematically on the server by database to increase the reusability of the data. A self-developed program using object-oriented programming is used as a solver for the performance simulation. The graph tool for the analysis of simulation results has the collaboration support developed based on JAVA so that synchronous users can view the same result. As a result, the powertrain simulation is possible only with Web-browser for the user and the collaboration support among the relevant engineers is possible.
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Due to advances in information technology, even Engineering Simulations can now be performed in web-based JAVA through an integrated operating system called Virtual Machine and the use of byte code, which guarantees the compatibility of identical codes in every computing system and makes it suitable for web-based simulation system development. This paper introduces an implementation embodied in JAVA Applet that allows a block-diagram type GUI that runs in a web browser for use in the dynamics simulation modeling of powertrains of vehicles and multi-body systems. This system is not restrained by any of the H/W and S/W in the user's computer, so that it has the advantage of providing a GUI that allows web-based block-diagram type modeling.
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The hydraulic excavator has been a popular research object for automation because of its multi-workings and economic efficiency. The objective of this paper is to design each components and to construct boom, arm, bucket circuit. These models modeled with AMESim show us change of variables and behavior of excavator. Simulation model will be used for simulator of excavator.
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In this paper, we propose a new weaving trajectory algorithm for the are welding of a articulated manipulator. The algorithm uses the theory of Bezier spline. We make a comparison between the conventional algorithms using Catmull-Rom curve and the new algorithms rising Bezier spline. The proposed algorithm has been evaluated based on the MATLAB environment in order to illustrate its good performance. The algorithm has been implemented on to the industrial manipulator of DR6 so as to show its real possibility. Through simulations and real implementations, the proposed algorithm can result in high-speed and flexible weaving trajectory planning and can reduce the processing time because it needs one-half calculation compared to the conventional algorithm using Catmull-Rom curve.
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It is widely used in composite materials like several mechanical parts. aerospace industries. internal and structural materials of cars, building structures. ship materials and sporting goods. but it is insufficient to apply in field of mechanical processing. Therefore. GFRP which is possible to use in industrial field was examined about cutting force. tool wear condition of cutting, chip shape. surface roughness and inlet or outlet shape of processing parts with changing cutting condition and using HSS drill which is in vertical machining center in this paper.
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Hard turning replaces grinding for finishing process with expectations of higher productivity and demanded surface quality. Especially for the surface roughness as surface quality demanded in finishing process of hard turning, know-how of machining characteristics of hardened materials by cutting force analysis should be accumulated in company with achievement of precision of elements and high stiffness design technology in hard turning. Considering chip formation mechanism of hardened materials, adequate cutting conditions are selected for machining experiments and cutting forces are measured according to cutting conditions. Increase of cutting forces especially thrust force and increase of dynamic instability could occur in hard turning. Analysis of dynamic characteristics of the cutting forces is executed to investigate relation between dynamic instability and surface roughness in hard turning. Investigation on effects of relative motion of machining system generated by vibration due to dynamic instability shows that ultimate surface roughness could be predicted considering relative motion of machining system with geometrical surface roughness.
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The stiffness of multi-articulated industrial robots is very weak, because their structure is an articulated type with some links and joints. Thus it is known that cutting processes for metals are not accepted in machine shop well, but they have a lot of merits for cutting processes, for example. drilling, tapping. and engraving etc., because of the characteristics of their high degree of freedom. The temptation of cutting aluminium was carried out to investigate the feasibility and the limitations or constrains for cutting metals on them. First the mode shapes of 6-axes FANUC welding robot were taken and analysed, and next the cutting processes were practically carried out on it. The results of study were found out to show the feasibility of cutting processes at end-milling under 6mm of tool diameter. as well as to have some limitations and constrains, for examples, surface roughness and feed rate, depth of cut, cutting force etc..
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This research presents Reverse Engineering of a Impeller. The modeling introduced in this paper adopts polynomial regression that is utilizing approximating technique. The measured data are obtained from measuring with Coordinate Measuring Machine. This paper introduces efficient methods of Reverse Engineering using Polynomial Regression.
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Burrs formed in micro drilling with Ø 1.0 and 0.5 are observed. The changes of burr geometry are compared when feed rate and velocity changes. Characteristics of burr formation in 4 different workpiece materials are analyzed. The coefficient of burr geometry, CB is introduced to classify burrs according to burr height and burr types. Finally control charts are produced using the coefficient of burr geometry and burr types in each workpiece material. Data base is constructed to be used for burr expert system.
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For the improvement of geometrical accuracy in end milling, cutting method and cutting condition selection are investigated in this paper. As machining processes are composed of several steps such as roughing, semi-finishing. and finishing, cutting forces and tool deflection are calculated considering surface shape generated by the previous cutting. The effects of tool teeth numbers, tool geometry, and cutting conditions on the form error are analyzed. Using the from error prediction method from tool deflection, cutting condition for geometrical accuracy improvement is discussed. The characteristics and the difference of generated surface shape in up and down milling are dealt with and over-cut free condition in up milling is presented. The form error reduction method by alternating up and down milling is also suggested. The effectiveness of the presented method is examined from a set of cutting tests under various cutting conditions. This research contributes to cutting process optimization for the geometrical accuracy improvement in die and mold manufacture.
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As a new approach to analyze shear behaviors in the shear plane and chip-tool friction behaviors in the chip-tool contact region during an end milling process, this paper introduces a method to transform an end milling process to an equivalent oblique cutting process. In this approach, varying undeformed chip thicknesses and cutting forces in the up-and down-end milling process are replaced with the equivalent ones of oblique cutting. Accordingly, in the current paper, the shear and friction characteristics of end milling operations, up- and down-end milling, have been analyzed based on the equivalent oblique cutting models. Two series of cutting tests, up- and down-end milling tests and the equivalent oblique cutting tests to that, have been carried out to verify the validity of the analyses. And using the results of cutting tests the cutting characteristics of the up- and down-end milling processes have been thoroughly investigated.
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This paper presents a method for impeller modeling by the reverse engineering and the 5-axis machining. The impeller is composed of pressure surface, suction surface and leading edge, and so on. The impeller is modeled by using the characteristic curves of impeller such as hub curves, shroud curves and leading edge. The characteristic curves are extracted from the scanned data. The hub curves and shroud curves are generated by intersection between blade surface and hub boundary and shroud boundary. respectively. A sample impeller machining is performed by tool path plan and post-processing with inverse kinematic solution.
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The commercial success of a new product is influenced by the time to market. Shorter product leadtimes are of importance in a competitive market. This can be achieved only if the product development process can be realized in a relatively small time period. New cutting inserts are developed by a time consuming trial and error process guided by empirical knowledge of the mechanical cutting process. The effect of previous cutting on chip formation and the surface residual stresses has been studied. The chip formation is not affected much. There is only a minor influence from the residual stress on the surface from tile first cutting on the second pass chip formation. Thus, it is deemed to be sufficient to simulate only the first pass. The influence of the cutting speed and feed on the residual stresses has been computed and verified by the experiments. It is shown that the state of residual stresses in the workpiece increases with the cutting speed. This paper presents experimental results which can be used for evaluating computational models to assure robust solutions. The general finite element code ABAQUS/Standard has been used in the simulations. A quasi-static simulation with adiabatic heating was performed. The path for separating the chip from the workpiece is predetermined. The agreement between measurements and calculation is good considering the simplifications introduced.
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Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are fluids used during machining and grinding to prolong the lift of the tool, carry away debris, and protect the surfaces of work pieces. These fluids reduce friction between the cutting tool and the work surface. reduce wear and galling, protect surface characteristics, reduce surface adhesion or welding and carry away generated heat. Workers can be exposed to MWFs by inhaling aerosols (mists) and by skin contact with the fluid. Skin contact occurs by dipping the hands into the fluid, splashes, or handling workpieces coated with the fluids. The amount of mist generated (and the resulting level of exposure) depends on many factors. To reduce the environmental pollution wastes and the potential health risks associated with occupational exposures to MWFs, it is required to establish optimum MWFs supply method and condition with minimum quantity in all over the mechanical machining field including high-speed type heavy cutting process.
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The formed tool is used to machine the unique shape of rubber seal for geometrical shaping and reduction of cutting time. The bearing rubber seal produced by hot press forming has complex geometry for the complex geometrical shape to prevent leakage of lubricant oil and influx of the dust effectively. Because it is difficult to machine the unique shape exactly by the conventional tool, the formed tool is used in machining mold of the seal. In this paper, It is performed for selection of the formed tool to investigate cutting edge wear, cutting force, and surface quality. Also, an efficient high precision machining is proposed on the experiment data.
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Investigated is the relationship between tool deflection and geometrical accuracy in side wall machining. Form error is predicted directly from the tool deflection without surface generation. Developed model can predict the surface form error about three hundred times faster than the previous method. Cutting forces and tool deflection are calculated considering tool geometry, tool setting error, and machine tool stiffness. The characteristics and the difference of generated surface shape in up milling and down milling are discussed. The usefulness of the presented method is verified from a set of experiments under various cutting conditions generally used in die and mold manufacture. This study contributes to real time surface shape estimation and cutting process planning for the improvement of geometrical accuracy.
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As a result of milling operation, we expect to have burr at the outward edge of workpiece. Also, it causes undesirable problems such as deburring cost, low quality of machined surface, and bottleneck in manufacturing process. Though it is impossible to totally remove burr in machining, it is necessary to plan a machining process that minimizes the occurrence of burr. In this paper, a scheme is proposed which identifies the tool path of the milling operation with minimum burr. In the previous research, a Burr Expert System was developed where the feature identification, the cutting condition identification, and the analysis on exit burr formation are the key steps in the program. The Burr Expert System predicts which portion of workpiece would have the exit burr in advance so that we can calculate the burr length of each milling operation. Here, the critical angle determines whether the burr analyzed is an exit burr or not. So the burr minimization scheme becomes to minimize the burr with critical angle. By iterating all the possible tool paths in certain milling operation, we can identify the tool path with minimum burr.
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A high speed feeding type laser cutting M/C is developed for precise cutting of sheet metal. This paper has been carried out to obtain cutting characteristics and optimal cutting conditions of the developed high speed feeding type laser cutting M/C by a design of experiments. Cutting speed. laser power. laser duty and gas pressure are control factors for the surface roughness. The major factors affecting the surface roughness and the optimum cutting conditions are studied with minimum experiments using Taguchi method.
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The sheet metal shearing process is normally used in the precision elements such as semi-conductor components. In precision elements, burrs usually reduce the quality of machined parts and cause interference, jamming and misalignment during assembly procedures and because of their sharpness, they can be safety hazard to personnel. Furthermore, not only burrs are hard to predict and avoid, but also deburring, the process of removing burrs, is time-consuming and costly. In order to get the burr-free parts, therefore, we developed the precise burr measuring system using the laser. The laser burr measuring system consists of the laser probe, the photo detector, the achromatic doublet lens, and the rotary & the X-Y table. In previous reports, we used simple vertical measuring method. But, as we used relatively bigger laser spot diameter and had the limited reflection angle, it was difficult to obtain the precise measuring results. So called, the spot size effect makes the profile of burr measured distorted and the burr height measured smaller. By introducing the novel laser measuring method which employing the achromatic lens system and the tilting mechanism, we could make the spot size smaller and get the appropriate beam direction angle. Through the experiments, the accuracy of the developed system is proved. The burr height measured during the punching process can be used for automatic deburring and in-situ aligning.
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There are various sources causing a position error in a linear motor. This paper focuses on error sources from rotational motions of a table and friction. Rotational errors occur due to imperfections during manufacturing and/or assembly of guide ways, and cause a position error at locations of interest. Friction is another factor deteriorating the position error due to its highly nonlinear behavior. The position error of the linear motor was about 20∼30
$\mu\textrm{m}$ . After compensating the position errors due to rotational error motions and friction. the remaining errors become about 6~8$\mu\textrm{m}$ and 2~3$\mu\textrm{m}$ , respectively. It is shown that the positional accuracy of a linear can be greatly improved by compensating the two error sources. -
This paper suggests the selective ultra precision polishing techniques for micro die and mold parts using magnetic-assisted machining. Fabrication of magnetic abrasive particle and their polishing performance are key technology at ultra precision polishing process of micro parts. Conventional magnetic abrasives have disadvantages. which are missing of abrasive particle and inequality between magnetic particle and abrasive particle. So, bonded magnetic abrasive particles are fabricated by several method. For example, plasma melting and direct bonding. Ferrite and carbonyl iron powder are used as magnetic particle where silicon carbide and Al
$_2$ O$_3$ are abrasive particle. Developed particles are analyzed using measurement device such as SEM. Possibility of magnetic abrasive and polishing performance of this magnetic abrasive particles also have been investigated. After polishing, surface roughness of workpiece is reduced from 2.927$\mu\textrm{m}$ Rmax to 0.453$\mu\textrm{m}$ Rmax. -
This paper describes the surface polishing characteristics of a flat and free surface ferromagnetic substance(SM45C) that magnetic abrasive polishing processed. The effects of the various working factors on the surface roughness are clarified by experiments respectively, such as magnetic flux density. rotation speed of magnetic head. working gap, feed rate of workpiece. diameter of magnetic abrasives. and shape of workpiece. On the basis of these experiments, the polishing mechanism is discussed and the characteristics of the polishing process are described. In addition, it is found experimentally that die & mold surfaces are also polished precisely by this process
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The Magnetorheological fluid has the properties that its viscosity has drastic changed under some magnetic fields therefore, Magnetorheological fluids has been used for micro polishing of the micro part( for example, a aspherical surface in a micro lens). The polishing process may appears as follows. A part rotating on the spindle is brought into contact with an Magnetorheological finishing(MRF) fluids which is set in motion by the moving wall. In the region where the part and the MRF fluid ate brought into contact, the applied magnetic field creates the conditions necessary for the material removal from the part surface. The material removal takes place in a certain region contacting the surface of the part which can be called the polishing spot or zone. The polishing mechanism of the material removal in the contact zone is considered as a process governed by the particularities of the Bingham flow in the contact zone. Resonable calculated and experimental magnitudes of the material removal rate for glass polishing lends support the validity of the approach.
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Electrochemical micro-machining(EMM) is used to achieve a desired workpiece surface by dissolving the metal workpiece with an electrochemical reaction. This machining method can be applied to metal that is difficult to machining using other methods. The workpiece dissolves when it is positioned close to the tool electrode in electrolyte and current is applied. This aim of this work is to develop electrochemical micro-machining(EMM) technique for micro groove shape by establishing appropriate electrochemical parameters of machining
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Generally, burrs refer to projected parts remained on the edge after material had been processed. These burrs decrease the precision of part and cause many problems in part assembly. Burrs are undesirable projections of the material beyond the edge of the workpiece. A number of deburring processes have been developed such as barreling, brushing, chemical methods etc. But, there are a few publications in the area of applying ultrasonics to deburring. When ultrasonic vibration propagates in the liquid medium, a large number of bubbles are formed. These bubbles generate an extremely strong force, which removes burrs. Cavitations were used as a term to describe erosion of parts caused by the action of cavities in liquid. The object of this study is to analyze the effects of ultrasonic cavitation in deburring process. For this purpose, we introduce a new ultrasonic cavitation method with abrasive, which efficiently removes the burrs. Experimental parameters to verify the deburring effects of ultrasonic cavitations are ultrasonic power, amplitude, distant of the transducer from the workpiece, deburring time and abrasive. It has been shown that deburring with ultrasonic cavitation in water is effective to burrs.
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Multi-layer printed circuit board(PCB) is being used widely for the product with relatively complex circuits such as TV, VTR and FAX. With the rapid enlargement of electronic and IT industry, the hole machining technology on multi-layer PCB is increasingly required to improve. Thus, the micro drilling with ultrasonic vibration can be a good method for hole machining. Unlike conventional drilling, ultrasonic vibration applied drilling introduces less wear and fracture of not only tool but also internal surface of workpiece due to little cutting resistance, thus, machinability can be improved. The experiment is conducted through the comparison between the results of conventional drilling and ultrasonic micro drilling as well as among each results by the variation according to not only feed rate of drill but also amplitude and frequency of ultrasonic vibration. The multi-layer PCB consists of 6 layers and
${\Phi}$ 0.3 diameter drill was used. As a result, it was found that the state of internal surfaces of holes on multiple layer PCBs is improved by the application of ultrasonic vibration. -
The ablative decomposition mechanism of PMMA(polymethyt methacrylate), PET(polyethylene terephthalate) and PC(polycarbonate) with KrF excimer laser(λ: 248nm, pulse duration: 5ns) is investigated. The UV/Vis spectrometer analysis showed that PMMA is a weak absorber and PET, PC are a strong absorber at the wavelength of 248nm. The results(surface debris, melt, etch depth, etching shape) from drilling and direct writing experiments imply that ablation mechanism of PMMA is dominated by photothermal process, while that of PET, PC are dominated by photochemical process.
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The objective of this study is to suggest the form rolling technology to produce high precision worm. Rack dies and roll dies are usually used to roll parts with worm teeth. The form roiling processes of worm shaft used as automotive part using the rack dies of counter flow type and the roll dies are considered and simulated by the commercial finite element code, DEFORM-3D. It is also important to determine the initial blank diameter in form rolling because it affects the quality of thread. The calculation method of the initial blank diameter in form rolling is suggested and it is verified by FE-simulation. The experiments using rack dies and roll dies are performed under the same conditions as those of simulation. The results of simulation and experiment in this study show that the from rolling process of worm shaft using the rack dies is decidedly superior to that using rolling dies from the aspect of the surface roughness and the profile of worm.
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This paper provides a new method for hybrid machining, particularly suited to micro fabrication applications such as micro point, micro line, micro structure, micro partition and so on. Developed micro fabrication process by electrical discharge machining (EDM) and electrical discharge deposition (EDD) with metal powder (Ti, Fe) has been studied to build TiC or FeC structure. Titanium powder or iron powder is supplied from working fluid (kerosene or de-ionized water with powder) and adheres on a workpiece by the heat and electric power caused by the electrical discharge. The use of a tool electrode is expected to keep powder concentration high in the gap between a workpiece and a tool electrode and to accrete powder material on the workpiece. The deposition is tried under various electrical conditions (workpiece. tool electrode, working fluid, discharge current, voltage and powder etc.). On the other hand. using electrical discharge machining (EDM) with the same tool electrode, it can be used as a removal process (cutting) by electro erosion at the same time. Therefore. this new method can do a hybrid machining to build up and down a structure with the workpiece.
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As SLA(Sterealithography), SLS(Selective Laser Sintering), LOM(Laminated Object Manufacturing), FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling) etc. The FDM system the heart of a study and is developed by Stratasys co. ltd, in US., is small and cheap R.P. The material filament is heated until the material reaches a near-liquid state, it is pumped through a nozzle and become hand with a shape required, and this nozzle move pumping on the previously deposited material. Such FDM system that choice deposition type with X-Y plouter obtain in the thin continue layer by decreasing amount of extrusion or to central the injection amount when the head slow down at the corner, but in the process that fusion wax or resin become hand, deformation occur and it will affect the shape accuracy and the surface roughness. Such effect will depreciate quality and reliability of the product. Therefore, when the product made in actuality, the fundamental study on the basis geometry(surface, volume, line, angle) must be preceded and it have been research by many Free Form Fabrication. So, this basic object study purpose to obtain the fundamental geometry data and to enhance the surface roughness of the shape. And an operant can use the data for the progress of the surface roughness. This study research the estimation and application of the prototype surface roughness by adjustment the injection amount. And basie of this research, describe the pattern of prototype surface roughness and also used the result to estimate the surface of prototype.
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Magneto-rheological polishing is a new technology used in precision polishing. It utilizes magneto-rheological fluid. nonmagnetic polishing abrasive, aqueous carrier fluids in magnetic field to remove material from a part surface. Silicon micro channel as work piece is fixed in the slurry which is made of MR fluid and CeO
$_2$ (10 vol%) abrasive particles. And permanent magnet rotate in the slurry to transfers magnetic force to abrasive particles by increasing yield strength of MR fluid. so, the obtained bottom surface roughness of micro channel by experiment reduced to Ra 0.010$\mu\textrm{m}$ Rmax 0.103$\mu\textrm{m}$ and finwall surface roughness of micro channel reduced to Ra 0.018$\mu\textrm{m}$ Rmax 0.468$\mu\textrm{m}$ . At optimum conditions of variables, the workpiece as silicon micro channel have about 24 times smaller surface roughness than before polishing. -
We were interest in Deburring using MAF(magnetic abrasive finishing) method. So Magnetic inductor was designed and manufactured to generate proper magnetic induction fer deburring the burr formed in drilling SM45C. We experienced according to the Rotational speed, table feed rate, grain size of powder and working gap are changed to investigate the effect on deburring. At this time we experienced in abrasive effect mainly.
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Diamond turning machines have, been used for the processing of surface like a mirror with the control scheme of minimizing shape error, Ultra-precision diamond fuming is applied to produce highly precision optical components required not only a high machining accuracy but also a good surface roughness. Al-6061 is widely used as optical parts such as laser reflector's mirror or multimedia instrument. In this study, thermal-imaged Al flat mirrors are fabricated by SPDT. The surface roughness 3.472 nm Ra, power 2 fringe(at 632.8 nm) and irregularity 1 fringe(at 632.8 nm) for form waviness of thermal-imaged Al flat mirror are very satisfied to the required specification in industry.
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As high technology industries such as IT and display have developed, demand for application parts of micro lens and lens array has been extremely increasing. According to these trends, many researchers are studying on the fabrication technology for parts of the micro lens by a variety of methods such as MEMS, Lithography, LIGA and so on. In this paper, we have performed researches related to ultra precision micro lens, lens array mold and fabrication of Lenticular lens mold for three-dimensional display by using mechanical micro end-milling and fly-cutting fabrication method. Tools used in this research were a diamond tool of R 150
$\mu\textrm{m}$ . Cutting conditions set up feed rate, spindle revolution. depth of cut and dwell time as variables. And we analyzed surface quality variation of the processed products according to the cutting conditions, and then carried out experiments to search the optimum conditions. Through this research, we have confirmed that we can fabricate the ultra precision micro lens mold with surface roughness Ra=20nm and the holographic lens mold by using micro end-milling and fly-cutting fabrication method. Furthermore, we demonstrated problems happened in the fabrication of the micro lens and established the foundation of experimental study for formulating its improvement plan. -
The fabrication of micro-size patterning on alumina substrate is generated by laser direct writing, which has high precision and selectivity of various laser beam energies. The depth and width of patterns is affected by laser parameter such as laser power, scan rate. Through the chemical and mechanical polishing Pd seeds was effectively got rid of alumina substrate for selectivity electroless Ni plating. Thermal treatment is good method for changing electrical property of conductor line, because the treatment can control of the grain size.
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This research aimed to fabricate a micro structure using micro electrochemical machining (
${\mu}$ -ECM). with a view to that the theory of${\mu}$ -ECM is established accurately in a different way of conventional electrochemical machining. In details, if the impedance is existed in the system, it is difficult to analyze the micro electrochemical reaction efficiently in polarization curve using a potentiodynamic test. Hence, this research investigates the relationships between impedance and electric current measuring with a potentiostatic test applying to a pair or electrode as a constant potential. And this paper examines the influence of temperature of electrolyte on polarization curve for the quantitative analysis of electrochemical reactions. -
Recently, with the development of semiconductor technology the miniaturization of products as well as parts and the products with high precision are being required. In addition as a national competitive power is increasingly effected by micro part development through micro machining and the secure of micro machining technology, the study of micro machining technology is being conducted in many countries. The goal of this study is to fabricate micro tool under the size of 30
$\mu\textrm{m}$ and machine micro holes through micro tool fabrication by grinding, the application of ELID to grinding wheel and the measurement of surface roughness for micro tool. -
Micro-milling is an efficient method for fabricating micro structures because of its high machining rate compared with other non-conventional micro machining processes. But it is not easy to make a micro milling tool with less than 50
$\mu\textrm{m}$ in diameter by conventional machining. In this study, the characteristics of a micro milling tool fabricated by wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) were studied. The workpiece is copper and stainless steel. The effects of some machining conditions such as feed rate, depth of cut, and a shape of tool were studied. The tools with D-shape and square shape in cross section were tested for machining micro grooves and 3D structures. -
Miniaturized machine tool can be used to produce 3D features based on CNC and PC-NC technology in the micro/meso scale. Wide applications of CNC technology are developed and there are lots of know-hows in the cutting process and their CNC application. It helps micro/meso scale structure to machine components, which can be used directly for practical applications. In the present research, as the machine tool is miniaturized, the manufacturing machine tools costs less when compared to the equipment used in other micromachining technologies. Moreover, with advancement of micro tool technology, the cutting process can be used to produce micro/meso scale parts. In conclusion, the proposed system can reduce the cost by utilizing the current machining technology, and as a result, complex micro/meso parts can be produced efficiently with high productivity.
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Today optical communication industry is developed; demand of optical communication part is increased. ZrO
$_2$ ceramic ferrule is very significant part which determines transmission efficiency and quality of information in the optical communication part by connector of optical fibers. Being different from metal grinding, material removal through brittle fracture plays an important role in ZrO$_2$ ceramic grinding. Most of ZrO$_2$ ceramic ferrule processes are grinding which request high processing precision. Particularly, concentricity and cylindricity of inner and outer diameter are very important. The co-axle grinding process of ZrO$_2$ ceramic ferrule is to make its concentricity all of uniform before centerless grinding. Surface integrity of ZrO$_2$ ceramic ferrule is affected by grinding conditions, and equipment. In this study, surface integrity of workpiece according to such as a change of grinding wheel speed, feed rate, regulating wheel speed and grinding force is investigate to improve the concentricity and roundness of ZrO$_2$ ceramic ferrule from many experiments. Thus, if possible be finding highly efficient and quality grinding conditions.