Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference (한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집)
Korean Society for Precision Engineering
- Semi Annual
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- 2005-8446(pISSN)
Domain
- Machinery > Precision Machines
1994.10a
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This paper presents a practical method of measuring the cutting force milling process by sensing the feed-drive servo motor current,avoiding the use of a dynamomenter. The relation between the cutting force and the servo motor currents is obtained after the feed-drive system of machining center is modelled. In order to measure the cutting force indirectly, the cutting force in the feed-drive system is regrared as a disturbance, and a disturbance estimator is designed using Kalman filter. A horizontal type machining center is used in the experimental study. A comparison is made between the cutting force measured from the dynamometer and the servo motor current.
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The modern CNC machine require increasingly an exact monitoring and control of cutting process. They are to make final taret which construct full automation factories as unmanned system. In this study, we decided that we develop new techique to monitor and detect tool breakage on the machining operation using face milling machine with multi-point throwaway tips. The technology in which the tool is illuminated by an beam of Laser is used by image of tool fracture through CCD camera.
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The application of neural network for fault dection of cutting force in turning was introduced. This monitoring system consist of a RBF predicton model and a ART-1 pattern classifier. RBF prediction model predict a cutting force signal. Prediction error of predictor is used for a input vector of ART-1 pattern classifier. Prediction error could be successfully performed to fault signal monitoring of ART-1 pattern classifier.
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절삭공정의 자동화의 무인화를 달성하기 위해서는 경험을 가진 작업자의 역활이 컴퓨터에 의한 자동적인 감시 및 제어시스템으로 대체되어야 한다. 특히 공작기계에서 발생할 수 있는 자체의 고장이나 절삭과정중에 발생하는 이상상태를 실시간으로 검출하여 원인을 자동적으로 진달 할 수 있어야 한다. 절삭가공 공작기계의 이상상태 감시 및 진단의 현황을 살펴보면 주로 공구상태의 감시와 채터 감시가 연구의 대상 이 되고 있다. 공구상태의 감시는 공구의 마모와 파단을 검출하고 있다. 이 중에서 공구의 파단은 발생 즉시 실시간으로 감시되어야 한다. 밀링작업에서는 1회전 이내의 공구회전에 파단을 검출하고 기계를 정지시켜야 한다. 최근의 절삭가공에서는 절삭공구로 강력절삭을 위해 고경도 재료를 사용함에 따라 공구의 파단이 빈번하게 발생하고 있다. 정면밀링과 같은 단속절상에서는 절삭날이 큰 충격을 받으므로 더욱 파단에 대한 감시가 필요하다.
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The analysis of acoustic emission signals generated during machining has been proposed as a technique for studying both the fundamentals of the cutting process and process and as a methodology for detecting tool fracture on line. In this study, AE signals detected during End Milling were applied as the experimental test to sensing tool fracture on the CNC vertical milling machine. Because automatic monitoring of the cutting condition is one of the most important technologies in machining, the in-process detection of cutting tool life including fracture has been investigated by performing experimental test.
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We experimented on cutting characteristics - cutting force, behavior of cutting temperature, surface roughness, behavior of chips-under low temperature,which generated by liquid nitrogen(77K). The workpieces were freezed to -195 .deg. C and liquid nitrogen was also sprinkled on cutting area in order to increase the efficiency of machining in low temperature. The workpiece was became to -195 .deg. C in 5 minutes. In cooled condition(CC) surface roughness of workpiece was better than normal condition(NC). In addition, we investigated the possibility that surface roughness of workpiece and shear angle can be predicted analyzing cutting condititions by the trained neural network.
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In milling process, monitoring and diagosis system is very importent to accomplish factory automation. In this study, to drvelope on-line tool breakage detection system in face milling operation, analysis and experiment were performed. The tool breakage detection experiment was performed in machining center and the effectiveness of the detection tool breakage detection alorithm and the usage of feed drive current as a detection signal were verified.
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The cutting process of cage motor rotor require high precision and good roughness. The surface roughness of cutting face is very important factor with effect on the magnetic flux density of cage motor rotor. The paper describes a cause of decrease in the cutting force and roughness on low temperature cooling tool by means of analysis on the mechanism of force system at cutting confition and experimental findings. The main results as compared with the room temperature cutting are as follow : 1) The cutting resistance decreased due to low temperature cooling tool. 2) The surface roughness decreased due to low temperature cooling tool.
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A dynamic model for the cutting process in the end milling process is developed. This model, which describes the dynamic response of the end mill, the chip load geometry including tool runout, the dependence of the cutting forces on the chip load, is used to predict the dynamic cutting force during the end milling process. In order to predict accurately cutting forces and tool vibration, the model, which uses instantaneous specific cutting force, includes both regenerative effect and penetration effect. The model is verified through comparisons of model predicted cutting force with measured cutting forces obtained from machining experiments.
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A study on teh mcachining characteristics of Al-alloy by diamond tool with the straight cutting cdge최근의 사무기기용 다면체반사경을 비롯하여 메모리 디스크,복사기용 드럼등은 물론 레이저 응용, X-선용의 천체망원경 및 현미경등의 광기술에 "초정밀 가공기술"의 용도가 점차 확대되어 가고 있는데, 이는 진보된 과학과 공업기술에 대한 시스템에 있어서 광학, 전기 및 전자 그리고 기계 부품의 생산에 가장 중요한 핵심기술의 하나이다. 본 연구에서는 초정밀 전용 공작기계가 아닌 범용 CNC 선반에 초정밀 절삭공구인 직선 절인의 천연다이아몬드 공구와 공작물로써 알루미늄합금을 장착하고, 선삭하여 초정밀 절삭에 관한 정성적인 데이터를 얻고자, 절삭조건에 따른 표면거칠와 절삭력 등의 변화를 조사하였다.변화를 조사하였다.
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Tool condition monitoring is one of the most important aspects to improve productivity and quality and to achieve intelligent machining system. The tool state is classified into three groups as chipping, wear and fracture. In this study, wear of a ceramic cutting tool for hardened die material (SKD11) was investigated. Flank wear was occured more dominant than crarer wear. Therefore, to predict flank wear, the modeling of cutting force has been performed. The modeling of cutting force by an assumption that act the stress distribution on the tool face obtained through a numerical analysis. The relationships between the cutting force and the tool wear can be constructed by machining paraneters with cutting conditions. Experiments were performed under the various cutting conditions to ensure the validity of force models. The theoretical predictions of the flank wear is approximately in good agreement with experimental result.
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Tool test was conducted to investigate the were process of only flank face TiN coated HSS tool in interrupted cutting for variuos cutting speeds and feed rates. Flank wear was caused by microchipping at the cutting edge. At high cutting speed, the which was formed as a result of diffusion and abrasion lowered cutting edge and influenced flank were. Flank wear due to chipping was little influenced by cutting speed.
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Wear and fracture mode of ceramic tool for hardened SKD11 steel was investigated by face milling in this study. The cutting force and Acoustic Emission(AE) signal were utilized to detect the wear and fracture of ceramic tool. The following conclusions were obtained : (1) The wear and fracture modes of ceramic tool are characterized by three types: \circled1wear which has normal wear and notch wear, \circled2 wear caused by scooping on the rake face, \circled3 large fracture caused by thermal crack in the rake face. (2) The wear behaviour of ceramic tool can be detected by the increase of mean cutting force and the variation of the AE RMS voltage. (3) The catastrophic fracture of ceramic tool can be detected by the cutting force(Fz-component). (4) As the hardness of work material increased, Acoustic Emission RMS value and mean cutting force(Fz) increased linearly, but the tool life decreased.
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산업발달과 첨단 제품의 개발이 촉진되어지고 각종 기계부품의 정밀가공이 요구되어지고 있다. 따라서 정밀가공의 중요성 증대와 함께 연삭가공의 사용량이 늘어가고 있다. 이때 연사가공시 연삭기 공작기계 구조내의 진동등에 의하여 chatter가 발생되고, 이로인하여 가공물의 가공치수등에 나쁜 영향을 미친다. 본 논문에서는 연삭가공에 대해 밝혀진 이론적 해석과 연구 실험을 토대로 기본적인 연삭가공 조건변화에 따른 연삭력과, 연삭기 공작기계를 역학적으로 모델링하여 시간에 따른 동적인 연삭력의 변화를 예측해 보고자 한다. 또 공작 물이 가공되어지기 위해서 필요한 최소의 연삭력을 임계 연삭력이라 하는데, 이것은 연삭력 예측에 중요한 역활을 한다. 그러므로 임계 연삭력도 예측해 보기로 한다.
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The there axis CNC grinding machine tool for ultra-precison mirror surface grinding of advanced materials such as ceramics and other hard and brittle materials was designed and manufactured. The grinding machine is composed of the air spindle, the high damping resin concrete bed, and the three axis CNC controller with the high resolution AC servo motor. To investigate the dynamic properties of the grinding machine, the natural frequencies of the spindle and the headstock were experimentally measured. The truing method using the break truer to revise the shape of the metal bonded diamond wheel was developed. Form the results of the machining using the prototype three axis CNC grinding machine manufactured, the mirror surface were achieved.
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There are many difficulties in automatic polishing for die & mold surfaces. Even though the process has been studied in the past 15 years, it has not been achieved yet, but by the process of actual hand work of well-skilled workers. A new magentic assisted polishing process, which is one of the potential method for automation of surface finishing has been studied in the past 10 years by colleagues. The process has many merits, but on the other hand also has demerits, one being low efficiency of gridability by comparision with grinding wheel polish. Therefore, some attempts were tried to improve the grindability by adopting electropolishing, ultra-high speed milling, 5-axis controlled machine etc... most recently by collegues. This study also aims to improve the efficiency of polishing by introducing the easily-polished shape surface milling method equalizing the tool feed per tooth to the pick feed. This milling method was experimentally confirmed to have sufficient grindability to polish milled surface (with 10 .mu. mRmax surface roughness) into mirror surface (with 0.4 .mu. mRmax surface roughness).
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본 연구에서는 원통 프런지 연삭에서 비가공시간을 줄이기 위해, 공연삭시간 단축과 드레싱 신호를 이용한 숫돌 손상상태 검출에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 연삭기의 심압대에 설치한 AE센터와 숫돌 덮개에 설치한 초음파센서를 이용해 공연삭, 공작물과 숫돌의 근접, 접촉상태를 감시하고 이에 대응해 적절히 이송속도를 제어했다. 그리고 드리싱시 나타나는 AE 신호의 표준편차를 이용해 숫돌의 손상상태를 검출해서, 드레싱 기회에 대한 효과적인 정보를 제공합으로써 비가공 시간을 단축했다.
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The paper describes the effects of magnetic field on the electrochemical polishing process in the view of ionic in the electrolyte. Theoretical background was suggested how magnetic field increases the material removal efficiency and surface finishing ability Magnetic field changes the jonic movement in the electrolyte from linear motion to curved or complex oscillating one, thus increases the electrolytic current density and, as the results, the finishing efficiency.
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An experimental investigation on the wear of alumina grinding wheel is presented. The experiments consist of the measurements of fracture strength of the abrasive grains, grinding forces, and the area of wear flats of grinding wheels. Microscopic examinations of abrasive grains were also carried out to observe the progress of wheel wear. the results show that the 32A grain, which has relatively lower fracture strength, wears out faster than 5SS and 5SG. The wheel wear occurs much faster in wet grinding than in dry grinding. It has also been found that the grinding forces increase logarithmically with increasing wear flats.
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Morden industrial society pursues unmanned system and automation of manufacturing rocess. Abreast with this tendensy, prodution of goods which requires advaned accuracy is increasing as well. According to this, the work sensing time of dressing by monitoring and diagnosis the condition of grinding, which is the representative way in accurate manufacturing, is a important work to prevent serios damages which affect grinding process or products by wearing wheel. Computer vision system is composed, so that grind wheel wurface was acquired by CCD camera and the change of cutting is composed. Then we used autometic threshoding technique from histogram as a way of deviding cutting edge which is used in manufacturing from the other parts. As a result, we are trying to approach unmanned system and sutomation by deciding more accurate time of dressing and by visualizing behavior of grinding wheel by marking use of computer vision.
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Recently,manufacturing work been transformed to small acale production from with various items to act up to user's expectation from mass production with a little items required in the past. The FMS using NC type mother machinaries has been applied actively also in domestic manufacturing line to meet thus tendancy, but there are many machining troubles occured in work process not be settled yet. Nowdays high efficiency has been required no less than high precision in grinding work for the improvement of productivity. In this study, to represent more advanced FMS can be adapted to thus situation In-process type monitoring method using AE and Current sensors is suggested to investigatethe machining condition in grinding process. As results from this experimental study, is is recoqnized well that grinding conditions and dressing point of in time can be estimated effectively using monitoring method suggested. Furthermore, surface shape of grinding wheel on voluntary point of in time can be predicted indirectly through the observation and comparison of AE signal waveform obtained as performance of continuous dressing work.
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Detection of grinding trouble occuring during the grinding process is classified into two types, i.e, based on the quantitative and qualitative knowledge. But, since the grinding operation is especially related with a large amount of functional parameters, it is actually defficult to cope with the grinding troubles occuring during process. Therefore, grinding trouble-shooting has difficulty in satisfying the requirement from the user. To cope with the grinding troubles occuring during the process, the application of neural network is on effective way. In this study, we identify the four parameters derived from the AE(Acoustic Emission) signals and present the grinding trouble-shooting system utilizing a back-propagation model of the neural network.
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최근 절삭공정은 다량의 칩을 생성시킬 수 있는 고능률화를 지향하고 있으므로 공작기계의 능력을 충분히 이용하려면 고속 가공에 따른 칩처리 문제가 선결되어야 한다. 고속가공시 발생하는 연속형 칩은 공구의 마모를 촉진하고 제품의 표면에 흠집을 내기도 하며 절삭점 부근에 칩이 엉기는 경우 여러가지 트럭블을 일으키게 되므로 가공계의 무인화, 자동화를 가로막는 가장 큰 요소가 되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 방사온도계를 이용하여 각 가공에 있어서 칩 상태에 따른 방사온도계의 출력값을 검토한 후 퍼지추론을 통하여 실시간으로 칩상태를 판별할수 있는 알고리즘을 개발하여 실험을 통해 그 성능을 평가하였다.
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반도체 산업계에 있어서 IC 등을 주류로 하는 마이크로칩의 생산성 및 성능이 현저히 성장하여 많은 경제효과를 가져오고 있다. 이와함께 전자부품에 사용되어지는 취성재료의 종류 및 그양도 점점 증가하는 추세이다. 이러한 취성재료의 절단에는 초극박의 다이야몬드 브레이드가 널리 사용되어지고 있다. 실리콘웨이퍼와 같은 취성재료의 다이싱가공에서 문제가 되고있는것은 칩핑과 사행현상의 발생이다. 사행현상의 원인으로서는 브레이드축면의 비대칭성,절삭날의 둔화,숫돌축과 이송방향의 위치결정오차,후렌지 단면의 흔들림등을 들수 있다. 그러나, 사행의 발생영역과 사행이 계속되는 이유에 대해서는 전혀 검토되어진바 없는것이 현실이다. 본 연구에서는 다이싱가공시의 사행현상에 주목해서 사행현상의 발생영역을 명확하게 함과 동시에 AE 센서를 이용하여 인프로세서로 사행현상의 검출방법을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 한다.
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종래의 초내열합금은 원자력산업과 우주항공산업등에 주로 사용되었으며, 산업이 고도화되어짐에 따라 각종 산업기계와 자동차 분야에까지 광범위하게 사용되어지고 있다. 대표적인 초내열합금으로서의 인코넬(Inconel)은 인성과 Creep 특성이 우수하고, 특히 고온강도가 높고 화학적으로도 안정하여 부식에도 강한 장점을 지니고 있어 항공기 부품재료로서 최근 각광을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 일반적으로 사용되어지고 공구재종인 코팅초경합금공구와 세라믹 공구를 사용하여 초내열합금인 인코넬 600을 절삭가공하여, 절삭저항,공구의 파손 및 마모,칩의 용착현상등의 가공성에 영향을 주는 요인에 대하여 검토함으로써, 공구의 종류에 대ㄷ응하는 적절한 절삭영역을 설정하는 것을 목적으로 하였다.
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Use of engineering ceramics has been increasing due to the outstanding physical and chemical properties. Conventional machining processes, however, are not applicable due to their hardness and brittleness. Laser cutting is a promising alternative for these ceramics. In this study, experimental data of CO
$_{2}$ laser cutting of$Al_{2}$ $O_{3}$ and Si$_{3}$ N$_{4}$ are obtained to give a guide in the industry. Results of$Al_{2}$ $O_{3}$ cutting showed extreme weakness to thermal crack and it was found that pulsed beam has to be used for thick$Al_{2}$ $O_{3}$ specimen. Si$_{3}$ N$_{4}$ showed good results for both CW and pulsed beams. Using pulsed beam resulted narrower kerf width with increased surface roughness a nd reduced cutting speed. It was also found that a parameter call path energy is useful for representing minimum threshold value for possible cutting range with pulsed beam. -
Zinc coated steel sheets have been widely used in automotive industry. High power laser welding has been used as an excellent welding means for thin sheets. The welding residual stress, which was brought in laser welding, causes making weak the mechanical strength. The purpose of this study is to get the residual stress distribution in various laser welding condition by FEM and verify the results by X-Ray diffraction. Welding residual stresses have been calculated by thermal elasto-plastic analysis using finite element method. Form the results, it can be known that the laser welding condition affects to distribution of the residual stress.
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This study attempts to develop a process which can produce three-dimensional shapes of metals directly from CAD data. Prototypes made from metals, can not only be used to test the mecchanical properties of the product, but also potentially become the actual die or product itself. The test-device of the process has been designed and manufactured. The laser scanning method using a scanning path schedule composed of circle and arc elements, scanning speed variation method and dwell method have been developed, which resist warping phenomenon and increase the adhesiveness between the layers. For the production of prototypes with pure iron powder, the optimal values of the principal process parameters have been determined, through which cross-shaped and twisted clover-shaped prototypes have been fabricated. In order to improve the strength of the prototype, the experimental studies of solid-phase sintering, and copper infiltration have been done.
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As tools for machining precesion componants, end mills and ball end mill are widely used. For the end mill have longer cylindrical shape comparing diameter, they are liable to deflect when machining and induce geometrical error and deterioration of surface roughness. To improve the stiffness and the sharpness of the cutting edge of end mill, a software for manufaturing end mills are developed. The progeam predicts the result of helical flute grinding and the configuration of cutting edge which is located in cylindrical surface. Furthermore to facilitate the manufacturing end mill using CNC grinding machine, the setting conditions which satisfy the geometrical requirments like tool rake angle and stiffness are obtained.
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트위스트 드릴을 사용한 구멍은 구멍가공중 가장 경제적인 방법중의 하나이다. 그러나 트위스트 드릴에 의한 가공은 길이에 대한 구멍경의 비가 한정되어 있다. 깊이/직경(L/D)의 비가 통상 5배 이상의 경우의 적절한 가공방법은 거압력의 절삭유를 공급할 수 있는 공구를 사용하여 가공하고 있으며, 그 대표적인 방법은 Long drull, Gun drill, BTA drill 및 Ejector drill등이 있다. 이들 방법중 BAT drill은 다른 가공공구에 비하여 우수한 가공능율을 갖고 있다. 그러나 BAT드릴에 의한 심공가공은 1회 가공에 의하여 요구되는 품질을 만족시켜야 함으로 이에 대응한 연구가 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 BAT드릴링 시스템에 BAT drrill을 사용하여 심공가공할때 공작물의 형상 즉 표면 거칠기 및 지원도등 미치는 영향에 대하여 실험을 통하여 분석하였다.
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This paper presenta new method for tool interference acoidance using rectanguar approximation in NC machining of scuptured surface. The procedure of algorithm for approximation of sculptured surface to rectangular surface is described. Using this algorithm, we can check concave, convex, and side interference region and avoid these interferenes.
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다축가공은 3축 이상의 동시제어축을 이용하여 복잡한 형상을 효율적으로 가공할 수 있는 첨예의 기술인 반면, 가공 설비의 고가로 인해 실제현장에 보급되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 부가축 방식에 의한 저축화 가공방식은 이러한 현실적 문제에 대처할 수 있는 강력한 방식으로서, 본 연구팀에서는 3축 CNC 공작기계에 부가축 테이블 방식을 이용하여 5축 곡면가공을 구현한 바 있으며, 정삭가공 알고리즘을 개발한 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 부가축 환경하에서 황삭가공 알고리 즘을 다루며, 기존의 전축환경의 황삭가공에 비해공구자세를 인텍싱 형태로 변화시킬 수 있다는 차이가 있으며, 이에 따라 자세조정횟수의 초소화가 생산성 지표로 부각된다. 본 연구에서 개발된 황삭경로 알고리즘은 자세조정횟수를 포함 하여 공구접근영역, 공구교환횟수, 피드조정을 통하여 전체적을 황삭가공시간의 최소화로 접근하였다. 연구된 알고리즘 은 컴퓨터시뮬레이션을 통하여 검증하였으며, 실제절삭을 통한 검증이 추진중에 있다.
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A method for determining the collision-free tool orientation for 5-axis milling is presented. In 5-axis milling, the proper tool orientation as well as the optimal CC-data has to be selected to machine the workpiece efficiently and accurately and accurately. Essentially, the tool orientation should be determined to avoid collisions between the tool and workpiece and to enable efficient machining. In this work, the tool orientation is determined at every CC-point which is assumed to be given. The procedure uses the potential energy method that assumes the tool and the part surfaces are charged with static electricity. This approach can detect can deteat both global and local collisions (gouging) irrespective of the tool shape. Further, in order to increase the machining efficiency, the material removal rate is maximized simultaneously.
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The main purpose of this study is constructing new velocity fields on the base of shape function used in finite element method and showing the possibility of application it to metal forming processes. Utilizing the 8-node quadratic rectangular element, we expressed the velocity within the deformation region by interpolating the velocity of each nodal points. And the upper-bound formulation from this velocity fields was derived. In order to confirm the validity of this method we applied it to axisymmetic combined extrusion problem. the results of load show that this method is on better agreement with experiment than the conventional UBET, and also the flow pattern and profile of extruded part are reasonable.
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The velocity fields can be composed by nodal points using shape function. Forging load and deformed profile are obtained by minimizing total energy consumption rate which is function of unknown velocities at each nodal points. The velocity and stremiline distribution can also be investigated at the deformation profile. The effectiveness of proposed method in this paper is demonstrated by comparing with those of FEM and experiment, that is the results of upset forging problem. Obtained results are compared with FEM and experiment and fairly good agreement is found between them.
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This paper describes the determination of optimal initial billet size for axisymmetric cold forging products using neural networks. The determination of optimal initial billet size is very important in forging design and forming sequence design, because the result of such designs and forming load can be different by variable initial billet sizes. The forming difficulty has been defined as the degree of difficulty in forming by 3 process ' forward extrusion, backward extrusion and upsetting. By neural networks a forming difficulty can be determined with the ratio of shape and forming process. From the graph of maximum, minimum, and average forming difficulties by variable billet sizes, the optimal billet size can be determined. The initial billets of a solid part and a hollow part whichwas determined by this study are compared with the sequence drawing generated by the one of forming sequence design system.
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A new velocity formulation technique, which contains the advantage of UBET and the shape function of FEM, is proposed. In the proposed technique, a shape function is used to improve the unreasonableness of elemental partition and to solve the difficulty of velocity-field determination. In order to verify the effectiveness of this rechnique, T-shaped forging processes are simulated. The results are compared with these obtained by experimental measurements in T-shaped forging. In T-shaped forging, good agreements between theory and experiment are also confined.
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The major objective of the present paper is to estabilish finite element simulation technique in order to further analyze the shearing process. For this the ductile fracture criterion and element kill method are used in the present work. It is postulated that a fracture initiation is based on the magnitude of local effective strain. The features of sheared surface are easily observed by the element kill method. The simulation results are compard with existing experimental results. It is found that the results of the present work are close agreement with the existing results.
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In this paper, the fatigue behaviour of typical axisymmetric forward extrusion die is investigated and extrusion process is analyzed by the rigid-plastic finite element method and elasto-plastic finite element method. To approach the crack problem involving crack initiation and propagation in extrusion die, LEFM(Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics) is introduced and singular element which models stress.strain singularity in the crack tip vincity has been used to obtain an accurate stress intensityu factor values and other results. Form the displacement around the crack tip the stress intensity factor and the effective stress intensity factor at the beginning of the die inlet radius has been calculated. Applying proper fatigue crack propagation criterion such as Paris/Erdogan fatigue law to this data the angle and direction of fatigue crack growth has been simulated and these are compared with some experimental results. Using the computed crack growth rate, fatigue life of the extrusion die has been evaluated.
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Experiments on the drawability of squared boxes have been performed under various working conditions. In the present work, the pattern of material flow and the local change in the thickness of shell are used as the measures of drawability, and they are measured using the photo-etching technique. The effects of the size of draw bead, the magnitude of blank holding force and the condition of lubrication on the drawability of squared boxes have been analyzed.
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In machine tools, frictional force exists between the table and the bed, and in ballscrews. In this paper, feed motor current is used to measure the motor torque and frictional force. A hall sensor is used to measure the feed motor current. Some frictional pheonomina in feed drice systems, such as, the relationship between feedrate and frictional force, lubrication conditions and frictional force, and feed direction and frictional force, are obtained. Generally, the friction behavior is in good agreement with Stribeck's curve. However, the data shows significant scatter when feedrate is high.
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Recently, the precision ball screw becomes the essence of the high-precision industries and is playing a key role in the positioning devices. The standard and definition of pitch error in a precision ball screw is specified by KS, JIS or ISO. However, the method of measuring the pitch error is not concrete. In this study. laser measurement system(LMS) with a laser position transducer and a machine-tools is developed. In order to verify the stability of the LMS, several experiments with the standard ball screw is performed.
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Efforts have been devoted to developing rapid and accurate methods for measuring the errors of machine tools. The method os measurement and calibration of machine tool errors should be general and efficient. The objective of this study is to show in detail the full sequence from the measurement of errors factors to the verification of the positioning accuracy after compensation for the volumetric error. In this paper, we described the steps in measuring the volumetric error parameters, a general error model composed of error parameters, temperature, and the desired position. The validity of the error calibration methods proposed in this paper was tested using a vertical 3-axis CNC machine with a laser interferometer and a ball bar.
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An essential ingredient in precision machining is a positioning system that responds quickly and precisely to very small input signal. In this paper, two different positioning systems were presented fot the precision positioning control. The one is a friction drive system, the other is a ballscrew system. The friction drive system was composed of an air sliding guide and a friction drive. The ballscrew system was made of a ballscrew and a linear guide. Nonlinear behaviors of the given systems tend to make the system inaccurate. The paper looked at the phenomena that has caused the positioning error. These apparently nonlinear phenomena can be attributed mainly to the presence of the nonlinear friction and slip effect plus the dynamic change from the microdynamic to the macrodynamic and form the macrodynamic to the microdynamic. For the control of the positioning system, the control algorithm based on a neural network is suggested. The FEL(Feedback Error Learning) controller can learn the inverse dynamics of a nonlinear system by using the neural network controller, and stabilize the system by a linear controller. In the experiment, PTP control is implemented withen the maximum error of 0.05 .mu.m ~0.1 .mu. m when i .mu.m step reference input is applied and that of maximum 1 .mu. m when 100 .mu.m step reference input is given. Sinusoidal inputs with the amplitude of 1 .mu.m and 100 .mu. m are used for the tracking control of the positioning system. Experimental results of the proposed algorithm are shown to be superior to those of conventional PD controls.
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The surface finishing systems using the micro abrasive film were designed and manufactured to make the mirror surface of the cylindrical workpiece. An experimental study of surface finishing was carried out to investigate the performance of mirror surface finishing system. The surface roughness of stainless steel was about Rmax 0.2~0.25 .mu.m, Ra 0.02~0.04 .mu.m in abrasive grain size 12, 9 .mu.m. the surface roughness of chrome coated workpiece was about Rmax 0.07~ 0.11 .mu. m, Ra 0.01 in abrasive grain size 3 .mu. m. Also, to measure the mirror finishing time by mirror surface finishing system, the experiment was carried out on the chrome coated and ground roller of diameter 76mm and length 650mm. The finishing time and surface roughness were 40min and Rmax 0.1~0.13 .mu.m, Ra 0.01 .mu.m.
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This paper is prepared as a developmental study of tited axis pistion type hydraulic motor for military applications. The high power precision hydraulic motor requires more advanced techniques to design, analyze, manufacture, test and evaluate. We are trying to build a HW/SW technology base about hydraulic motor by accomplishing this study completsly. We manufactured four perproduction model and performed the test and evaluation with the developmental specifications and test equipments. These results will be used in performance analysis and estimation, and the advanced model development for the military and commercial hydraulic motors.
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The sewing machine is one of the oldest machine that has ever used, which is related with clothes' life. Modern sewing machines are divided into three groups by the sititch character, which are the lock stitch sewing machine group, the over lock sewing machine group and the specical sewing machine group. The lock stitch sewing machine have being used more than any others, which is also good model to study. This work is part of the improvement of an industrial lock stitch(ILS) sewing machine's design. The research objectives are the kinematic analysis and evaluations of stitch performance. The feed dog and the needle extreme's motion, which are important two part's motion in the sewing machine, are characterized by the stitch process and the needle trace. The needle trace is formulated as the stitch spacing, the stitch spacing's ratio(the static characteristic), and the stitch's phase difference(the dynamic characteristic). The tested ILS sewing machine is evaluated as a good static characteristic and a bad dynamic characteristic. Namely, a stitch spacing's ratio is 0.01~0.063(mm/mm) and a stitch's phase difference ratio is 0.06~0.13(mm/mm).
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A three dimensional FE mesh generation scheme based on mapping approach is proposed in this study. A volume in Euclcdian space is represented by composite hyperpatches which are piecewise cubic functions with parameters u,v,w. A key idea in the proposed approach is that sampled grid data points only on the boundary surfaces are needed for the shape representation. Inner points which are necessary of form a hyperpatch are internally generated by Coons patches. This approach is most appropriate for the shapes which are compositions of hexahedron-like shapes and also severely curved.
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The finite element method has been used to model and analyze the heat transfer phenomena during manufacturing process of MoSi
$_{2}$ by SHS. For this urpose nonlinear transient heat transfer analyses by using ANSYS have been performed to compute the temperature distributiuon and the peak temperature in the test specimen. The effects of manufacturing process parameters such as a pre-heating temperature, the velocity of reaction zone have also been investigated. The results of the analysis have been compared with the experimental results. -
In this study, a governing equation for 4-axis active magnetic bearing system composed of a rigid rotor and two radial magnetic bearings is derived. We find out that there are two kind of coupling between control axes in the system. And digital contralized controller is designed based on state-space approach and linear quadratic regulator(LQR) theory. By numerical simulation, it is shown what the designed controller can stabilize the system and control the coupling effectively using limited control input.
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The design and performance verification of collocated capacitance sensor system for magnetic bearing is presented. Noncollocation between actuators and sensors may cause unstable rotor behavior. The capacitance sensor is not affected by magnetic field. PCB type capacitance sensor is installed between magnetic bearing polse. so, collocation of sensors and actuators can be achieved. Experiment of sensor's static and dynamic charactistics is conducted. Modeling of the rotor system supported by magnetic bearing is made. And performance comparison between simulation and experiment is showed.
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In the systems such as walking robots or high speed operating manipulators, the effect of nonlinear terms is important and can not be neglected. Therefore the application of linear control law to such systems is inadequate. Moreover, because of the mathematical modeling errors the systems may become unstable. In this study, we designed a nonlinear controller with sliding mode scheme, which is robust to the modeling errors and applied this control algorithm to the 5 DOF biped robot system. Throught the computer simulations, we examined walking characteris and walking stability of the 5 DOF biped robot system.
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In this paper, adaprive control and sliding mode control are combined to implement the proposed adaptive sliding mode control(ASMC) algorithm which is new approach to the control of industrial robot manipulator with external disturbances and parameter uncertainties. Adaptive control algorithm is designed by using the principle of the model reference adaptive control method based upon the hyperstability theory. The contribution of this method is that the parameters of the sliding surface are replaced by time varying parameters whose are calculated by an adaptation algorithm, which forces the errors to follow the behavior of a reference error model. Simulation results show that the proposed method not only improves the performance of the system but also reduces the chattering problem of sliding mode control. Consequently, it is expected that the new adaptive sliding mode control algorithm will be suited for various practical applications.
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This paper presents an useful technique for assessing the volumetric error in multi_axis machine tools using the kinematic double ball bar and 3 dimensional spherical contouring. The developed system proposes the 3 dimensional spherical contour for the error analysis. The developed system input the measured radial data, analysing the volumetric errors such as positional, strightness, angle, and squareness errors, etc. The developed system has been tested in a practical machine tool, and showed high
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최근의 기계 가공시스템은 가공기능이 고밀도로 압축되어, 작업자가 진행중인 가공상태를 단시간 내에 파악하기 어려울정도로 복잡하다.그러나 단위 기계별로 공정의 복합화와 자동화가 꾸준히 추진되어 가공기당 투입 작업인원 을 감소시키으로써 생산성을 증가시키고 있다. 이와 함께 작업자의 관리 영역은 오히여 증가해서 여러 대의 기계를 동시에 관리하게 되어, 그 중에 한 기계가 갑자기 이상동작을 일읠 경우 즉각적인 원인파악과 조치를 취하기가 매 우 어렵다. 그래서 요사이 작업자의 이상상태 파악을 위해 감시시스템을 설치하여 즉시 원인을 파악할수 있도록 하고 더 나아가서 자동제어 기능을 추가해서 실시간으로 이상상태를 보완,보정하도록 시도하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 공작기계의 신뢰성있는 열변형 예측을 위해 온도센서의 부착 위치를 최적으로 결정하는 방법을 일점센서와 다점 센서일 경우로 나누어 제시하였다.
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Magnetic Servo Levitation (MSL) has been proposed as a method to drive a fast-tool servo system. This paper discusses some fundamental control and modeling issues in the development of a long-range high-bandwidth fast-tool servo based on MSL. A resursive linear model is developed to describe the system's dynamics linear model is developed to describe the system's dynamics, and further used to discuss controller design. For a given controller architecture, the performance of two controllers is then compared, one based on an approximation to the inverse plant dynamics, the second based on a adaptive neural network.
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On-line process control equipment for CO
$_{2}$ laser cutting is unavailable for industrial application. The major part of the industrial cutting machines are regulated off-line by highly educated engineers. The quality inspection of the sample is visual and referred to different quality scales. Due to lack of automation potential laser users hesitate to implement the cutting method. The first step toward an automation of the process is development of a process monitoring system and the research is concentrated on the area of on-line quality detection during CO$_{2}$ laser cutting. The method bases on the detection of the emitted light from the cut front by photo diode. the signal from photo diode has been undertaken from Fourier analysis and statistical analysis. As a result, it is possible to estimate striation pattern according to beam travel speed. -
This paper is concerned with extracting the diagnostic signature for motor-operated valves (MOV's) noninvasively. A torque estimator is developed and tested to obtain electical torque of the induction motors which are attached to the MOV's. Inverse filter is used to recover the gear meshing forces from the measured actuator housing vibration, which contain the gear rotation information. Frequency demodulation techniques are performed and an adaptive linear bandpass filter is implemented to improve signal-to-noise ratio. Finally, stand-alone valve experiments are carried out to validate the signature extraction scheme.
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로드 셀의 정밀측정 에러의 가장 큰 요인은 온도에 의한 출력특성 변화이다. 본 논문에서는 주어진 어떤 온도 구간에서만 온도특성을 보상하였던 기존의 방법에 비해 보다 넓은 온도구간에서 로드 셀의 출력의 온도 특성을 보상하고 또한 출력의 온도 특성이 기존의 방식에 의한 것보다 개선된 새로운 로드셀의 온도보상 방법을 제안 하였다.
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This paper presents an on-line modeling method approach for the machine condition. the machine condition is continuously monitored with a sensor such as, a vibration, a current, an acoustic emission (AE) sensor. In this study, neural network modeling by radial basis function is designed for analysis a prediction error. An on-line learning algorithm is designed using the RLS(recursive least square) estimation and the existing clustering method of Kohonen neural network. Experimental results show that the proposed RBNN modeling is suitable for predicting simulated data.
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The performance measurement and evaluation system is required on automotive engines to analyze engine characteristics. In this study, data acquisition is established by installing various sensors of temperature,pressure, gas amount, RPM, Torque,.etc to engines, and the modeling of evaluation system is suggested. Also a data base management system is developed for verifying the quality of automotive parts which effect engine characteristics and the output module is presented to be used as certification sheets in automotive and part manufacturer.
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Ultrasonic sensor for evaluating plastic anisotropy was developed. Magnetostrictive type EMAT is sensor to transmit and receive the Lamb wave using magnetostriction. It is suitable for on line processing because of transmitting and receiving ultrasonic without contact ODCs(orientation distribution coefficients), W
$_{400}$ . W$_{420}$ . W$_{440}$ . were respectively calculated using zeroth order Lamb wave velocities, the calculated ODCs was used for evaluating plastic anisotropy, the results was compared for mean values of destructive tests. Besides, the Lorentz EMAT for generating longitudinal wave and two shear waves simultaneously and the Lorentz type EMAT for measuring SH wave velocities were made. ODCs were calculated using the measured resonant modes and velocities. the results of two methods show possibility of an line processing measurement. -
The lattice filter formed transfer function has the advantage of computer simulation in the analysis of muffler. The transfer function is derived by using z-transformation for perforated elements in through-flow, cross-flow and reverse-flow type. A computer program for the prediction of the performance of automotive mufflers is developed using the transfer functions for uniform tube, open termination, expansion element, perforated elements, etc. The analytical results are verified by comparing with the experimental results for the transmission loss of a muffer. The effect of geometric configuration change of the muffler was invesigated in order to improve the performance of noise attenuation.
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This paper proposes an identification method for a thin plate where multiple actuators and sensors are bonded. Since a thin plate has small damping ratios of all modes, each mode can be identified seperately with a bandpass filter for each modal signal. With the bandpass filter and the characteristics of the plate, the Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) model of the plate can be converted to several Multi-Input Single-Output(MISO) models of second order linear difference equations of the modes. Parameters for each mode are obtained by using the Least Square method. Form there MISO models, the MIMO model is obtained in the form of the state space. Experiments were performed for an all-clamped plate with two pairs of piezoelectric actuators and sensors. The outputs of the identified model and the experimental data match well.
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유연한 구조물의 진동문제에 대해 Filtered-X LMS 알고리즘을 이용한 제어계를 구성하고 디지탈 신호처리보드를 이용하여 실시간 제어를 수행하였다. 엑추에이터는 피에조 세라믹을 사용하였고 정현파 및 잡색잡음 가진 형태의 외란을 가하였다. 실험결과 1차 고유주파수에서 7dB 이상의 진동저감을 할 수 있었으며 관심 주파수영역 내에서 진동이 고르게 저감되었다.
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The paper describes the vibration characteristics of the mechanical system consisting of a uniform cantilevered Timoshenko beam with a guided mass and an elastic spring supports. The free end of the beam does not rotate and the spring attatched to the guided mass is elastically restained against translation. The effect of magnitudes, rotary inertia and the size of the guided mass on the vibration characteristics is fully investigated by the numerical simulation using FEM and experiment. In order to verify the eigenvalue sensitivity for considered system, comparison exact solutions with FEM are conducted, and a good agreement between two solutions is also highlighted.
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In recent years, there has been an increasing intest in control of active automotive suspension systems with a goal of improving the ride comfort and safety. Many approaches for these purposes have used linearized models of the suspension's dynamics, allowing the use of linear control theory. However, the linearized model does not well descriibe the actual system behavior which is inherently nonlinear. The object of this study is to develop a neuro controlled active suspension for the ride quality improvement. After obtaining active control law using optimal control theory, we use the artificial neural network to train the neuro controller to learn the relation of road input and control force. Form the numerical results, we found that back propagation learning does show good pattern matching and vertical acceleration of the driver's seat and sprung mass.
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In this paper, an active suspension system considering the wheel hop is studied for a quarter car model. A LQ controller controls an active suspension system in which a vibration absorber is attached to the wheel axis. The vibration absorber is adopted to reduce the vibration near the natural frequency of the unsprung mass, and the LQ controller is used to control the vibration near the natural frequency of the sprung mass. The perfomance of the control system considering the wheel hop is compared with that of a LQ control system.
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THe dynamic characteristics of car are determined by ride quality and control stability. These characteristics are maintained by suspension, which is composed of springs, dampers and links. The values of these parameters are very important factor to determine the dynamic characteristic. Until now, most of company depends on trial-and-error method and driving test to solve this problem. But these methods are consumed many costs and time in developing process. In this paper,to minimize these difficulties,the proper model will be developed and analyzed the sensitivity of suspension parameter in time domain. On this ground, find the design parameter that have a dominant infuence on system response and estimate the change of system response values.
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This paper describes the measuring method of vibration mode shapes by the Electronic Shearography. Shearographic interferometer has many merits in practical use, that is low sensitive to the environmental noisy, liw limit of the coherent-length and simple optical configuration etc.. In this study, we developed Michelson-type shearing interferometer provided with a phase stepping mirror and with a bias modulation mirror to quantify the vibration gradient fields. As a results of application to a simple cantilever plate vibration amplitude fields were obtained by the proper integration technique, and their exprimental results were in good agreement with those of the ESPI experiment.
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본 연구에서는,반복 학습 제어 이론에 기초하고 신경망을 이용하여 설계된 제어 기 술을 광 디스ㅋ 드라이브 시스템(Optical Disk System)을 제어하는데 적용한다. (광디스크 드라이브류에는 compact disk drive,mini drive, magnrto-optical disk drive 등이 있다) 반복 학습 제어이론은 불정확한 시스템의 제어에 이용되며 제어의 대상이 되는 시스템에 대해 보다 적은 정보로도 반복적으로 똑같은 일을 수행하는 것처럼 수행 도가 좋다. 신경망은 신경망의 입력에 대한 출력과 목표 출력간의 맵핑을 학습하고, 이 맵핑의 특성은 두 출력간(목표출력과 실제출력)의 차이를 감소시킨다. 이러한 특성을 가지는 신경망을 이용하여 제어기를 설계하고, 제안된 신경망 제어기를 광 디스크 드라이브 시 스템의 초점 제어에 적용한다. 제안된 제어 알고리즘은 다른 어떤 제어기술과 비교하여 보다 좋은 성능이 예상된다.
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광 fiber를 이용한 새로운 구조의 초고속 광디스크 드라이버를 제안하였다. 기존의 광 픽 업 모듈을 레리져 다이오드, 광검출기, 렌즈 및 각종 광학계등의 무거운 부분과 GRIN렌즈 및 초경량의 PD로만 구성되는 광 헤드의 가벼운 부분으로 분리하였다. 무거운 부분은 Fixed part로 고정시키고 가벼운 부분만을 Moving part로 함으로써 광 헤드의 tracking 속도를 증가 시켰다. 또한 컴퓨터의 하드디스크 드라이버에서와 같은 초고속의 Pivot-arm tracking방식 을 채용하기 위해 Fixed part와 Moving part를 광 fiber를 이용해 접속하였으며 이 새로운 구 조에서 데이타 신호, tracking 및 focusing 에러 신호를 검출하는 메커니즘에 대해 설명하였다.
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The Stewart Platform is one example of a motion simulator which generater 6DOF motion in space by six actuators in parallel. The presented control methrol of 6DOF motion simulator is generally classified into two types, one is SISO and the other is MIMO control type. The SISO control can't compensate for external load variation and different dynamic behavior of 6DOF motion, trerefore this type don's control motion precisely. On the other hand, the MIMO control compensates for a interference of 6DOF motion because MIMO controller is designed with 6DOF motion simulator synamics. But MIMO control of motion simulator has a complexity of 6DOF displacement feedback, because in oder to obtain feedback value we must solve the forward kinematics using measurement of cylinder length or design a state estimator, unless measurement of 6DOF displacement is possible. In this paper, a multivariable controller using H .inf. optimal control theory is designed to consider a interference of 6DOF motion and to obtain robust,precise control of system. Also in order to solve the mentioned problem of MIMO control, this paper presents a modified MIMO control model which control 6DOF motion by using feedback of measurement od cylinder length.
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One relay control implementation to the servo control systepm is contrlved mainly for the high power electric or electro hydraulic type drive system. Proposed SERME control is relay emulated software scheme accounting a reay producing maximum torque in both direction in the insufficient bandwidth control system. Possibillty is proposed mathematically prlor to emperical work out.
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A high precision position control techinque of Brushless DC(BLDC) motor system with time varying parameters is expressed using the self tuning control method. The time varying parameters is estimated on real time by detecting voltage references from controller and mechanical motor speeds from tacho-generator. The effectiveness of the method is evaluated through the positon control experimental results of a BLDC motor system for reference change and arbitrary disturbance.
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To make a dynamic system a given desired motion trajectory, a new feedback error learning scheme is proposed which is based on the repeatability of dynamic system motion. This method is composed of feedforward and feedback control laws. A benefit of this control scheme is that the input pattern that generates the desired motion can be formed without estimating the physical parameters of system dynamics. The numerical simulations show the good performance of the proposed scheme
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The lockup clutch is embeded on torque converter of automatic transmission to prevent the efficiency deterioration of torque converter in high speed. For improving fuel consumption rate, it is desirable to engage the lockup clutch earlier. But, it results in degrading shift quality, due to the transient torque. The transient clutch pressure which affects the shifting quality, should be controlled properly. In this study, to solve the problem, it is analysed the hydraulic circuit of lockup system including line pressure regulating circuit, established the nonlinear model, and designed the PID controller. The line pressure is supplied to the lockup clutch through the lockup control valve by switching the lockup solenoid valve on. In order to control the transient pressure actively, it is needed to control the lockup solenoid valve by closed loop control. The lockup solenoid valve is 2-way on-off valve, and is adequate for PWM control. To reduce the pressure chattering, the carrier frequency is increased. Target pressure profile is computed from optimized velocity difference profile throuth dynamic equation of vehicle system.
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An image processing and pattern recognition program was developed in order to recognize the nummerinc displays on gas flow meters. the testing process of the accuracy of gas flow meters are to be automated, using the developed software. There are already many known pattern recognition algorithms for recognition of the letters. To upgrade the recognization accuracy, four different algorithms are applied in sequentially in the software. An calculation method to assign the weighting factors for the result of each algorithm was developed. It showed 98% accuracy by the pattern recognition of displaying numbers of gas mwters of 33 differnt types. This pattern recognition system is to be integrated in a industry.
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최근에 광학을 기초로 한 산업계에서 중요시 되는 문제는 촛점을 자동으로 맞추는 문제다. 대부분 오토콜리케터(autocollimater)를 사용하여 수동으로 사람이 그 초점을 판별하여 맞추는 것이 현실이다. 하지만 산업계에서 이러한 작업을 필요로 하는 부분이 급성장하고 있으며 대량생산을 위해서는 자동화가 필수적으로 되어가고 있다. 특히 카메라 렌즈의 경우 최근 자동카메라의 급수요현상으로 조립시 카메라의 촛점을 맞추는 작업은 가장 기본적이고 정교한 작업이 되고 있다. 초점을 맞추는 것은 렌즈의 절대좌표를 지정하는 것으로 렌즈의 구동은 이 점을 기준으로 움직이게 된다. 본 논문에서는 초첨을 자동으로 맞추기 위한 작업으로 MTF(modulation transfer function)의 방법을 사용하였다. 일반적인 방법은 CCD(charge coupled device)를 사용하여 빛의 조도의 값을 비교하여 최대값이 나올때를 기준으로 하였으나, 모든 픽셀에 대한 계산을 행해야 하므로 시간이 오래 걸리게 되고 광원의 변화에 따라 민감하게 변화하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 그러나 MTF를 사용하면 아주 간단한 장치를 사용하고, 신호의 처리를 용이하게 하여 초첨의 거리를 쉽게 판단할 수 있다는 장점을 가지고 있다.
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The bicycle production process mainly consists of welding process of pipes and its quality is determined by geometrical symmetry of arrangement of welded pipes. Hence, manual quality control of bicycle frames was very inefficient and required much time in dimentional inspection and does not reserve high precision. In this paper we introduce a method of fast and accurate dimensional inspection of bicycle frame using the Stereo Vision system and related some image processing techniques.
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The feedback control systems of welding process using visual information can improve weld qualities. However, it is very difficult to get the visual information of weld pool since welding are is much stronger than light from weld pool. To explore the possibility of extending the capability of automatic welding machines a study of a closed loop controlled welding system consisted of a GTA welding machine, a vision system, a stepping motor system and a digital computer was undertaken. Particularly, in this system, a CCD camera with 850nm long pass filter was focused on the weld pool to give a weld pool image. Subsequently, image analysis technique has been developed to measure a weld pool width. Using this weld pool width measurement, a colsed loop control system adjusted welding speed to maintain constant weld pool width.
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Recently SMT is used widely to place the SMD on bare board which is very small and highly integrated. And that is one of the issue directly in the electric products assembly process and especiallly in the field of optimizing electric product's performance, automatically tuning method which is highly demanded in the electronics industry. To tune product's performance, variable resistances's resistivity should be changed until it has good performance characteristics. In this paper to automatically regulate the 8mm camcoder's performance, it is proposed variable resistence's center position and orientation detection algorithm by image processing, which has very precise and accurate result. And we found optimal conditions which can have effects on image acquisition process. And real time processing is done by DSP to detect vr's center and orientation. This results make it possible to utilize proposed image processing algorithm and system directly in electronics industry.
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This paper deals with an application of neural network to camera calibration with wide angle lens and 2-D range finding. Wide angle lens has an advantage of having wide view angles for mobile environment recognition ans robot eye in hand system. But, it has severe radial distortion. Multilayer neural network is used for the calibration of the camera considering lens distortion, and is trained it by error back-propagation method. MLP can map between camera image plane and plane the made by structured light. In experiments, Calibration of camers was executed with calibration chart which was printed by using laser printer with 300 d.p.i. resolution. High distortion lens, COSMICAR 4.2mm, was used to see whether the neural network could effectively calibrate camera distortion. 2-D range of several objects well be measured with laser range finding system composed of camera, frame grabber and laser structured light. The performance of 3-D range finding system was evaluated through experiments and analysis of the results.
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Holographic interferometry is a useful whole-field nondestructive testing for measuring deformations and vibrations of engineering structure. A diverging beam is used as a light source int the most of holographic interferometer practically. For a relatively small object the optical arrangement using a collimated light source has no difficulty in use technically, but for a large object it is difficult to use a collimated beam. In this study we calculate the error of measured displacement from the sensitivity vector dominated by the geometry of optical arrangement for holographic interferometer and show the result obtained with 2-D plots. A Plane surface and a cylindrical surface were chosen as objects to be calculated and computer analysis was carried out for the cases of a diverging beam and a collimated one.
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레이저광의 우수한 가간섭성으로 인해서 거친표면으로 부터 확산된 광에서도 간섭현상을 볼 수가 있다, 이와 같은 레이져광의 독특한 특성으로 인해 나타나는 스페클은 광학적인 간섭계를 사용하여 광을 확산적으로 반사시키는 물체의 변형과 변위, 진동 등을 비접촉적으로 측정 할수 있게 되었다.이와같은 측정법으로써 Holography 간섭법, Speckle 간섭법, Speckle 사집법등이 있으며 비록 이러한 측정법들이 독립적으로 발전되었다 할지라도 기본적인 광학적인 배치와 함수들에 있어서는 유사한 특징을 가지고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 주로 면내변형을 측정하기위한 스페클간섭법에 있어서의 스페클 사이즈와 그에 따른 측정 한계를 확인할 것이다.
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Atrains in microstain range are measured accurately by means of holographic interometric technique. Holographic fringes of the cantilever beam subjected to out-of-plane deflection and in-plane deflection respectively are obtained experimentally. Form these fringe patterns, 3rd order polynomial of displacements is induced using polynomial regression method. And strain stress distribution could be determined from the secound derivative of this polynomial. These results agree well with FEM.
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본 연구에서는 최근 널리 알려져 있는 vision function들을 Robot controller에 맞게 수정하고, 또한 각종 windows에 익숙한 사용자들이 보다 쉽게 로보트를 다룰 수 있도록 하기 위해, 이러한 기본 기능들을 X-windows 상에서 vision language로 구현하였다. 기존의 기본 motion language, I/O language와 함께 Vision Langeage를 구현함으로써 Vison based Intelligent Robot system을 구축하였다.
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This is the paper on the development of assemnly automation and visual inspection system for smart card reader connector. The automation consists of 3 main process injection, assembly and inspection. During the injection, the main pin of a reel. transferred under uniform tension, is cut with an injection interval and positioned precisely to an injection mold by roll feeder after injection. The main base is stacked to a magazine for main pin's exact positionning to a mold . For last effective production, The turn table and pick & place are driver with gears and came by a single monter. We developed the small parts handling technigue for stable supply of micro ist pin and 2nd pin and could determine the orientation and position of those pins. For reliable inspection, We used the vision system which examins the guality of arranged pins with a CCD camera. The connector models which can be manufactured with this system are 8 pin and 10 pin type. The user can select the connector model for production and adjust the torerable error range during the inspection of arranged pins.
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In this paper, we present a new approach for the automation of deburring process. An algorithm for teaching skills of a human expert to a robot manipulator is developed. This approach makes use of TSK fuzzy model that can express a highly nonlinear functional relation with small number of rules. Burr features such as height, width, area, cutting area are extracted from image processing by use of the vision system. Cutting depth, repeative number and normal cutting force are chosen as control signals representing actions of the human expert. It is verified that our processed fuzzy model can accurately express the skills of human experts for the deburring process.
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Recently, a visual servoing for an eye-in-hand robot has become an interesting problem. A distance between a camera and a task object is very useful information for visual servoing. In the previous works for visual servoing, the distance can be obtained from the difference between a reference and a measured feature value of the object such as area on image plane. However, since this feature depends on the object, the reference feature value must be changed when other task object is taken. To overcome this difficulty, this paper presents a novel method for visual servoing. In the proposed method, a blur is used to obtain the distance. The blur, one of the most important features, depends on the focal length of camera. Since it is not affected by the change of object, the reference feature value is not changed although other task object is taken. In this paper, we show a relationship between the distance and the blur, and define the feature jacobian matrix based on camera defocusing to operate the robot. A series of experiments is performed to verify the proposed method.
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This work deals with finding a suitable position correction algorithm of industrial robot based on measuring gaps between door and chassis. The algorithm calculates correction quantities and then must allow visually acceptable door-chassis assembly take. The algorithm simulation is performed for a simple door-chassis model, and its effectiveness is addressed in terms of the predefined total unformity, line uniformity. In addition, the error sensitivity analysis of the rotation center of door due to the mismatch of robot grasping is performed using the algorithm.
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In recent years, ultrasonic has been widely applied in measurement and industrial fields and its application range has been expanded as a result of continuous research and development. Wire Bonding Machine, an instrument fabricating semi-conductor, makes use of ultrasonic bonding method. In order to improve the currently used wire bonding machine using ultrasonic energy, technical accumulation is needed steadily through development of exciting device of ultrasonic composed of piezoelectic vibrator and horn. This study investigates the design conditions affecting the dynamic characteristics through the theoretical and experimental analysis of piezoelectric vibrator and horn, The study conducts separately the system identification of piezoelectric vibrator in time domain and the modal analysis of horn in frequency domain. In theoretical model, the integrated modeling is conducted via a combination of dynamic identification of piezoelectric vibrator and theoretical analysis of horn. Hence comparison is made for theoretical and experimental results of the dynamic characteristics of the ultrasonic transducer composed of piezoelectric vibrator and horn. Form the results of this study we develop the design technique of ultrasonic transducer using dynamic characteristic analysis and propose the possibility of ultrasonic welding considering the optimal condition of the natural frequency and vibration mode of horn.
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The purpose of this paper is to study the force control law which can be implemented on a non-modified robot system. The external force control algorithm proposed in this paper can be designed by means of a classical and modern control law. We showed the validation and the possibility of muti-dimensional force control idea through the simulation and experiments. Also, the Iterative learning control is studied for compensating errors due to thr disturbances and nonlinear effects. The previous information(control input, error) was used to determine the control input of next trial. The experimental result show the vaidity of this algorithm.
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A time-varying nonlinear mathematical model was derived to consider the effect of change in roll radius on tension varation during winding and unwinding. A variable-gain PID controller was designed for tension control at start and stop in a multi-span continuous process system. The controller gains are updated at every control loop as roll radii continuously change. Computer simulation was carried out by using the mathematical model and the controller developed for a typical operating condition including acceleration and deceleration. When the variable-gain PID controller was used, the tension control performance was improved compared with that of existing control method during start-up and stop.
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In a CGL(Continuous Galvanizing Line) in steel making plants, zinc-coated steel sheets are produced. These sheets are used where long running corrosion resistivity is required. During the coating process top dross is produced, being harmful to the quality of the coating. To collect and remove this top dross, an automation system is developed consisting of a robot and its carriage system, a pot level sensor, a system controller, and specialtools. Forthe first, the level of the pot must be measured and fed back to the robot controller to avoid submersion of the robot hand in the hot pot. In this paper,acoustic and laser distance sensors are tested for the appropriate pot lvel sensor, especially the former in the view point of hot environment.
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In this paper, we have describes about the reationships between a core gap and a feeding velocity, an amplitude and the core gap by the exciting forc, the parts movement and a bowl materials, and the feeding veocity and the parts in the parts feeder. The main results as compared with the stainless and the aluminum materials are as follow : 1) The mean feeding velocity by bowl material shown more relative proportion in the STS304 to the exciting voltage than the C%AV 2) IN the exciting voltage, the response time for the aluminum material is slow, but the stainless is sensibility. 3) An exciting voltage is rised by an increase of the weight, but an amplitude has been in the range between 23 .mu.m through 40 .mu. m.
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Optimal design of fault-tolerant, spatial type maniplators is treated in this paper. Design objective is to guarantte three degree-of-freedom translational motions in the task space, upon failure of one arbitrary joint of 4 degree-of -freedom manipulators. Realizing the nonfault-tolerant characteristics of current, wrist-type industrial manipulators, several 4 degree-of-freedom redundant structures with one joint redundancy are suggested as the fault-tolerant spatial -type manipulators. Fault-tolerant charactersitics are investigated basedon the analysis of the self-motion and the null-space elements, of a redundant manipulator. Finally, in order to maximize the fault-tolerant capability,optimal design is performed for a spatial-type manipulator with respect to the global isotropic index, and the performance enhancement of the optimized case is shown by simulation.
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Most of Commercial Remote Center Compliance(RCC) devices have been designed using deforma ble structures. In this work, we propose another type of assembly devices which generate the compliance effec ts by attaching the compliances (or spring) at the prismatic joints of the griven mechainsm. First, the kinematic analysis for a parallel-type planar 3-degree-of-freedom mechanism is performed using modified transfer method of generalized coordinate. Then, compliance characteristics for the mechanism using prismatic joint compliances are investigated. In particular, when the system maintains its symmetric configuration, the mechanism is show n to have RCC points at the center of the workspace. Finally, sensitivity analysis around RCC points is perfor med.
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In this paper, we perform a two-stage, kinematic optimal design for 3 degree-of-freedom excavator system which consists of boom, arm, and bucket. The objective of the first stage is to find the optimal joint parameters which maximize the force-torque transmission ratio between the hydraulic actuator and the rotating joint. The objective of the first stage is to find the optimal link parameters which maximize the isotropic characteristic throughout the workspace. It is illustrated that performances of the optimized excavator are improved compared to those of HE280 excavator, with respect to the described performace index and maximum load handling capacity.
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Recently, Improving the energy efficiency of a pneumatic system and reducing the consumption of compressed air were a concern of scholars at domestic and abroad. The using fields of a pneumatic system are widely used in factory automation of manufacturing line, chemical factories with explosiveness danger and petroleum industries etc. In particular, Pneumatic cylinder is applied to feeding work of workpiece, jig tools and press mechanism, reciprocation and rotary motion with rack and pinion. In this study, The experimental apparatus consisted to pneumatic cylinder, dual supply pressure regulator and solenoid valve. The dual supply pressure regulator connected to outlet port of solenoid valve. The supply pressure (4.5kgf/cm
$\^$ 2/) of compressed air goes into the rodless chamber 1 to drive the pistion rod forward which is named working stage. The supply pressure(2kgf/cm$\^$ 2/) of compressed air goes into the rod chamber 2 to drive the piston rod backward which is named no-working stage. Accordingly, The research results of this study can be obtained to Energy-Saving Effects of the compressed air about 35%. -
This paper describes some research works of computer-aided design of blanking & piercing progressive die for stator and rotor parts by the press. An approach to the system is based on knowledge based rules. The developed system is composed of five main modules such as input & graphic interface, blanking feasibility check, strip layout, die layout and output module. Using this system, design parameters (geometric shapes, die generated in dimensions and dimensions of tool elements) are determined and output is generated in graphic form. Knowledges for tool design are extracted from the plasticity theories, handbooks, relevent references and empirical know-hows of experts in blanking companies. The developed system provides powerful capabilities for process planning and die design of stator and rotor parts.
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Lower Arm은 전차축식 현가장치에 사용되는 자동차부품으로 바퀴에서 발생되는 제동력이나 코너링력 등을 지탱하는 장치이다. V형의 상하 2개의 서스펜션암의 축에 의해 츠레임에 장착되고 좌우에 있는 Lower Arm끝부분은 볼조인트 및 부싱에 의해 스티어링 너클에 부착된다. 압입부품들은 자동차의 주행중 발생하는 외력에 의하여 이탈될 수 있는 위험성에 항상 노출되어 있어 자동차에 사용하는 압입부품들의 이탈력은 매우 중요하지만 한번 이탈시킨 Lower Arm은 이탈력이 현저히 저하되기 때문에 이탈력 측정에 의한 품질관리는 전량검사가 불가능하게 된다. 본 연구는 Lower Arm에 압입되는 볼조인트의 압입력을 압입거리에 따라 측정하여 Lower Arm에 뚫어진 볼조인트 압입구멍의 크기와 압입력의 상관관계를 실험적으로 구할수 있는 크기와 압입력의 상관관계를 실험적으로 구할 수 있는 모니터링 시스템을 개발하고자 한다.
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A symbolic performance analysis approach for flexible for manufactring systems (FMS) can be formulated based on the integration of Petri Nets (PN) and moment generating function (MGF) concept. In this method, generalized stochastic Petri Nets are used to define performance models for FMS, then MGF nased approach for evaluating stochastic PN is used to derive performance parameters of PN, and finally system performance is calculated. A GSPN model of machine cell is shown to illustrate the proposed method for evaluating such performance indices as production rate, utilization, work-in-process and lead time. The major advantage of this method over existing performance evaluation of FMS is the ability to compute symbolic solutions for performance. Finally future research toward automating performance measure for GSPN models of FMS is discussed.
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The classification and coding of part for group technology applications continus to be labour intensive and time-consuming process, and therefore much effort is dedicated to the structure and creation of automatic coding systems. IN this paper, Neural networks is used to generate processes-related digit as well as part geometry-related digit of the TS code where part name is provided as input.since part name, which is appropriately designated, provides much information about part geometry and manufacturing processes. THe developed GT recommendation system is integrated with interactive TS coding system and database in order to handle the changes of production environment, such as the change of production part of plant. It is found to recommend codes accurately and promises to be a useful tool for consistent, reliable and convenient coding processes.
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This paper focuses on development and implementation of a performance management algorithm for IEEE802.4 token bus networks to serve large-scale integrated manufacturing systems. Such factory automation networks have to satisgy delay constraints imposed on time-critical messages while maintaining as much network capacity as possible for non-time-critical messages. This paper presents a network perfomance manager that adjusts queue apacity as well as timers by using a set of fuzzy rules and fuzzy inference mechanism. The efficacy of the performance management has been demonstrated by a series of simulation experiments.
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Yhis paper describes a fault diagnosis simulation of the Real-Time Multiple Fault Dignosis System (RTMFDS) for forcasting faults in a system and deciding current machine state from signal information. Comparing with other diagnosis system for single fault,the system developed deals with multiple fault diagnosis,comprising two main parts. One is a remotesignal generating and transimission terminal and the other is a host system for fault diagnosis. Signal generator generate the random fault signal and the image information, and send this information to host. Host consists of various modules and agents such as Signal Processing Module(SPM) for sinal preprocessing, Performence Monotoring Module(PMM) for subsystem performance monitoring, Trigger Module(TM) for multi-triggering subsystem fault diagnosis, Subsystem Fault Diagnosis Agent(SFDA) for receiving trigger signal, formulating subsystem fault D\ulcornerB and initiating diagnosis, Fault Diagnosis Module(FDM) for simulating component fault with Hierarchical Artificial Neural Network (HANN), numerical models and Hofield network,Result Agent(RA) for receiving simulation result and sending to Treatment solver and Graphic Agent(GA). Each agent represents a separate process in UNIX operating system, information exchange and cooperation between agents was doen by IPC(Inter Process Communication : message queue, semaphore, signal, pipe). Numerical models are used to deseribe structure, function and behavior of total system, subsystems and their components. Hierarchical data structure for diagnosing the fault system is implemented by HANN. Signal generation and transmittion was performed on PC. As a host, SUN workstation with X-Windows(Motif)is used for graphic representation.
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Recently the needs for the experts who can solve the complex problem arising at the special areas are continuously increasing in our social life. So many researchers have studied about the expert systems as a part of an artificial intelligence during last two decades. This study was carried out in order to develope an expert system, ESSM, for the NC data generation to machine the curved surface of a forming die to fabricate the shadow mask of TV Brown Tube.
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Recently, the Z-Map model has been used widely to represent the three dimensional geometric shape and to achieve the cross-section and point evaluation of the shape. In this paper, the CNC cutting planning and simulation modules for product with three dimensional geometric shape are realized based on the Z-Map model. The realized system has the various capabilities related to the automatic generation of tool path for the rough and finish cutting processes, the automatic elimination of overcut, the automatic generation of CNC program for a machining center and the cutting simulation. Especially, the overcut-free tool path is obtained by using the CL Z-Map models which are composed of the offset surfaces of the geometric shape of product.
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In this paper, to develop a smart CAD/CAM system for systematically performing from the 3-D solid shape design of products to the CNC cutting operation of products by a machining center, a B-Rep solid modeler is realized based on the half edge data structure. Because the B-Rep solid modeler has the various capabilities related to the solid definition functions such as the creation operation of primitives and the translational and rotational sweep operation, the solid manipulation functions such as the split operation and the Boolean set operation, and the solid inversion function for effectively using the data structure, the 3-D solid shape of products can be easily designed and constructed. Also, besides the automatic generation of CNC code, the B-Rep solid modeler can be used as a powerful tool for realizing the automatic generation of finite elements, the interference check between solids, the structural design of machine tools and robots and so on.
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Holonic manufacturing system is a new approachto the organization and architecture of decentralized, autonomous and cooperative manufacturing system. The new paradigm combines the concepts of hierarchical systems and the integration of autonomous elements in distributed system. Today's scheduling and control techniques are mostly based on a centralized structure. Only little work has been done on scheduling and control of decentralized, autonomous and cooperative manufacturing system. This paper proposes a new approach IPM(Interactive Prediction Method) for scheduling and control of holonic manufacturing system.
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An Enhanced Shopfloor Oriented Programming(AESOP) system is developed as a programming utillity of the CNC turning machine. The developed system is specially designed to give a beginner the convenience for CNC part programming with graphical interaction between a machine operator and the AESOP system. The combination of process-oriented cycles and various contour programming as well as an immediate tool path verification support the easiness and swiftness of a part program generation in the shopfloor. Since the AESOP system has been designed to operate on the basis of MS-Windows in the PC-embedded CNC system, it is also useful for the training of the part programming by utilizing provailing personal computers in the educational department.
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Voronoi diagrams for closed shapes have many practical applications, ranging from numerical control machining to mesh generation. Shape offset based on Voronoi diagram avoids the topological problems encountered in traditional offsetting algorithms. In this paper, we propose a procedure for generating a Voronoi diagram and an exact offset for planar curve. A planer curve can be defined by free-form curve segements. The procedure consists of three steps : 1) segmentation by minimum curvature, 2) construction of Voronoi diagram, and 2) generation of the exact offset.
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This paper describes a hybrid surface-based method for smooth 3D surface approximation to a sequence of 2D cross sections. The resulting surface is a hybrid G
$^{1}$ surface represented by a mesh of triangular and rectangular Bezier patches defined on skinning, branching, or capping regions. Each skinning region is approximated with a closed B_spline surface, which is transformed into a mesh of Bezier patches. Triangular G$^{1}$ surfaces are constructed over brabching and capping regions such that the transitions between each capping regions such that the transitions between each triangular surface and its neighboring skinning surfaces are G$^{1}$ continuous. Since each skinning region is represented by an approximated rectangular C$^{2}$ suface instead of an interpolated trctangular G$^{[-1000]}$ surface, the proposed method can provide more smooth surfaces and realize more efficient data reduction than triangular surfacebased method. -
2차원 도면으로부터 3차원 입체형상으로의 재구성은 CAD/CAM에서 많이 연구되어 온 분야이다. 이 논문에서는 건축에서 쓰이는 3점 소실법을 이용하여, 자유곡선을 포함하는 하나의 투시도로부터 3차원 정보를 추출하고, 그 위상학적 관계와 loop detection 알고리즘을 통해서 면정보를 추출한다. 추출된 면정보를 입체 구조로 변환하고 연속성을 부여한다. 그리고 쉬운 사용자 인터페이스를 제공하여 사용자의 의도에 맞는 적절한 입체영상을 만들어 내고자 하였다.
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STEP(Standard for the Exchange of Product Data)은 제품데이타의 표현 및 교환에 관한 국제표준으로서, 특정 시스템에 관계없이 제품생산에 관계된 정보를 표현할 수 있는 중립표준을 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. STEP은 화일교환을 위한 중립표준을 제공할 뿐만 아니라 , 제품데이타베이스를 수현하는 기반을 제공한다. 따라서, 향후 STEP은 좁은 의미 로서는 시스템간의 데이타 교환의 표준으로,넓은 의미로서는 컴퓨터통합 생사시스템(CIMS) 의 구현시 정보모델의 근간으로 사용될 것으로 예상된다. 본 연구에서는 STEP을 이용하여 CAD의 형상정보와 특징형상정보를 변환하는 변환기를 개발하였다. 변환기의 개발은 크게 3단계로 나뉘어 지는데, 1) STEP에서 제정한 데이타 정의어인 EXPRESS를 이용하여 각 CAD 시스템에서 사용하는 포멧을 따라 형상정보및 특징형상정보의 스키마를 모델링하는 단계 2) 실제데이터를 이용하여 모델링된 스키마에 맴핑(mapping0하는 단계, 3) 피니컬 화일로 변환하는 단계를 거치게 된다. 이글에서는 STEP을 이용한 특징형상정보의 호환을 위한 변환기의 구조를 제안하고, EXPRESS를 이용한 스키마 모델링 및 특징형상 정보의 변환사례를 소개한다.
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In this paper , we propose an incremental approach for recognizing a class of machining features from a featurebased design model as a part design proceeds, utilizing various information such as nominal geometry, design intents, and design feature characteristics. The proposed apptroach can handle complex intersecting features and protrusion features designed on oblique faces. The class of recognized volumetric machining features can be expressed as Material Removal Shape Element Volumes (MRSEVs), a PDES/STEP-based library of machining features.
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A process planning system that generates alternative process plans offers multiple process plans for a part, thereby provides the flexibility to cope with the changes in shop floor status. In this paper, we introduce the concept of process net as a model for the generation of alternative process plans. We also show the usefulness of process net model by implementing the developed system to generate alternative process plans for rotational parts.
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This paper deals with a geometric error simulator, measurement and inspection of workpiece errors on the machine tools, and identification and compensation methodology of thermal errors in machining centers. In order to raise the machining accuracy of workpieces a measurement and inspection system on the machine tool is developed. By using MPPGT module Manual and CNC type CMMs are realized on the machining centers. To compensate for geometric and thermal deformation errors of machining centers, a real time and an off line geometric adaptive control system were developed on the machining centers. A vertical and a horizontal machining center equipped with FANUC 0MC were used for experiments. Performance of the systems were confirmed with a large amount of experiment.
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본 연구에서는 정밀진단가공을 위한 파인 블랭킹 기술 개발을 위한 파인 블랭킹용 전용 프레스를 사용 하지 않고 범용 유압 프레스에서 조보 유압 장치에 의해 압력을 조절해가면서 가공특성에 관한 실험적 연구와 이론 해석을 수행한다. 실험을 위해 파인 블랭킹 금형과 유압 장치를 설계 제작하고, 정밀진단 특성에 제일 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 V-돌기( Vee-ring)의 유무와 위치 그리고 스트리핑력 및 카운터 펀 칭력 변화에 따른 제품 정밀도를 조사해 가면서 최적의 정밀도 예측 수단으로 적절함을 확인할 수 있었으며, 실험결과는 작업 조건에 관계없이 모든 제품이 깨끗한 전단면을 나타내고 있으며, 일반적으로 스트리핑력이 감소할수록, 그리고 카운터 펀칭력이 증가할수록 캠버량이 감소하고 특히 카운터 펀칭력에 큰 영향을 받고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 이와같은 현상은 유한 요소해석에 의한 캠버량의 예측에섣고 정성적으로 잘 일치하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.
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The measured vibration on a machine or a structure is shaped by the excitation waveform and the path transfer function. Mechanism diagnostics tends to focus on retrieving source featurce by minimzing the effects of the structural path, while in structural diagnostics we are more interested in minimizing source effects and retrieving path parameters. In structural diagnostics, therefore, there are experimental issues of gathering data that are independent source effects and finding a transfer function signature that reveals structural defects. This paper describes how the transfer function can be obtained more accurately by experiment using the compatibility relationship which is newly discovered.
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공작기계의 주축은 최근 고속화,고정밀화 및 고강성화되어가는 경향이 커지고 있다. 이러한 경향에 따라서 주축의] 설계는 매우 중요하며, 주축용 베어링은 앵귤러 콘택트 볼베어링이 많이 사용되고 있다. 공작기계의 주축은 고속 회전에 따른 고강성의 필요성이 증대하게 되고, 고상성을 얻기 위하여 축 방향의 일정한 예압을 주게된다. 이 예압량은 결국 축 방향의 하중이므로 주축용 베어링의 수명을 변화 시키게 된다. 따라서 축 방향 하중의 변화에 따른 베어링의 수명 특성을 파악하여야 하며, 적절한 베어링 수명의 판단을 통해 기계의 보수 및 관리에 관한 재경비를 절감할 수 있다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 실험을 통해 베어링의 특성 주파수를 이끌어 내고 주파수 스펙트럼 분석을 이용하여 베어링의 상태를 진단하 는 기본겆인 데이터를 얻는다.
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This paper is devoted to the development and performance evaluation of a hard bearing type balancing machine for rigid rotors. The pedestals of the balancing machine are designed to be rigid to be rigid enough to enable the balancing to operate far below the fundamental critical speed. The force measuring method is implemented to the balancing machine. The forces due to unbalance are measured through load cell that are attached to the pedestals. A helical coupling is used for transmitting the driving force from an AC servo motor to the rotor to be balanced. The experimental results show that the current hard bearing type balancing machine can indicate the presence of unbalance beyond 1 .mu. m in specific unbalance unit. The limitation of the current balancing machine is due to the coupling that is likely to make inconsistent offset errors everytime the rotor is connected to the machine.
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In operating automated manufacturing system, the long term stability and reliability of NC machine tools become most critical issues. Especially the machining accuracy is dominated by the thermal deformation of machine tools which remains still unsolved and causes troubles in manufacturing operations. Although researches have been carried out on the thermal behavior of a machine tools to minimize or control the thermal deformation of machine tools, the computer models for an analysis of the thermal behacior in machine tools has yet to appear in the open literature. The object of the paper is to present a method of modeling the thermal behavior of a machine tool. The method will make use of finite elements ad be capable of modeling whole machine structures as well as of heat generation processes in the kinematic system components. And temperature distributions and thermal deformations of a CNC lathe are analyzed using the finite element method and are compared with those measured in practice.
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In the mobile robot research, monitoring the present status and self-navigating the robot in various environment are signifiant. This paper treates a navigation algorithm using a fuzzy logic and a sensor system - laser range finder. The navigation algorithm using a fuzzy logic is achieved by organizing the knoweledge base for self-navigation of mobile robot. In order that mobile robot is economically arrived the goal, the knowledge base is applied to acquire the informations of moving distance, direction, and velocity in every cycle time.
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This paper describes multiple fault diagnosis method in complex system with hierarchical structure. Complex system is divided into subsystem, item, component. For diagnosing this hierarchical complex system, it is necessary to implement special neural network. We introducd to Hierarchical Artificial Neural Network(HANN) for this purpose. HANN consists of four level neural network, first level for symptom classification, second level for item fault diagnosis, third level for component symptom classification,forth level for component fault diagnosis. Each network is multi layer perceptron with 7 inputs, 30 hidden node and 7 outputs trainined by backpropagation. UNIX IPC(Inter Process Communication) is used for implementing HANN with multitasking and message transfer between processes in SUN workstation. We tested HANN in reactor system.
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결함검사에 영상처리기술을 적용할때, 데이타량 때문에 많은 처리시간과 판정의 오류들이 발생할수 있다. 본 연구에서는 검사를 해야할 화상을 푸리에 변환과 특징 값 추출을 통해서 판정의 오류를 줄이고 처리해야할 데이타량을 줄일 수 있음을 보여준다. 검사 알고리즘은 두단계의 비교과정을 거치면서 설정된 기준치를 넘는 경우가 생기면 결함으로 판단을 하는 단순한 튿정값의 비교에 의해서 수행이 될 수 있음을 보여준다.
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멀티미디어(화상,음성,하이퍼텍스트)의 데이터는 다른 데이터와 상이점이 많아 운용에 어려움이 있다. 대용량의 저장용량(storage)의 필요, 데이터 통신의 어려움 등이 빠르게 발전하는 멀티미디어 기술에 제약조건이 된다. 본 연구에서는 멀티미디어 데이터가 일 반적인 텍스트(Text)데이터와 같이 높은 수행도(Performance) 및 안정적인 데이터베이스 (Database)로 구축되어 효율적으로 운용 되는데 중점을 둔다. 아울러 대량의 정보를 처리하기 위하여 서버(server)와 클라이언트(Client)기법을 이용한 분산처리로 실시간 처리 및 데이터 저장의 한계를 극복하고자 한다.
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최근의 절삭가공 생산시스템은 무인자동화,고속화,정밀화로 대별되면서 생산성을 극대화시킬려는 방향으로 연구 가 진행되고 있다. 종래의 CNC화된 기계가공시스템에서는 절삭속도,이송속도 그리고 절삭깊이 등과 같은 절삭 조건은 On-line으로 조절되는 장치를 갖지 않고 Off-line으로 프로그래머의 경험이나 절삭가공의 데이터 핸드북을 통하여 결정되어진다. 이러한 절삭조건은 절삭률 즉 생산성의 측면에서 최적의 값이 될 수가 없다. 이는 프로그래머가 측면에서 최적의 값이 될 수가 없다. 이는 프로그래머가 공구의 마모나 표면거칠기, 또는 공작기계의 부하 등을 고려하여 극적으로 NC프로그램을 짜기 때문이다. 이러한 문제점 때문에 현재 개발되어지고 있는 대부분의 적응제어시스템은 실용화가 되지못하고 있는 실정이어서 효휼적인 적응시스템의 개발은 필수적이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 무인자동화 가공시스템에서 생산성을 최대화하기 위하여 사용하는 ACO 시스템에서 발생하는 상기의 문제를 해결하여 실용화할 수 있는 가공 최적화 시스템을 개발함을 연구의 목적으로 하고 있다.
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In this paper, the tensile strength in aluminum alloy 5052, Kevlar 49-fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminates, and Glass-fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminates, is statistically evaluated. Prepregs manufactured in Han Kuk Fiber is used and FRMLs is cured by Hot-Press. Standard statistical are used to determine the distribution function which best fits FRMLs strength data. The normal,lpg-normal, and two-parameter Weibull distrbuttion are evaluated using the Kolmogoorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. At the 5% significance level, none of these distribution is rejected. The strength of Aluminum alloy 5052 is best fits to a normal distribution. However, the strength of Kevlar 49-fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminates and Glass-fiber reinforced aluminum alloy laminates is best fits to a two-parameter Weibull distribution.
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It is improtant to examine life or crack propagation behavior of structures because of its safety evaluation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of crack-crack interaction to evaluate fatigue life and crack behavior. In this study, the behavior of the interaction of two cracks is studied by experiment. The vertical distance of two cracks is varied to make different interaction stress field. In addition, the effect of plastic zone is considered to examine crack propagation path and propagation rate.
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Making Brinell indentations facing each other near the crack tip is very effective method in increasing fatigue life. In this paper, fatigue test was performed after indentation to investigate the effect of thickness of specimen. The results show that fatigue lives increased my making indentation and retardation cycle is inverse proportional to thickness of specimen.
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This paper presents rational modeling and analysis method for complex structures with various structural joints. For modeling of structural joint, a general modeling technique is newly proposed by flexibility influence coefficient and inverse of flexibility matrix and static reduction concept which is applied to the retained DOFs(degrees of freedom) of detailed finite element model of struction joints. By this method,joint model with contact surface. which can not be reduced by the general reduction theory such as Guyan reduction theory ,can be reduced effectively. And in this method, the nonlinearity of the contact surface can be linearized within a proper range and the boundary effects of joint region can be excluded. Using the proposed method, screwed joint,glued joint and bolted joint are analyzed. And the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by experiments.
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The boundary element method was used for studying singularities of an interface crack with contact zones. Because the contact zone size was extremely small in a tention field, a large number of Gaussian points were is used for numerical integration of the Kernels. In order to estimate the contact zone size, iteration method was used. The interface crack tips with contact zones showed no oscillatory behavior and J-integral values across the interface were conserved.
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The bucking and postbuckling behavior of composite laminated long cylinders under lateral pressure are investigated by the nonlinear finite element method. A long cylinder of 3-D shell problem is modelled as 2-D plane strain problem for analysis. And for the finite element analysis, eight nodes quadratic element is utilized. Arc-length method is adopted for the iteration and load-increment along postbuckling equilibrium path. The composite laminated cylinders in study are composed of cross-plied uniaxially reinforced shells. As a prsult, buckling load and postbuckling behavior are discussed.
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Existing CAD systems do not provide the advanced function for systematic checking of design and drafting errors in mechanical drawings. This paper describes a method for systematic checking in mechanical drawings. The checking items are deficiency and redundancy of dimensions, input-errors in dimension figures and symbols, etc. Checking for deficiency and redundancy of global dimensions has been performed applying Graph Theory. This system has been applied to several examples and we have confirmed the feasibility of this design checking method.
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Optmal topology design is to search the optimal layout of the structure which can be used fot the shape of the conceptual design stage. Our objective is to maximize the stiffness of the structure under a material usage constraint. The density of each finite element is the design variable and its relationship with Young's modulus is expressed by quadratic form. The shape is represented by the entire density distribution, the structural analysis is performed by finite element method and the optimization is achieved by feasible direction method. Unlike optimality criteria method,feasible direction method can handle various problems simultaneously, that is, multi- objectives and multi-constraints. Total optimization time can be reduced by the approximation of the material property and fewer design variables than homogenization method. Topology optimization is applied to design the shape of ribs.
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공학 설계 과정을 묘사하는 설계 방법중의 한 가지인 구성 설계 방법론을 레이저 프린터의 급지 기구 설계에 적용하였다. 급지기구 부품들은 반송될 종이에 진동을 일으키지 않고 평편하게 유지하도록 설계되어야 한다. 설계방법과 경험들은 규칙으로 나타내고, 기능에 따라 프린터 급지 기구 내의 부품들은 객체로 표현하는 하이브리드 방식을 사용한다, 여러가지 설계 제한 조건들이 고려되므로 설계의 신뢰성이 개선될 수 있다.
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B-spline curves and surfaces are effective solutions for design and modelling of the freeform models. The control methods of these are using with control points, knot vectors and weight of NURBS. Using control point is easy and resonable for representation of general models. But the movement of control points bring out the reformation of original convex hull. The B-splines with nonuniform knot vector provide good result of the shape modification without convex hull reforming. B-splines are constructed with control points and basis functions. Nonuniform knot vectors effect on the basis functions. And the blending curves describe the prorities of knot vectors. Applying of these, users will forecast of the reformed curves after modifying controllabler primitives.
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현대 산업의 기업활동에 있어서 조직의 확대와 세분화,제품의 다양화 및 전문화에 따라, 생산활동을 위한 부서간의 정보 공유는 물론 협력업체, 부품공급 업체 상호간의 원활한 정보교환이 필수적인 요구 조건이 되고 있다. 그러나 이러한 기업환경의 변경에도 불구하고 이들 정보들이 서로 다른 형식과 구조, 이 기종의 컴퓨터 환견과 각기 다른 데이터 저장방식 또는 운용소프트웨어,네트웍 구조 등의 문제로 인하여, 문서교환에 의해 상호간의 정보를 공유하는 것이 현재의 실정이다. 문서교환에 의존하는 현재의 정보교환 방식은 과다한 서류의 중복작성 및 보관, 데이터의 부정확, 개발 납기의 지연과 같은 문제점을 갖게 된다.이러한 문제점 해결을 위해 제품개발에서 생산, 영업활동 전반에 걸친 정보 자동화 및 시스템들 상호간의 제품정보의 호환성 문제가 주요한 관심사가 되도 있다. 본 연구는 국제표준인 STEP 응용규약의 하나인 AP203(Application Protocol)을 이용하여 제품설계 정보 시스템을 구축하고자 한다.
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최근들어 국내 제조업 분야의 대외 경쟁력을 향상시키기 위해 각 산업체에서는 여러가지 자동화 시스템을 구축하려는 경행이 지배적이다. 자동화 시스템을 구축하는 방법 및 개상은 여러가지가 있을수 있으며 그 중에서 설계를 담당하는 자동화 시스템의 개발은 제품 생산을 위한 독자적인 기술을 확보하기 위해서 반드시 필요한 대상중의 하나이다. 그러나 대개의 경우 설계 과정은 상당히 복잡하고 어려운 작업으로서 최종 제작 도면을 만들어 내기까지에는 몇 가지 단계를 거치게 된다. 이들 과정을 설계를 수행하는 기술자가 보다 쉽고 빠르게 처리할수 있는 자동화 시스템을 구축한다면 제품생산에 상당한 파급효과를 기대할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구에서는 설계 공리를 이용하여 제품 설계의 전 과정을 분석하고 제품 설계자가 쉽게 설계를 수행할 수 있도록 자동화용 소프트웨어 시스템을 구축하는데 목표를 둔다. 개발된 소프트웨어 대상은 TV브라운관 유리제품(glass bulb) 으로서 현재 수행되고 있는 제품 설계의 전과정을 설계공리의 관점으로 재 조명하고 효율적으로 개선하는 몇 가지 소프트웨어를 구축하였다. 전체 시스템은 메뉴 시스템을 적용한 사용자 인터페이스 기법을 이용하여 사용자가 보다 편리하게 설계과정을 수행할 수 있도록 하였다.
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In this work, rapid prototyping and three dimensional finite element analysis are simltaneously applied to design metal forming processes. Rapid prototyping is a new prototyping technology which producess three dimensional part models directly from CAD data and has been extensively applied to various manufacturing processes. There are many types of rapid prototyping systems due to their building principles and materials. In this work, Stereolithography Apparatus (SLA) which is the most widely-used rapid prototyping system is introduced to manufacture the die set. To prepare STL file generally, mesh data which are in describing the die surface in finite element analysis are translated so that rapid prototyping and finite element analysis are effectively connected. The die sets are manufactured using SLA prototypes, and matal forming experiments are carried out using them. Comparing experiments results with analyses, the processes can be predicted and designed successfully.
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In this study, workspace analysis has been performed for a Clemens Coupling type parallel robotic wrist with four degrees of freedom such as three angular degrees of freedom and 1 plunge motion. Because of plunge motion, this mechanism has no singular point that the general roll-pitch-roll mechanisms have. Also, proposed mechanism performs larger load, faster motion, with less weight and has better structural characteristics such as higher stiffness and strength to weight ratio compared with serial type mechanisms. As a basic step for position control, the closed form solution of forward and inverse kinematics are proposed and workspace is analyzed and plotted by applying triangle tracer method for workspace boundary tracing.
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In designing and evaluating manipulators, itis important to understand the capability of kinematic and static performances. Both workspace and manipulability can be considered as such performance measures. In general, the measure of manipulability is related to the kinematics for serial type manipulators. However.in case of parallel manipulators such as Stewart Platform, the manipulability can be interpreted as the static capability of transforming the input forces of actuators to the wrench of the end-effector. In this paper, the mathematical and physical meanings of manipulability suggested in some research works have been examined, and more meaningful measure of manipulability using the absolute minimum eigenvalues of J
$^{T}$ .del. J has been suggested, which has been applied to a Stewart Platform in order to investigate the manipulability of this mechanism.. -
Recently, a symmetric and non-symmetric profile of screw rotor has been designed in the interior. However the processing method of screw rotor and the cutter design for screw rotor were not studied. Therefore we could we could not make the shape of the screw rotor designed by profile function with computer. In this study, we have made cutter profile design program, and manufactured cutters for screw rotors using H.S.S. We have machined screw rotorts of symmetric 4*6 profile, non-symmetric 4*6 profile with almighty milling machine.
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A collision-free geometric path for industrial articulated robot is searched among polyhedral obstacles considering kinematic charcteristics. Then minimum-time control of the geometric path is studied considering dynamic characteristics. The algorithm is simulated on PC for maximum speed, moving time and so forth.
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For the improvement of productivity, the reduction of cost and time for manufacturing is mandatory, especially in the field of electronic industry. The study is concemed with a practical means of systematic assistance to formability estimation and selection of reliable design specification for electronic sheet metal parts. The objective of this research work is to develop a simulation system which helps to analyze the target processes with the finite element method and to acquire available design data quickly and exactly and exactly. The simulation system developed in the study consists of design verification, selection of optimal combination of parameters, knowledge acquisition and graphical user interface(GUI). Design verification is automatically carried out by using the finite element method. A data base management system and nomograms are utilized for knowledge acquistion. The developed system has been applied to some major sheet metal forming operations such as flanging, embossing, bending and blanking. According to the simulated results, the validation of the target processes has been confirmed. Analysis data, estimation rules of formability and graphical representation of the analysis have been employed for the designer's understanfing and evaluation, thus providing a practical means of robot design and evaluation of formability for production electronic sheet metal parts.
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In using a performance model of a torque converter determined by its gemetric condition, it is possible that the analysis of two arbitrary converters produces the the same results because of the same value of equivalent parameters despite their different shapes. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the effect of shape factor on dynamic perfomance, and equivalent parameters reoresenting a performace model of a converter should into its defined by the behavior of flow field. In this study, torus flow of a torque converter is changed into its equivalent system defined by the behavior of flow, and govering equations for the system are presented and used for analysis. Equivalent parameters are obtained from the results of flow analysis and are compared with parameters of one dimensional performance model. The influence that shape change of a converter has on the behavior of flow and the equivalent parameters is studied qualitatively.
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Straodown intertial navigation system(SDINS) is a navigational instrument necessary to guide and control a free vehicle. Dynamically Tuned Gyroscope(DTG) which is widely applied to SDINS convers a wide dynamic range and is simple and small. In study, the analysis of mechanical parts or sensor parts and research of balancing is performed for manufacturing a DTG. In error analysis the criterion considered during designing and manufacturing is established by quantitatively anayzing the effect of DTG performance by tolerance. And the theory of dynamic balancing is derived and unbalance is reduced through experiment. And the stiffness of flexure is verified by tuning experiment.
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Active damping has been shown to offer increased suspension performance in terms of vehicle isolation, suspension packaging, and road-tire contract force. Many semi-active damping strategies have been introduced to approximate the response of active damping with the modulation of passive damping parameters. This study investigates the characteristics of semi-active suspension control through the simulation of passive, skyhook active, and semi-active damping models. A quarter car model is studied with the conrolled damping replacing both passive and active damping. A new semi-active scheme is suggested to eliminate the abrupt changes in semi-active damping force. It is shown that the new strategy performs almost identically to the so called "force controlled" semi-active law without steep changes in damping force or body acceleration.eleration.
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In this paper, a mathematical model for a belt driven system is proposed to analyse the vibtation characteristics of the driving units with belts and the free and forced vibration analyses are carried out. The mathematical model for model for the belt-driven system includes belts,pulleys, spindle and bearings. Using the Hamilton principle, the 4 nonlinear governing equations and the 12 nonlinear boundary conditions are derived. To linearize and discretize the nonlinear govering equations and boundary conditions, the perturbation method and Galerkin method are used. Also, the free vibration analyses for the various parameters of the belt driven system, which are belt tension, belt length, material property of belt, belt speed and pulley mass are made. The forced vibration analyses of the system are made and the dynamic responses for the main parmeters are analysed with the belt driven system.
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A performance prediction method is presented in this paper for design of a rotating machinery having power split/circulated transmisson with slip elements and planetary gears. And internal power flow patterns of such systems are theoretically analyzed by using mathematical modeling. To estimate usefulness of the designed machinary, geometrical approach has been adopted through the performance locus diagram which represents overall characteristics of the system. This gives us complect prediction of the qualitative performane and effects of design factors such as system layout, types and gear ratios of planetary gears and disign parameters of slip elements. The results for one of them are compared with experimental ones using dynamometer for verification.
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This paper presents a dynamic analysis of the high-speed spindle system for vertical machining center using finite techniques. The computed natural frequencies are compared with the measured frequencies obtained from experimental modal analysis. The results show that the bending and twisting deformations of the spindle housing dominate in the lowest modes owing to low dynamic stiffness of the housing structure. The design parameters in the analysis are : (a) panel thickness of the housing (b ) height of the housing, and (c) spindle-to-column distance of the housing. Through sensitivity analysis and optimizing simulation considering design constraints, an optimal design of the spindle system has been obtained.
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The dynamic behavior of graphite/epoxy laminated composite shell structure due to low-velocity impact is investigated using the finite element method. In this analysis, the Newmark's constant-acceleration time integration algorithm is used. The impact response such as contact force, central deflection and dynamic strain history form shell structure analysis are compared with those form the plate non-linear analysis. The effects of curvature, impact velocity and mass of impactor on the composite shell are discussed.
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The experimental and finite element studies of a coaxial cylindrical shell filled with liquid in the annular gap were performed to understand its vibration characteristics. Finite element analysis was achieved by using ANSYS code. Form the investigation of the changing trend of natural frequencies for the change of annular gap we know that the natural frequency of the coaxial cylindrical shell varies according to the mode shape. that is, in case of in-phase mode the natural frequency decrease as annular gap increase, but in case of out-of-phase mode the natural frequency increase. Finite element analysis results show the excellent agreement with the experimental results both in air and in water case, so that analysis on other cases with be possible without experiment.