A review was made of fatigue failures of nuclear power plant components in Japan, which were experienced in service and during periodical inspection. No case has been recently reported of a service fatigue failure of a reactor pressure vessel itself, excluding nozzle corner cracks, that occurred many years ago. But, service fatigue failures have been occasionally experienced in piping systems, pumps, and valves, on which fatigue design seems to have been inadequately applied. The causes of fatigue failures can be divided into two categories: mechanical-vibration-induced fatigue and thermal-fluctuation-induced fatigue. Vibration-induced fatigue failure occurs more frequently than is generally thought. The lesson gleaned from the present survey is a recognition that a service fatigue failure may occur due to any one or a combination of the following factors: (1) lack of communication between designers and fabrication engineers, (2) lack of knowledge about a possibility of fatigue failure and poor consideration about the effects of residual stresses, (3) lack of consideration on possible vibration in the design and fabrication stages, and (4) lack of fusion or poor penetration in a welded joint.