According to a treatment of internal disease in oriental medicine, we recognize that Lee Dong-won's Eumhwalon has a critical meaning. However, there is no well organized study about that so far even though medical treatments and prescriptions affected by Lee Dong-won's Eumhwalon have been used in clinical medicine. Hence I have studied the effect on a treatment of internal disease of after age affected by Lee Dong-won's Eumhwalon focused on medical treatments and prescriptions. For the comprehensive study on the effect of Lee Dong-won’s(李東垣) Eumwhalon(陰火論) on a treatment of internal disease for after age, I have examined, collected, and summarized the related descriptions from various books and papers in this subject such as <Naek-yung(內經)> which is the bible of oriental medicine. Followings are obtained as a result: Lee dong-won said Eumhwa(陰火) might be happened if there are abnormalities of the spleen and the stomach which exercise going up and coming down(升降). Lee dong-won offered Gamonjeyol(甘溫除熱) and Sengyangsanwha(升陽散火) as treatments of Eumhwa(陰火) Gamonjeyol(甘溫除熱) affected the treatment and the pathological recognition of Daekilon(大氣論) by Jang suk-sun(張錫純). Consequently there are some prescriptions such as Sengham-tang(升陷湯), Wandae-tang(完帶湯), Kerwonjern(擧元煎), and so on affected by Gamonjeyol(甘溫除熱). Sengyangsanwha(升陽散火) affected Yuklumanju(逆流挽舟) by Yu chang(喩昌) a lot. It is a meaning of Sengyangsanwha(升陽散火) that he used Insampaedok-san(人蔘敗毒散) to dysentery. As a representative prescription, there are Insampaedok-san(人蔘敗毒散), Kamisoyo-san(加味逍遙散), Baekchuljakyak-san(白朮芍藥散), and so on.

The objectives of this study lie in theoretical establishment of Bobee-tang for curing the asthenic syndrome of spleen through analyzing the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Bobee-tang, and furthermore, maximizing the clinical use of Bobee-tang. This study analyzed the component medicines and combination principles of Hyeongok's Bobee-tang based on the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines from the ${\ulcorner}$Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine${\lrcorner}$, the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine, and the five elements doctrine. Hyeongok's Bobee-tang is an odd prescription, composed of 7 kinds of ingredients : No.1 Radix Ginseng (2don;7.5 g), No.2 Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (1don;3.75 g), No.3 Carapax Et Plastrumtestudinis (1don), No.4 Concha Ostreae (1don), No.5 Cortex Cinnamomi (1don), No.6 Rhizoma Zingiberis Praeparatae (1don), and No.7 Radix Glycyrrhizae (1don). First, to cure the asthenic syndrome of the spleen, the methods of invigorating the spleen and the heart, and purging the liver should be used according to the five elements doctrine. Secondly, herbal medicines appropriate for those treatment methods should be chosen according to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicine and thirdly, the combination of those herbal medicines should be carried out according to the theory for principal herbal medicine, assistant herbal medicine, adjuvant herbal medicine, dispatcher herbal medicine. As a good example, Hyeongok's Bobee-tang is combined according to the above theories. In conclusion, this formula was created by applying to the theory for properties and tastes of herbal medicines.

We evaluated the effect of SHBCS on adhesion and invasion of colon L5-26 adenocarcinoma cell line in vitro in vitro and experimental liver metastasis in vivo. SHBCS showed little inhibitory effect on colon 26-L5 cell proliferation. At the concentration of up to 500 mg/ml of SHBCS 80% of cells were viable. SHBCS showed no inhibitory effect on adhesion and invasion of colon 26-L5 cells, which were placed on matrigel. In a dose dependent manner, oral administration of SHBCS showed a significantly inhibitory effect on liver metastasis from colon 26-L5 injected mice. When mice were depleted of NK cells or macrophages before tumor inoculation, SHBCS significantly decreased liver metastasis fromf the tumor injected mice. Compared with the control mice, SHBCS increased the populations of macrophages and NK cells by 30%, 18%(10 mg/mouse, 50 mg/mouse) and 5%, 1% (10 mg/mouse, 50 mg/mouse) respectively. Compared with the control mice, SHBCS increased the populations of CD4 cells by 5%, 18% (10 mg/mouse, 50 mg/mouse) respectively. Spelenocytes from mice administerd with SHBCS were stimulated with LPS plus ConA, proliferation of splenocytes from mice administerd with SHBCS was 140%, 146%(10 mg/mouse, 50 mg/mouse) compared with th control mice. In conclusion, the present study suggests that SHBCS may have an inhibitory effect on liver metastasis through immunopotentiating activity which is associated with macrophages and NK cells.

The cytotoxic characteristics of Vitsin A isolated from Vitis amurensis L. were examined in human colorectal, breast, uterine and renal cancer cells. Vitsin A showed good cytotoxicity against various cancer cells with $IC_{50}$ of $1\;{\sim}\;30\;{\mu}M$. Among them, Vitisin A exhibited strongest cytotoxic effect against MES-SA cells with $IC_{50}$ of 1.11 ${\mu}M$ by SRB assay. To verify whether the cytotoxicity of Vitisin A may be associated with apoptosis, TdT-mediated-dUTP Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) assay and cell cycle analysis were performed in MES-SA cells. Apoptotic bodies were observed in Vitisin A treated MES-SA cells by TUNEL assay. Also, Vitisin A effectively increased the portion of $sub-G_1$ DNA content by flow cytometric analysis. Taken together, these findings suggest that the cytotoxicity of Vitisin A against MES-SA cells is chiefly mediated by apoptosis.

The purpose of this study was to examine to observe single and four weeks repeated toxicity in mice of Bangpung-galgeun-tang (BGT). We investigated to ascertain safety and toxicity of BGT, we divided into single and four weeks repeated administration test. In single test, three groups were administrated different dosages and routes (2 g/kg/i.p., 4 g/kg/i.p. and 15 g/kg/p.o.) of BGT, and in four weeks repeated test, 0.8 g/kg BGT was administrated. Control groups were administrated with only saline according to on Korean Food and Drug Administration, respectively. We observed attentively motality, abnormal clinical sign, body weight change, organ weight, AST and ALT of mice after BGT administration. During toxicity experiment period, there was no difference in body weight change, organ weight, AST and ALT among different dose groups. Death were found 3 mice from day 2 to day 3 in single test i.p. group. (2 g/kg, 4 g/kg). Several individuals of single test i.p. group were observed that decreased locomotor activity, exophthalmos, bloodshot eyes, loss of eyesight and so on in early period after administration. But there was no difference in clinical signs among p.o. group. These results indicate that BGT have inhibition effects on allergy and suggest that no observable effect level of the test orally administration was considered to be more than 2 g/kg in mice under the conditions employed in this study.

ChongMyeong-Tang(CMT) have been used clinically to treat patient with amnesia and dementia. In addition, CMT have been also used for examinee to improve learning ability in Korea. This experimental study was designed to investigate the effects of Gagam-ChongMeong-Tang(GCMT) to improve the retentive faculty and learning ability in terms of Cerebral blood flow(rCBF) and Mean Artery Blood Pressure(MABP) in rats. In our study, we investigated that increasing doses of GCMT (1 ug/ml, 10 ug/ml, 100 ug/ml, and 1000 ug/ml) affect the level of rCBF and MABP in rats. In our results, treatment with GCMT elevated level of rCBF in dose dependant manner. Cantraray, level of MABP was lowered by treatment with GCMT. The involved mechanisms in rCBF are guanylate cyclase pathway. During the period of cerebral re-perfusion, GCMT treated group showed stability of rCBF compared to control group. These results imply that GCMT increased rCBF through dilation of pial artery. And related mechanisms are involved in guanylate cyclase pathway.

Handayeolso-Tang(HDT) has been used as traditional medicine for the treatment of Taeumin TaeYang-Hanguel. The present study was conducted to investigate the anti-allergic activity of Handayeolso-Tang(HDT). We investigated the anti-allergic effects of HDT in RBL-2H3 basophilic leukemia cells by compound48/80, a mast cell degranulator and compound 48/80 induced anaphylactic shock in mice. HDT significantly inhibited ${\beta}-hexosaminidase$ and histamine release from compound 48/80 stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. In addition, HDT effectively inhibited anaphylactic shock in mice by 45% at a dose 120 mg/mouse versus PBS treated control after the I.p injection(8 mg/kg) of compound 48/80. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of HDT in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were investigated. HDT inhibited NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and effectively dowregulated the expression of iNOS mRNA and iNOS protein expression in LPS -stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These result provide evidences that HDT may be beneficial in the treatment of allergic inflammtory disease.

This study investigated the signaling mechanisms contributed to the vasodilatory effects of HMC05, a herbal prescription. HMC05 acted in an endothelium-independent manner. To elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of its vascular actions, we focused on the signaling molecules involved in actin-myosin filament regulation including 20 kDa myosin light chains (LC20), Rho-associated kinase (ROCK), PKC, JNK and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in the endothelium-denuded thoracic aorta or isolated smooth muscle cells (SMCs). It lowered the phosphorylation level of LC20 and showed that ROCK, ERK, JNK and $PKC{\alpha}$ pathways played important roles in the effects, as confirmed by the observations with a specific inhibition or activation, and with the activity and the subcellular localization of these molecules. In particular, HMC05 dramatically inhibited the activity of ERK and the downstream signaling of ROCK. It also changed the subcellular localization of the phophorylated $PKC{\alpha}$ as well as the amount of phosphorylation. Taken together, these data indicate that the vascular relaxation effects of HMC05 are attributed to the regulation of these signaling mechanisms.

This study evaluated neuroprotective effects of Yanggyuksanhwa-tang (YST) on global cerebral ischemia of diabetic rats. On primary experiment, diabetic condition in rats was induced by streptozotocin injection. Secondarily, global cerebral ischemia was induced by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery with hypotension (BCAO) under the diabetic condition. Then neuroprotective effect of YST was observed with changes of neuronal c-Fos and Bax expressions, and GFAP expression in the brain tissues by using immunohistochemistry. YST treatment was resulted significant decrease of c-Fos expression in CA1 hippocampus induced by BCAO on diabetic rats. YST treatment was resulted significant decrease of Bax expression in CA1 hippocampus induced by BCAO on diabetic rats. YST treatment was resulted significant decrease of c-Fos expression in cerebral cortex and caudoputamen induced by BCAO on diabetic rats. YST treatment was resulted significant decrease of GFAP expression in cerebral cortex induced by BCAO on diabetic rats. These results suggest that YST has effects on neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic damage under diabetic condition. And it is supposed that neuroprotective effect of YST reveals by anti-apoptosis mechanism.

The purpose of this study was to identify the protective effect of Codonopis pilosula extract on cell death induced by $H_2O_2$ in SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells. We measured the antioxidant effect by DPPH radical scavenging analysis, BSA analyssis and examined the cell viability by crystal violet and cytochrome C, Bax, Bcl-2, p53, p21 by using Western blot analysis. Codonopis pilosula extract scavenged DPPH radical in a dose-dependent manner and shown direct free radical scavenging effect, suggested that Codonopis pilosula extract have antioxidant effect in vitro. Treatment of cells with hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species, was to induce cell death and pretreatment with Codonopis pilosula extract attenuated the occurrence of $H_2O_2-induced$ cell death. To elucidate the protective mechanisms of action of Codonopis pilosula extract, Western blot analyses for Bcl-2 and Bax expression and cytochrome c release were carried out. Pretreatment with Codonopis pilosula extract induced the expression of Bcl-2 and suppressed the release of cytochrome c and Bax into the cytosol, thereby arresting $H_2O_2-induced$ apoptotic cell death. Especially p21 and p53 were decreased prior to $H_2O_2$ treatment. These results suggest that Codonopis pilosula extract is associated with the cell cycle and anti-apoptotic cell death.

Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been used as an important medicinal plant in the Orient for a long time. It has been claimed that ginseng has many beneficial bioactive effects on human health, such as antitumor, antistress, antiaging and enhancing immune functions. Red ginseng possibly have new ingredients converted during steaming and dry process from fresh ginseng. Kujeungkupo method which means 9 repetitive steaming and drying process was used for the processes of green tea, Polygonatum odoratum, and Rehmanniae radix preparata. In this study, ingredient conversion of ginseng by 9 repetitive steaming and drying process were investigated measuring conversion efficiency of brown materials, crude lipids, crude proteins and aromatic compounds. Brown materials, as an antioxidant, in red ginseng were produced through non-enzymatic reaction by heat. Repetitive steaming and drying treatments on ginseng root contiunously increased the content of brown materials and the chromaticity. Crude lipids were degraded by heat and converted into volatile aromatic ingredients. Crude lipids were degraded and decreased by 0.52% after the 5th and 7th. Crude proteins were also decomposed and converted to amino acid. Crude proteins after the 9th treatment were decreased by more than 85% as increased times of treatments. A bicyclogermacrene as aromatic material was decreased as increased treatment times, while but a aromatic caramel was increased.

Extract of Acanthopanax senticosus has recently been demonstrated to possess significant antidiabetic potential, in accordance with the traditional use of this plant as an antidiabetic natural health product. The present study evaluated the effects of fermented extract (FE) of this plant on glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, glucose uptake, and streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetes model. A 3 h pretreatment with FE prevented $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$ toxicity in isolated rat islets. However, it did not affect insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. In addition, pretreatment of mice with FE blocked the destruction of streptozotocin-induced islets and the development of type 1 diabetes. FE reduced blood glucose level, increased insulin secretion, and improved glucose tolerance in streptozotocin-treated mice, whereas nonfermented extract (NFE) had moderate effects. Immunohistochemical staining for insulin clearly showed that pretreatment with FE blocked the STZ-induced islets destruction and restored the number of islet cells that secreted insulin to the level of the control. Although the active principles and their mechanisms of action remain to be identified, FE may nevertheless represent a novel complementary therapy and a source of novel therapeutic agents against type 1 diabetes mellitus.

To investigate whether aqueous extract from Aconitum koreanum (AEAK) effects in the process of melanin synthesis, the expression of tyrosinase-related proteins (TRPs) by immunohistochemical methods were performed in ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiated skin of guinea pig. The irradiation of UVB (60 mJ/day) was performed for 3 days and treated with AEAK for 15 days. About the color evaluation, the visual scores of UV B irradiated guinea pig with AEAK treatment were slightly lower than those in the UV B alone irradiated ones. At day 15 after UVB exposure, immunohistochemical analysis for TRPs expression were performed. The intensive expression of tyrosinase was mainly observed over epidermis with skin appendage and in the cells of dermis. Slight increase of these reaction was induced in response to UVB in the spinous and granular layer of epidermis, but similar expression in the AEAK treated guinea pig as normal one. The TRP-1 and TRP-2 expression were not detected in the skin of normal guinea pig. But intensive expression for TRP-1 and TRP-2, especially TRP-2, induced by UV B irradiation in the cells of dermis. These expressions were decreased in the AEAK treated guniea pig. Collectively, these results suggest that AEAK has a potential to inhibit synthesis through regulation of TRPs expression in the skin of guinea pig, but better understanding the function of AEAK, more research should be done in the effects of AEAK on the function of TRPs in melanogesis.

Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role. Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Cheonghyul-san has been known to be effective for the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and antiobesitic prescription, and composed of four crude herbs. In male ob/ob mouse with severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hypergiycemia, hyperlipidemia, the acting mechanisms of Cheonghyul-san were examined. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the lean (C57/BL6J black mice) and diabetic (ob/ob mice) control groups received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 7.5, 15 and 30 mg Cheonghyul-san per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. The effects of Cheonghyul-san extract on the ob/ob mice were observed by measuring the serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid components, and the kidney levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), MDA+HAE, GSH and also the enzyme activities involved in polyol pathway. Cheonghyul-san lowered the levels of serum glucose and insulin in a dose dependent manner. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were decreased, while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased, in Cheonghyul-san treated groups. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were inhibited in the Cheonghyul-san-administered groups. Cheonghyul-san inhibited the generation of ROS in the kidney. Finally, MDA+HAE level was increased and the GSH level was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were improved in the Cheonghyul-san-administered groups. The results suggested that Cheonghyul-san exerted the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, scavenging ROS, regulating the MDA+HAE and GSH levels in the ob/ob mice.

Mylabris is the dried body of the chinese blister beetle. The species used in medicine are Mylabris phalerata and M. cichorii. In recent studies, it has been found that Mylabris possesses antitumor properties, increases the number of leukocytes, and has irritant effects on the urinary organs. The crude extracts of Mylabris have been noted for their highly irritant action and other traditional uses of Mylabris include treatment of poor local blood circulation. The active constituent of Mylabris is cantharidin. The chemical is notable for its vesicant properties, but with severe side effects such as nephrotoxicity. This experiment examined the effect of extracts and fractions, obtained from Mylabris phalerata Pall. on hair growth activity of the C57BL/6N mice after topical application to skin. First, we examined the effect of an extracts, obtained from the alcohol extracts of dried Mylabris phalerata Pall. on hair growth activity of the C57BL/6N mice after topical application to skin. Second, we examined on hair growth activity of the cantharidin fraction of Mylabris phalerata Pall. compared to the control and 1% minoxidil groups. Third, we investigated the number of hair follicle and mast cells after topical application of extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall. to skin for 16 days. The results were as follows: Hair growth effect from the extracts of Mylabris phalerata Pall.(0.312%) was observed in 80% of mice whose hair had been removed in 13 days. Hair growth effect from the extract of Mylabris phalerata Pall.(0.312 and 0.625%) and 1% minoxidil group was observed in 100% of mice whose hair had been clipped in 20 days. Hair growth effect from the cantharidin fraction(0.5%) and water fraction(0.5%) of Mylabris phalerata Pall. was observed in 100% of mice whose hair had been clipped in 24 days. The hair growth effect on the cantharidin fraction(0.125%) was observed to be strong compared with the minoxidil(3%) group, commercial hair growth agents, in mice whose hair had been clipped in 19 days. In the spontaneous alopecia mice model, the hair growth effect from the cantharidin fraction (0.125%) was observed to be strong as compared with the states before the 13 days experiment. These experiments suggest that extracts and fractions of Mylabris phalerata Pall. may stimulate the topical hair growth activity in low doses.

This study was performed to investigate the influence of extracts from mixed culture with Tricholoma matsutake mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium on hypoglycemia in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Experimental animals were divided into 7 groups : normal control group(NC), diabetes control group (DC), positive control group(PC), non-fermented OCM(oriental medicine & cereal medium) extracts group (UM), crude polysaccharide of non-fermented OCM extracts group (UME), fermented OCM extracts group (UF), crude polysaccharide of fermented OCM extracts group (UFE). NC, DC groups were orally administered saline, PC group was orally administered acarbose. UM, UME, UF, UFE groups were orally administered each extract once a day for 14days. Blood glucose level was lower in the all administering OCM extract groups (UM, UME, UF, UFE) than in the diabetes group(p<0.05), and specially UF, UFE groups were similar to tendency of PC group. ALT, ALP activity in OCM groups were not significantly lowered than PC group(p<0.05). AST activity was not different with PC group. The results of this study show that extracts from mixed culture with Tricholoma matsutake mycelium and Cordyceps militaris mycelium may have a beneficial effect on the hypoglycemia.

In this study, we have investigated the hypo-pigmentary mechanism of methanol extract of Forsythiae Fructus in human melanocyte cell line, HM3KO. Treatment of HM3KO cells with Forsythiae Fructus extract markedly inhibited melanin biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Decreased melanin contents occurred through the decrease of tyrosinase protein and activity. The mRNA levels of tyrosinase and tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP-1) were also reduced by Forsythiae Fructus extract. Moreover, the level of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) was significantly decreased by treatment of Forsythiae Fructus extract. These results suggest that Forsythiae Fructus reduces melanin synthesis by down regulation of tyrosinase mRNA transcription, and this is closely related to the cAMP-dependent pathway.

The root of Vitis labrusca, is used as a source of health promoting drug in Korean traditional medicine. It has been reported that root of Vitis labrusca has antioxidant, anti lipid peroxidation and anti-reactive nitrogen species (RNS) activities. The aim of this study was to elucidate the molecular changes of apoptotic signaling pathways in phorbol 12-myristate 13 acetate (PMA)-induced human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep G2). The root of Vitis labrusca, ethanol extract (RVLEE) was tested for cell viability on Hep G2 cell using the MTT assay. RVLEE exhibited weak cytotoxic activity. However, treatment of Hep G2 cells with RVLEE suppressed PMA-induced cell proliferation. Also, dramatic changes of cell death signals in cellular molecules such as Chk2/Cds1, CIDE-B, CLIMP-63, Bax, Bcl-xL, C-myc, Bcl-2, Bric-5, NIP-3, TRAF2 and BAR but not CIDE-B and DR4. Futhermore, our results showed that the treatment of Hep G2 cells with 25 and $50\; {\mu}g/ml$ of RVLEE suppressed PMA-induced COX-2 gene activity. These data suggest that RVLEE have inhibitory effect of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis and, thus, may offer therapeutic potential in Hep G2.

Nitric oxide (NO) has been suggested to play an important role in endotoxin-mediated shock and inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effect of Rosa laevigata Michx. (Rosaceae) on the production of NO and the molecular mechanism of its action. Rosa laevigata inhibited NO generation and iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Activity of nuclear $factor{-\kappa}B\;(NF{-\kappa}B)$ and the degradation of $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ were suppressed by Rosa laevigata. Furthermore, extracellular signal-stimulated kinase (ERK), which is known to be involved in $NF{-\kappa}B$ activation, is inhibited by Rosa laevigata. These results suggest that Rosa laevigata could exert its anti-inflammatory actions by suppressing the synthesis of NO through inhibition of $NF{-\kappa}B$ activity.

Osteoarthritis(OA) diseases are characterized by joint pain, tenderness, limitation of movement, crepitus, occasional effusion, and variable degrees of inflammation without systemic effects. We investigated the effects of Achyrantis radixs cream treatment and low intensity ultrasound in monosodium iodoacetate(MIA) induced experimental osteoarthritis rat. Sprague-Dawley 40 rats of 7-8 weeks, weight $250\;{\pm}\;50$ g were divided into four groups including the control group and ostoarthritis group(30 rats). Histopathological examination, Mankin's score, and immunohistochemical were performed. Histological findings in control group that are similar to those observed in human osteoarthritis, such as disorganization of chondrocytes, erosion and fibrillation of cartilage surface, and subchondral bone exposure. Safranin O-fast green staining revealed that marked diffuse reduction of proteoglycans and chondrocyte treated with MIA. The Mankin's score were closely correlated to the grade of histological findings. The level of Bax and caspase-3 expression decreased experimental groups. This study shows that a Acyranthes Radix cream treatment and low intensity ultrasound exerts a beneficial influence on the severity of chondral lesion in osteoarthritis rats. This treatments could related to a reduced level of chondrocyte apoptosis through anti-apoptotoc capacities of MIA-induced apoptotic protein overexpression.

The purpose of this study is to prepare black Panax ginseng leaf (PGL) and evaluate its antioxidative effect. In order to make black PGL, the raw PGL was successiely steamed at $95^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr nine times. The antioxidant activities of total saponins (Sa) from PGL and black PGL against peroxyl radicals and peroxynitrites were determined by the total oxy-radical scavenging capacity (TOSC) assay. Specific TOSC values for black PGL-Sa against peroxyl radicals and peroxynitrites were 2.3-fold and 2.1-fold of PGL-Sa, respectively, and 2.2-fold and 5.2-fold of glutathione, a positive control antioxidant, respectively. The black PGL-Sa exhibited stronger antioxidative effect than PGL-Sa. The main ginsenosides of black PGL were $Rg_3,\;Rk_1\;and\;Rg_5$. Among the saponins in black PGL, the amount of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was examined by HPLC. 22.12 mg of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ was obtained from 1g of dried black PGL.

In Oriental medicine daeseungki-tang is one of the prescription that is used clinically for constipation of paralytics. The objective of the study was to observe the effect of daeseungki-tang on apoptotic neuronal cell death. In the present study, middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) rats were treated with daeseungi-tang for 5 days and the edema percentage of cerebral hemisphere of MCAO rats were investigated primary. Secondary, appearances of Bax, Bcl-2,-factors that is related to apoptotic neuronal cell death - and HSP72 in the brain of MCAO rats were investigated via immunohistochemistry. Daeseungki-tang significantly decreased edema percentage of the cerebral hemisphere of MCAO rats. Daeseungki-tang significantly decreased Bax positive cells, but did not change the apperances of Bcl-2 positive cells in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex and the caudoputamen of MCAO rats. Daeseungki-tang significantly decreased HSP72 positive cells in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex, but not in the caudoputamen of MCAO rats. Based on the present results, it can be suggested that treatment with daeseungki-tang may decrease edema of the cerebral hemisphere and restrain apoptotic neuronal cell death in the penumbra of the cerebral cortex.

In the recently, increased concern has been focused on the pharmacology and clinical utility of herbal extracts and derivatives as a drug or adjunct to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Here we investigated the modulatory effects of the extract of Zanthoxyli Pericarpium (ZP) in production of inflammatory mediators from Raw264.7 cells and expression of CD86, CD14, toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 from peritoneal macrophage. ZP enhanced the production of NO and $TNF-{\alpha}$ as well as mRNA expression of iNOS and $TNF-{\alpha}$. Treatment of peritoneal macrophage with ZP resulted in the enhanced cell-surface molecules expression of CD86, CD14 and TLR4. We assayed the effect of ZP in cell proliferation and production of $IFN-{\gamma},\;TNF-{\alpha}$. ZP increased Con A-induced cell proliferation and production of $IFN-{\gamma},\;TNF-{\alpha}$. These studies indicate that ZP induces macrophage activation and suggest the possible use of ZP in macrophage-based immunotherapies

Pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin $E_2$ (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2), play pivotal roles in normal as well as transformed cells. Previous studies have shown that Euphorbiae humifusae Wind exhibits anti-proliferative and antioxidant activities. However, the it's anti-inflammatory properties are unclear. In this study, we examine the effects of water extract of E. humifusae (WEEH) on the expression of COX-2 and the production of $PGE_2$ in human lymphatic U937 cells. Treatment of phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) significantly induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ production in U937 cells. However, pretreatment WEEH markedly inhibited the PMA-induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ production in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, WEEH prevented the elevated early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) expression and nuclear factor-kappaB ($NF{-\kappa}B\; p65$) nuclear translocation stimulated by PMA treatment. Taken together, the present data indicate that WEEH exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes through the $NF{-\kappa}B$ and Egr-1 signaling pathway.

In this study, the preventive effects of Radix Trichosanthis extracts (RTE) against cytokine-induced ${\beta}-cell$ death were assessed. Cytokines generated by immune cells infiltrating pancreatic islets are crucial mediators of ${\beta}-cell$ destruction in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The treatment of RIN cells with $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$) resulted in a reduction of cell viability. RTE protected $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-mediated viability reduction in a concentration-dependent manner. Incubation with RTE also induced a significant suppression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression. The molecular mechanism by which RTE inhibited iNOS protein expression appeared to involve the inhibition of $NF{-\kappa}B$ activation. The $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-stimulated RIN cells showed increases in $NF{-\kappa}B$ binding activityand $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation in cytosol compared to unstimulated cells. However, pretreatment with RTE inhibited cytokines-induced $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ degradation and $NF{-\kappa}B$ activation in RINm5F cells. Furthermore, the protective effects of RTE were verified via protection of impairment in glucose-stimulated insulin secretions in $IL-1{\beta}$ and $IFN-{\gamma}$-treated islets.

Serious controls and cares using ID numbers and barcode needed throughly to have appropriate management in clinical tissues and nucleic acids inventories because these samples are the most essential and important materials in the experimental research laboratories. While almost all of the laboratories using and handling DNA samples as starting materials in their research, problems such as mixing up of two or more different samples together, contamination with other samples, and/or mistakes can occur, especially when it comes with large number of samples. These problems are rather frequent even though researchers pay more attentions to be far away from these obstacles. It has been such a long time since PCR became useful as an important and essential biological research tool among lots of bio-scientific research methods. In this research, we tried to set up a simple and cost-effective genotyping method using PCR and agarose gels, instead of expensive automated machines, for identification and discrimination among those DNA samples, as a kind of low level quality control and sample inventory management.

Sengmaek-san(Shengmai-san; SMS) is used in oriental medicine as one of the key herbal medicine for treating diverse symptoms including cardiovascular and neurological disorders. In the present study, the effects of SMS on axonal regeneration were investigated in the rat model given sciatic nerve injury. SMS treatment enhanced axonal regrowth into and the number of non-neuronal cells in the distal area after crush injury. GAP-43 protein levels were increased in the injured sciatic nerve compared to intact nerve and further upreguated by SMS treatment. GAP-43 protein was increased similarly in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) at lumbar 4 - 6 by nerve injury and SMS treatment, suggesting GAP-43 induction at gene expression level. SMS-mediated increase in phospho-Erk1/2 protein was observed in the DRG as well as in the injured nerve implying its retrograde transport into the cell body as the process of lesion signal transmission. The present findings suggest that SMS may be involved in enhanced axonal regeneration via dynamic regulation of regeneration-associated proteins.

Dodam formula (Dodam) has been used for neurodegenerative disease in Oriental medicine. Dodam is capable of protecting diverse kinds of cells from damage caused by a variety of toxic stimuli. In the present study, we investigated the underlying protective mechanism of Dodam on rotenone-induced cytotoxicity in rat neuroblastoma Neuro-2A cells. Treatment with Neuro-2A cells with rotenone caused the loss of cell viability, and condensation and fragmentation of nuclei, which was associated with the elevation of ROS level, and lipid peroxidation, the increase in Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Rotenone induced mitochondrial dysfunction characterized by mitochondrial membrane potential loss and cytochrome-c release. These phenotypes induced by rotenone were reversed by pretreatment with Dodam. Our results suggested that major features of rotenone-induced neurotoxicity are partially mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, and that Dodam markedly protects Neuro-2A cells from oxidative injury. These data indicated that Dodam might provide a useful therapeutic strategy in treatment of the neurodegenerative diseases caused by oxidative injuries.

To evaluate the anti-obesity efficacy of Gamitaeeumjowi-tang consisting of Taeeumjowitang and Daehwang. Eleven male(n=4) and female(n=7), obesity patients were recruited by Tenten Diet Network from November 2005 to February 2006. All the subjects were treated with Gamitaeeumjowi-tang 3 times a day for 12 weeks. Weight, BMI, body fat weight, Total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, Triglycerides, GOT, GPT, and CT results were evaluated before and after the 12 week treatment. Weight, BMI, body fat weight, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and subcutaneous fat in upper and lower abdomen all showed significant decrease after 12 weeks of administration. Also Gamitaeeumjowi-tang showed no toxic effects based on liver function test. Taken together, The potentials of Gamitaeeumjowi-tang as a safe and effective treatment for obesity has been recognized through this study. Further large sample sized and double blinded randomized control trials are needed to fully confirm the findings of this study.

This study aimed to develop an evaluation reliability of Korean pattern identification for wind stroke. We studied 643 patients with stroke and made a list of registry for each of them. The present study analyzed 553 cases, in which the resident’s pattern identification agreed with the specialist’s one, and the cases included five differentiation pattern: the fire-heat pattern (114), the dampness-phlegm pattern (157), the static blood pattern (11), the Yin deficiency pattern (81), and the Qi deficiency pattern (190). This study showed that none of the Cronbach's alpha reached 0.700, which is the general reliable level. The average Cronbach's alpha of each symptoms was 0.353 for the dampness-phlegm pattern, 0.571 for the fire-heat pattern, 0.443 for the Qi deficiency pattern, 0.451 for the Yin deficiency pattern, and 0.302 for the static blood pattern. This suggests the possibility that each pattern identification could be coincided with other symptoms, and it also shows the limits of pattern identification of this study that narrows the symptoms of paralysis patients into only a single pattern. Continuous compliments and researches should be done referring to this matter. However, the internal consistency analysis of all the pattern identification showed that every Cronbach's alpha were within the range of 0.670 to 0.703, and the Cronbach's alpha of the whole symptoms was evaluated as 0.692, which makes the reliability of the pattern identification as itself almost satisfactory to the general reliable level, and therefore, significant. In the future, continuous clinical research to develope this pattern identification for wind stroke actually applicable to stroke patients needs to be made through accumulating more cases, improving the objectivity.

Postural balance of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reflects the neuromuscular balance. TMJ posture treatment for meridian yinyang balance has been asserted to have an impact upon cervical spine alignment with an episodic good clinical result for refractory torticollis cases. A retrospective study with one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted to review cervical spine imaging data and clinical symptom changes in cervical dystonia cases to explore the effect of TMJ balance treatment. Review of clinical symptoms and cervical spine imaging data including computed tomography and simple x-ray of 9 cervical dystonia cases revealed significant improvement of cervical spine alignment and clinical symptoms. Improvement of cervical spine alignment may be an underlying mechanism of TMJ balance treatment, as a way of balancing the whole-body meridian system.

Postpartum Disease is very imporant in health of woman with menopausal disorder. This study is aimed at curative effect of Gamihone-tangIII on Postpartum Disease. This subject in this study were seventy eight patients admitted to Dong-Gang Oriental Hospital from September to October 2006 with Postpartum. Abdominal pain, Body pain, Edema, Dizziness. Gamihone-tangIII was effective in improvement of Postpartum Disease and I think that applied medical herbs internally as quickly as possible after postpartum is good.

This study was performed to investigate using of herbal medicine based on pattern identification of symptoms, such as Qi deficiency pattern, Yin deficiency pattern, Phlegm -dampness pattern, Static blood pattern, Fire-heat pattern. These patterns settled by Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for Stroke in 2005. This study was done with 177 patients in Daejeon University Oriental Medical Hospital in the period of November 2006 to July 2007. Among the five types of pattern identification, Phlegm -dampness pattern showed significantly high frequency especially in 3 weeks after stroke. The sort of herbal medicine was 43 and Dodamhwalhyoel-tang(26.61%), Sunhwanki 1 hobang(14.52%), Banhabaekchulcheonma-tang(4.84%), Ansinchongnoi-tang(4.84%), Chongryuldodam-tang(4.03%) were most frequently used. Especially Dodamhwalhyoel-tang showed significantly high frequency in 2 weeks after stroke. Based on these results, it is suggested that more practical Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for Stroke would be established through continuous clinical studies by giving weight on relationship between herbal medicine and pattern identification.

Hiccup is one of common symptoms clinically and caused by various etiologies. We have tried researching the effect of herbal medicines(Taeumjowi-tang) to treat a Taeumin patient with severe hiccup, who is presumed cerebral vascular disease, and evaluated hiccup's a time in a minute and hiccup's total time in a day. The symptoms, not only the patient's hiccup, also his general condition including the dysphagia and right side hemiparesisis, are improved considerably. The constitutional treatment with Taeumin herbal medicines(Taeumjowi-tang) may have an effect on the management of hiccup by control of Qi and Fluid Metabolism.

The purpose of this study is to investigate clinical frequency and priority of five pattern identification settled by Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Sign for Stroke. The present study was done over 177 hospitalized patient with stroke in the Daejeon University Oriental Medical Hospital in the period of November 2006 to July 2007. Stroke patients had been interviewed by residents and specialists who studied standard operation procedures in Fundamental study for Standardization and Objectification of Differentiation and Pattern Identification of Syndrome of Oriental Medicine for Stroke. In Heat-transformation pattern group, men showed significantly high frequency and in Deficiency of Gi pattern group, women showed significantly high frequency. In Heat-transformation pattern group, the indicators such as 'aversion to heat during fever', 'flushed face', 'full and rapid pulse', 'dryness of the eyes, 'yellow coating of the tongue', 'feverishness of the limbs', 'dryness of the eyes' showed significantly high frequency. In Dampphlegm syndrome group, the indicators such as 'white coating of the tongue', 'yellowish face', 'thick coating of the tongue', 'wheezing in the throat with sputum', 'swollen tongue', 'slippery pulse' showed significantly high frequency. In Deficiency of Gi pattern group, the indicators such as 'pale tongue', 'lassitude', 'pale face', 'weakness pulse' showed significantly high frequency. In Deficiency of Eum group, the indicators such as 'short and rapid pulse', 'mirror-like tongue' showed significantly high frequency. For more sensitive Korean Standard Differentiation of the Symptoms and Signs for Stroke, Large scale study is to be done, giving weight on the important indicators.

3D facial scanner for an accurate analysis is measured precisely a distance in straight, a distance in curved line, an angle in 3D data, the area of surface. We can easy acquire 3D data by the method of 0.8sec in each scan with easy handling, simple merge to whole face, harmless and fast process. In the HyungSang medicine, the inspection of the facial shape includes the Dam(gall bladder) - Bang Kwang(urinary bladder) body, the Jung${\cdot}$Gi${\cdot}$Shin${\cdot}$Hyul, the six merdian types etc. And we will collect the evidence based date verifing in the HyungSang clinical medicine. As we will analyze the facial whole form and the size${\cdot}$length${\cdot}$angle of the facial part, put the facial form's standardization on a solid foundation.

This patient has been acute hepatic injured three times(2005.11.14-11.30, 2006.2.25-3.8, 2006.3.21-4.10) while he hadn't taken herb medicine or anything special. During these periods, his liver function tests showed a sharp elevation of AST, ALT and ALP level. The 1st period by western medication and herb medicine mixed and the 2nd, the 3rd by herb medicine only, he'd been treated. Each of it got significant results in short haul. It maybe means that herb medicine is not dangerous even for the acute hepatic injured person, moreover it can be more effective in comparison with western treatment.