The intrinsic concepts of the three yin and three yang diseases in is unclear yet in spite of considerable controversy. In order to answer these problems, the structures of pathological transmission and anatomical terms used in the text were analyzed first. On these structural bases, the theoretical background and differential therapeutic principles of three yin and three yang disease classification. The organic structures frequently used in the text were heart, stomach, pancreas, blood chamber and urinary bladder, and the important regions in the transmission were chest, flank, epigastrium, abdomen, hypogastrium, groin on the other hand. When a host is invaded by extrinsic pathogen, an affinity is formed between the two based on the similarity of epidermal density condition and nutrient-defense features and existing disorders in the body. And then the symptoms show in 3 stages with 6 patterns in the general infective diseases. The initial stage is the period that the syndrome is limited in the external flesh area, and it mainly corresponds with taiyang bing besides the other exterior patterns of 3 yang and 2 yin bing. The middle stage is to the climax after the end of initial stage and it corresponds with mainly yangming bing including shaoyang and taiyin bing. In the terminal stage, the host gradually falls into exhaustive step or recovery phase, corresponding with shaoyin and jueyin bing. Conclusively, these dual meanings of three yang and yin should be a first guide and principle of treatment against various infective diseases.

This study was designed to investigate the antihyperlipidemic activity of aqueous extracts of Kyeongokgo (KOG), Kyeongokgo Dansambang (KDB), and Kyeongokgo Gamibang (KGB) on the hyperlipidemic rats induced by high-fat diet. The animals were divided into 4 groups of the hyperlipidemic control group, the KOG-fed group, the KDB-fed group and the KGB-fed group, and received oral administration of each prescription with diet for a period of six weeks. The changes in the body weight, the amount of food intake, the liver weight, the epididymal fat weight, and the plasma levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were measured. In all experimental groups, the weight of liver and epididymal fat decreased significantly. There was a significant decrease in the amount of food intake, the weight of liver and epididymal fat, the plasma level of total cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol in the KDB-fed and the KGB-fed groups. In addition, KGB-fed group represented a significant decrease in the triglyceride. These results suggest that the aqueous extracts of Kyeongokgo Dansambang and Kyeongokgo Gamibang have a good antihyperlipidemic activity and a potential to treat hyperlipidemia.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of silkworm extracts (SWE) on reactive oxygen species formation in mice (C57BL/6). Mice were administrated intraperitoneally with SWE (20 mg/kg/day) for 14 days. All animals were sacrificed 24 hours after the last SWE treatment and then extracted the blood and brain tissue in mouse. The researcher measured several parameters related to reactive oxygen species formation, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) contents in serum, whole brain, cerebral cortex and cerebellum. The results showed that MDA content of pre-SWE treatment was decreased significantly in serum, mitochondrial and cytosolic fraction of whole brain and cerebellum (P<0.01). The $H_2O_2$ content of pre-SWE treatment was decreased significantly in mitochondrial fraction of whole brain, cerebral cortex and cerebellum (P<0.01). These results suggest that SWE plays an important role for inhibition of oxidative damage of cells as well as antioxidant effect, aging delay and cells protected from irradiation.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the modulatory effect of oroxylin A on hydrogen peroxide production in TM4 mouse testis sertoli cells induced by the synthetic analog of double-stranded RNA [polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid]. Hydrogen peroxide production was measured by dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) assay. Oroxylin A significantly inhibited the polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (PIC)-induced production of hydrogen peroxide for 0.5, 2, 12, 18, and 24 hr incubation at the concentrations of 5, 10, 25, and $50{\mu}M$ in TM4 (P < 0.05) in dose dependent manner. These results suggest that oroxylin A has a protective effect against PIC-induced cellular toxicity with its inhibition of hydrogen peroxide production in PIC-induced sertoli cells.

Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria. monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus are pathogenic bacteria that should not be detected in cosmetics and foodstuffs. Therefore, we first investigated the antimicrobial activities of extracts of Scutellariae Radix(SR), Coptidis Rhizoma (CR) and salicylic acid(SA) in these pathogenic microorganisms. Although SA has been known to exhibit anti-inflammation and antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, a high concentration of SA may cause serious side effects such as skin redness, skin burning, peeling or tissue damage. Hence, we focused on diminishing side effects followed by treatment of a high concentration of SA and investigated whether the combinations of SA with various concentrations(25-400 mg/mL), SR and CR with a concentration(100 mg/mL) which did not show antimicrobial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa exhibited meaningful antimicrobial effect against both strains. In our results, the combinations of SA with the lowest concentration(25 mg/mL), SR(100 mg/mL) and CR(100 mg/mL) exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against E.coli in comparison to SA alone(25 mg/mL) showing no antimicrobial activity. Moreover, the combinations of SA (100 mg/mL), SR and CR showed seven times higher antimicrobial activity against E. coli than SA alone(100 mg/mL) and exhibited a significant antimicrobial activity in comparison to ampicilin (p<0.05). The combinations of SA(100 mg/mL), SR and CR showed two times higher antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa than SA alone. Therefore, these results indicated that the combinations of SR, CR and SA with low concentration expressed the synergistic antimicrobial effect against E. coli and P. aeruginosa and showed great potential as an antimicrobial agent.

This study is designed to investigate cytoprotective effects of Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC on C6 glioma cell apoptosis by oxidative stress. Experimental C6 glioma cells were classified into four groups as follows: normal group, PGE group, chemical groups, PGE+chemical groups. Oxidative stress that caused by chemicals in the C6 glioma cell, check the impact to Chemical group was administered normal group. Apoptotic effect protecting in order to observe the chemical group was administered PGE. We to observe effects of PGE on SOD inhibition, total glutathione production in C6 glioma cells were administered PGE. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by Paraquat was significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by SNP was significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by $H_2O_2$ was significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, apoptosis induced by Rotenone was decreased, but the statistical significance was not. In case of administration PGE, SOD inhibition activities significantly decreased. In case of administration PGE, Total glutathione did not affect the content. These results suggest that PGE is able to treat a disease caused by oxidative stress and prevent a aging. These results suggest that PGE is a disease caused by oxidative stress and aging, the prevention and treatment of food shall be able to be applied.

The purpose of this study was to examine the anti-depressive effects of OnDam-Tang with addition of Linderae Radix (ODT-L) on the animal model of depression induced by chronic immobilization stress. Depression model was made by chronic immobilization stress for 2 hours for 21 days. And we performed forced swimming test, analysis of the neurotransmitter and immunohistochemical staining, measured expression levels of serotonin in the brain. ODT-L has decreased immobilization time in forced swimming test. ODT-L has increased amount of melatonin in the brain. ODT-L has increased expression levels of serotonin in the brain. ODT-L prevented damage in the hippocampal region. ODT-L has reduced the expression level of CRF receptors in in hippocampus region. These results suggest that ODT-L may have anti-depressive effects on depression.

Simple formulas (單方) of muscle section in Donguibogam (東醫寶鑑) have long been prescribed for strengthening muscle and/or prevention of age-related muscle loss. However, biological activity and mechanisms by which they influence myoblast differentiation have not been studied. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of 14 simple formulas on myoblast differentiation in C2C12 myoblast cells under non-cytotoxic ($0.5mg/m{\ell}$) conditions. C2C12 cells were treated with water extracts of simple formulas for 72 h, and RT-PCR was performed to determine the gene expression levels of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), including myoD, myogenin, MRF4, myf5, and insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Treatment with Colocasiae Rhizoma (CR), Pini Semen (PS), and Sesami Semen (SS) resulted in a significant increase in expression of myogenin in C2C12 cells. Treatment with Allii Macrostemi Bulbus (AM), Colocasiae Rhizoma (CR), and Pini Semen (PS) also resulted in increased expression of MRF4 in C2C12 cells. In addition, enhanced expression of IGF-1 was observed in treatment with Eucommiae cortex (EC), Dioscoreae Rhizoma (DR), Colocasiae Rhizoma (CR), Pini Semen (PS), and Sesami Semen (SS) in C2C12 cells. These results indicate that simple formulas of muscle section in Donguibogam could potentially enhance myoblast differentiation at least in part via increasing expression of myogenin, and/or MRF4 and/or IGF-1.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychobiological traits of each Sasang typology based on the Sasang Digestive function Inventory (SDFI) which measures the Sasang type-specific pathophysiological digestive symptom. The SDFI, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and NEO-Personality Inventory (NEOPI) were measured with 199 College students. The correlation coefficient was measured with Pearson correlation among SDFI, TCI, and NEOPI. The influence of TCI, sex and age on SDFI and its subscales were analyzed with regression analysis. We also compared the psychobiological features between high and low SDFI score groups to elucidate its psychobiological profiles. There was significant correlation between SDFI and TCI Harm-Avoidance (r=-0.192, p<0.001). The SDFI subscales were showed to have significant correlations with subscales of NEOPI and TCI. The regression model with TCI can explain 8-16% of type-specific pathophysiological digestive symptoms. The low SDFI score group ($39{\pm}9.3$) has significantly (p=0.007) higher than the high SDFI group ($33.6{\pm}12.2$) in TCI Harm-Avoidance which is considered important for the gastrointestinal dysfunction and So-Eum type differentiation. We found that the TCI may explain the mechanism underneath the Sasang type-specific pathophysiological symptom. It was suggested that the TCI Reward-Dependence would be useful for the study on Tae-Eum Sasang type, and its clinical meanings were discussed in the pathophysiological perspectives.

The purpose of this study is to suggest a possibility of the Korean medical treatment in patient with anterior interoseous nerve entrapment syndrome. The patient treated with acupunture, herbal medicine and Needle-embedding Therapy from April 19th to May 15th. We measured Visual Analotgue Scale(VAS), and Observed the change in body tempreture using Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging(DITI). After received Korean medical treatment, the patient showed improvement in muscle strength, sensation, VAS, temperature differential. Therefore we can consider Korean medical treatment before operation in interosseous nerve syndrome.

This study was performed to assess the perception and needs of the traditional Korean Medical Equipment (KME) in clinic. We conducted survey research among 15,550 traditional Korean medical doctors (KMD) responded to e-mail during 2 weeks. 899 participants the survey, consisting of questions regarding 'number of devices of the KME' and 'solution and improvement plan of the KME'. The participants were asked to choose their ranking of problems of the KME and also put a check mark in the column that the reasons for this choice. As results, final scores in priority ranking medical devices were derived in 7 categories. Physical therapy equipment and acupuncture treatment devices were included in high ranks. 42.8 % of the participants responded that the diagnostic medical devices seemed important in clinics and 67.4 % of the participants indicated that the therapeutic medical devices seemed to important in clinics. The identified problems of KME were 'low reproducibility and reliability of a diagnosis result (24.8%)' and 'uncertain validity of a diagnostic medical devices (20.5%)'. The improvement plan of the problems were 'to establish the law for using the medical devices (26.6%)' and 'evaluation of validity of the KME (26.2%)'. A survey of KMD revealed the condition of KME's number of devices and the solution plan for the problem of several KMEs. Understanding the needs of KMD could probably contribute to the research and development of KMEs in the future.

Korean medical system is unique system that has two medical system, Western medical institution and Korean medical institution. In this environment, patients who use each medical institution have different selection factors. The study explores the selection factors' difference of korean/western medical institutions. The empirical analysis of the surveyed data produced the following outcomes. The result of factor analysis, four factors were extracted. That was Human services, Costs and Physical Environment, Prestige and reputation, Public relations and reliability. Overall, the four selection factor importance scores of Korean medical institution were higher than western medical institution's. These findings show that there is a difference between korean and western medical institutions in terms of selection factors. After this study, More study about medical management and healthcare policy including korean medical characteristics is needed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate different attitudes of officers depending on system of collaborative practice between traditional Korean medicine and western medicine. A total of 103 officials were surveyed using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ${\chi}^2$ test with the SPSS program. Use of oriental medicine clinic was significantly higher and use of general hospitals was significantly lower in a group of users (p=.021). Higher rates of disease status were found in a group of users (p=.024). 'Overcome limits of Traditional Korean Medicine and Western Medicine' and 'collaborative practice would bring benefits' as the reasons of using collaborative practice between Traditional Korean Medicine and Western Medicine showed higher rates (p<.001). It showed high interests in collaborative practice between Traditional Korean Medicine and Western Medicine in two groups, but higher rates of prospect of collaborative practice between Traditional Korean Medicine and Western Medicine revitalization were found in the group of users. Also, more than 60% of the officers showed positive attitudes in the system of the collaborative practice. Therefore, correct researches on actual conditions about collaborative practice between Korean and Western Medicine and positive and negative aspects of this collaborative practice pointed by candidates need to be considered in order to improve candidates' health condition.

The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation between general health condition and biopsychological traits of Sasang typology which determines the disease susceptibility and treatment responses. We had Korean Constitutional Multicenter Bank (KCMB) listed 1156 participants for measuring Sasang Personality Questionnaire (SPQ) and Body Mass Index (BMI) for biopsychological traits of each Sasang types as well as Short Form 12 (SF12) for general health status. All the analysis was performed with consideration of gender and age. We analyzed the differences in general health status between Sasang types and the correlation between general health status and biopsychological traits of Sasang typology. We also analyzed how much the selected SF12 subscales can be explained with biopsychosocial characteristics. There were no generaliszable differences among Sasang type groups in SF12, no significant correlation between biopsychological traits and SF12 Physical and Mental Component Summary. We found that there were significant correlations between SPQ-Behavior subscale and SF12 Vitality, and the regression model with SPQ-Behavior, SPQ-Emotionality, age and sex can predict 15.4% of the total variances in SF12 Vitality. We discussed the possibility that the Sasang typology is not a determinant of general health status but a moderator for the susceptibility and response. This study would contribute to the development of Sasang type-specific life nurturing program focusing on the psychological perspectives.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) which is one of the common chemotherapy related toxicity poses a significant clinical challenge. Here we conducted a prospective pilot study to evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture on CIPN. Patients with CIPN were administered acupuncture procedure with continuation of previous conventional medication. Acupuncture procedures were conducted three times per week for 3 weeks. We assessed patients with Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v4.0, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy/Gynecologic Oncology Group Neurotoxicity (FACT/GOG-Ntx) at the time of baseline and every week after the acupuncture procedures. Total 5 patients were included and treated with acupuncture. CTCAE grades were the same of 2 in all patients. VAS mean value changed from 5.2 to 3.2, and FACT/GOG-Ntx total score that suggests the higher relates to better quality of life changed from 93.3 to 110 as mean value at the end of the 3rd week, though this index difference did not show any statistically significant difference. This pilot study suggests that acupuncture procedure may have a role for CIPN treatment. Launching a more larger and properly controlled study will be required to ascertain the efficacy of acupuncture.