Soybean lecithin liposomes composed phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl inositol and phosphatidic acid were prepared by using the previously developed supercritical reverse phase evaporation method. The effect of phospholipid composition on the formation of liposomes and physicochemical properties were examined by means of trapping efficiency measurements, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. The trapping efficiency of liposomes for D-(+)-glucose made of CNA-Ⅰ which contains approximately 95% phosphatidyl choline is higher than that of CNA-II and CNA-O which contain approximately 32% phosphatidyl choline. However there is no any difference between the trapping efficiency of liposomes for D-(+)-glucose made of CNA-II which has saturated hydrocarbons tails and that of liposomes made of CNA-O which has unsaturated hydrocarbon chains. The electron micrographs of liposomes made of CNA-II and CNA-O show small spherical liposomes with diameter of $0.1\sim0.25{\mu}m$, while that of CNA-I shows large unilamellar liposomes with diameter of $0.2\sim1.2{\mu}m$. These results clearly show that phospholipid structure of phosphatidylcholine allows an efficient preparation of large unilamellar liposomes and a high trapping efficiency for water soluble substances. Liposomes made of CNA-II and CNA-O remained well-dispersed for at least 14 days, while liposome suspension made of CNA-I separated in two phase at 14 days due to aggregation and fusion of liposomes. The dispersibility of liposomes made of CNA-I is lower than that of CNA-II and CNA-O due to the smallar zeta potential of CNA-I.

This study was performed to test the flame retardancy of zelkova sarrata-based materials by the treatment of ammonium salts. Zelkova sarrata plate was soaked by the treatment with three 20 wt% ammonium salt solutions consisting ammonium chloride (AMSL), monoammonium phosphate (MAPP), and diammonium phosphate (DAPP), respectively, at the room temperature. After the drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustion properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). When the ammonium salts were used as the retardant for zelkova sarrata, the flame retardancy improved due to the treated ammonium salts in the virgin zelkova sarrata. However the specimen shows increasing CO over virgin zelkova sarrata and It is supposed that toxicities depend on extents. Also, the specimen with ammonium salts showed the higher total smoke release (TSR) than that of virgin plate. Of specimens treated with ammonium salts the ammonium chloride handled the test side was considered a improved inhibitory effect of combustion.

New biological treatments were being developed at a record place, but their potential could be compromised by a significant obstacle: the delivery of these drugs into a body. Pharmaceutical delivery is now nearly as important as product. New systems are being developed, and Drug Delivery Markets Series cover these new systems. Transdermal Delivery System(TDS) is often used as a method of drug dosage into the epidermic skin. An approach used to delivery drugs through the skin for therapeutic use as an alternative to oral, intravascular, subcutaneous and transmucosal routes. Various transdermal drug delivery technologies are described including the use of suitable formulations, carriers and penetration enhancers. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Compared with other methods of dosage, it is possible to use for a long term. It is also possible to stop the drug dosage are stopped if the drug dosage lead to side effect. Polysaccharides, such as karaya gum and glucomannan, were selected as base materials of TDS. Also, these polymers were characterized in terms of enhancers, drug contents. Among these polysaccharide, the permeation rate of karaya gum matrix was fastest in fibric acid(ciprofibrate) such as lipophilic drug in vitro. We used glycerin, PEG400 and PEG800 as enhancers. Since dermis has more water content(hydration) than the stratum corneum, skin permeation rate at steady state was highly influenced when PEG400 was more effective for lipophilic drug. Proper selection of the polymeric materials which resemble and enhance properties of the delivering drug was found to be important in controlling the skin permeation rate. Especially, this result suggests a possible use of polysaccharide gel ointment matrix as a transdermal delivery system of anti-hyperlipoproteinemic agent.

This study is focused on the channel design of bipolar plate in the electrode of hydrogen gas generator. The characteristics of hydrogen gas generation was studied in view of efficiency of hydrogen gas generation rate and a tendency of gas flow through the riv design of electrode. Since the flow rate and flow pattern of generated gas in the two phase flow system are the most crucial in determining the efficiency of hydrogen gas generator, we adopted the commercial analytical program of COMSOL MultiphysicsTM to calculate the theoretical flow rate of hydrogen gas from the outlet of gas generator and flow pattern of two phase fluid in the electrode. In this study, liquid electrolyte flows into the bipolar plate and decomposed into gas phase, two phase flow simulation is applied to measure the efficiency of hydrogen gas generation.

The transesterification of rapeseed oil, soybean oil, and mixed fat were conducted at $65^{\circ}C$ with $Al_2O_3$-supported CaO, 0.8 wt% KOH, 1 wt% NaOH and mixed catalyst. The overall conversion(%) of rapeseed oil indicated to be 96% at the 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 8 wt% CaO and 2 wt% water. The pH ranges of biodiesel for mixed fat using four catalysts and for three fats using 8wt% CaO were 7.3-9.1, 7.3-7.5, respectively. The volumes of water needed to wash biodiesel from rapeseed oil using 0.8 wt% KOH and 8 wt% CaO were 15 mL and 3 mL.

Much oyster shell is breeding by character and conduct of oyster-industry for a long time among them. An experimental study was carried out to investigate the recycling possibility of waste oyster shells, which induce environmental pollutions by piling up out at the open or the temporary reclamation. The purpose of this study is to develope eco-friendly binder using waste oyster shells, and to reinforce soils fur soft soil improvement. In this paper, a series of laboratory tests including compressive pot tests were performed to evaluate characteristics of soils treated by developed waste oyster shells with different water content of soils. Based on test results, eco-friendly Supporter manufactured from waste oyster shells were estimated as good resource materials for soft soil improvements. We got the conclusion by a series of experiment, It is verified that change of pH of soil is improved by mixing with oyster shells. The homogenization method for deducing apparent of oyster shells, which can consider micro-structure of mixed soil, is introduced. The improvement treatment leaded to enlarge fluctuation of soil moisture content. The effect of calcium concentration was good though improvement treatment of physical property. In addition, the crop yield in amelioration plots increased. It means that the increase of crop yield was caused by improvement of soil physical properties rather than improvement of calcium concentration.

Dry Process(natural drying, hot-air drying, oil fry drying), optimized mixture ratio and the condition of carbonization was carried out in order to improve the product durability develop eco-friendly solid fuel mixing food waste and paper sludge. As a result of the experiment, oil fry drying process was the fastest method for drying food waste and paper sludge mixture that contains 80% water inside, and the optimized mixture ratio to minimize the generating concentration of chlorine gas against caloric value of mixture ratio was 7:3. Additionally proper temperature of product carbonization was about $200^{\circ}C$ and shown increasing product durability through the carbonization. Therefore, the pelletized solid fuel be shaped diameter around 0.5cm, length 2cm under which was pulverized and molded using 7:3 mixture of food waste, and paper sludge was the eco-friendly solid fuel possible to be industrialized which is consist of chlorine concentration of below 2.0wt% and the lowest caloric value of over 5,000kcal/kg. In conclusion, this developing manufacturing process of the solid fuel can be interpreted to contribute alternative energy development in accordance with low carbon and green growth era.

To prepare very stable acrylic type emulsion having a visible ray absorption property, in-situ preparation technique of $Cu_xS$ nanoparticle was adopted. Firstly, the acylic emulsions of methyl methacrylate(MMA), butyl acrylate(BA), and acrylonitrile(AN) were synthesized by pre-emulsion polymerization at $60^{\circ}C$ in the presence of anionic surfactant. Secondly, $Cu_xS$ nanocomposited emulsions were directly prepared in the prepolymerized acrylic emulsion with $CuSO_4$ at $50^{\circ}C$. The presnce of $Cu_xS$ nanoparticle in emulsion was confirmed by SEM and EDS. The final $Cu_xS$ nanocomposited emulsion showed an olive-green colour and good emulsion stability up to 1 month. In addition the PET films coated with our $Cu_xS$ nanocomposited emulsion absorbed effectively the visible ray.

Any theory of liquid should account for interactions between molecules, since molecules in a liquid are close to each other. For this matter statistical-mechanical methodology has been used and various models have been proposed on the basis of this methodology. Among them Kirkwood-Buff solution theory has attracted a lot of interest, because it is regarded as being the most powerful. In this article Kirkwood-Buff solution theory is revisited and its key equations are derived. On the way to these equations, the concepts of pair correlation function, radial distribution function, Kirkwood-Buff integration are explained and implemented. Since complexity of statical mechanics involved in this theory, the equations are applied to one-component systems and the results are compared to those obtained by classical thermodynamics. This may be a simple way for Kirkwood-Buff solution theory to be examined for its validity.

Polyurethane adhesive is used in various fields as flexible packaging materials including a food packaging field. Therefore, the purpose of this study is synthesis of polyurethane adhesive which uses aliphatic isocyanate, and compares with aromatic isocyanate. The isocyanates for this test are toluene-2,4-diisocyanate(TDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate(HDI), 4,4-dicyclohexyl ethane diisocyanate($H_{12}MDI$), and isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI). And, the effect of any other diisocyanate are evaluated by several methods as for curing rate test, accelerate weathering test, and peel strength test. The polyurethane adhesive using curing catalyst and HDI has adhesion strength of about 560 g/15 mm between aluminium foil and nylon, about 1,520 g/15 mm between nylon and CPP. Those parameters are similar to polyurethane adhesive with TDI. Also, in case of curing rate, those are similar to TDI type polyurethane adhesive. Moreover, data of ${\Delta}E$ as color variation by QUV tester is equal to 4.12, as 48% against those of TDI type.

Various anti-scattering agents for suppression of dust scattering at waste depository were compared in this study. Based on the price, easy of usage, and no toxicity, 1% of $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ was selected as surface hardening agents. Only lower than 2% of total weight were flied when wind speed was monthly maximum velocity during 1 hr. These results were quite good with comparison of S anti-scattering agents which was made by C company in Korea. When $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ was spread, the surface waste became hard therefore the effect of suppression of scattering dust was long lasting. It was recommend that 2% of $Al_2(SO_4)_3$ was spread to keep suppression of scattering dust when sudden gust of wind such as natural disaster was occurred.

Elution effect was studied by the reactions between Electric arc furnace(EAF)dust and conc. or dil. sulfuric acid for the purpose of recoverying of the useful metals afterwards. The methods of mixing with acids and EAF dust for the elutions were depend on the ratios of acid/EAF dust. Experimental results showed that increased the ratios of sulfuric acids, decreased the elution effects are on the Zn, Fe and Mn, and conc. sulfuric acid showed higher elution effects than dil. sulfuric acids for the all metals. But in case of Pb, dil. sulfuric acid showed higher elution effects than conc. sulfuric acids conversely. Furthermore, the reason of the extreamly low quantities of eluted Pb is caused by the low solubilities by sulfuric acids compared to the other metals, as the results of the insoluble Pb is removed by the process of filtering.

In this study, 2-(Nitroimino)imidazoline was prepared by the reaction of nitroguanidine with ethylenediamine in the presence of water at $65^{\circ}C$. The product was identified by using various analytical tools such as melting point, elemental analyzer, IR spectrophotometer, mass spectrometer and TLC. This compound can be used as intermediate for prepareing pesticide-imidacloprid packing and cosmetics preservative.

There has been a controversy on the formation mechanism of $TiO_2$ nanotubes. This study was conducted to elucidate the formation mechanism of $TiO_2$ nanotubes. $TiO_2$ nanotubes were prepared by a hydrothermal method. $TiO_2$ nanotubes formation mechanism was investigated by controlling the formation time. It was found that $TiO_2$ nanotubes were formed by growing, not by wrapping of sheets. The phase structure of hydrogen titanate nanotubes was different from that of $TiO_2$ nanotubes. It is important to wash the sodium titanate nanotubes with an acidic solution to get hydrogen titanate nanotubes and then to calcine the hydrogen titanate nanotubes around $400^{\circ}C$ to obtain $TiO_2$ nanotubes.

This study was carried to investigate the antidiabetic and lipid metabolism of water extract paecilomyces japonica(PJ) in Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Diabetes were induced by intravenous injection of STZ at a dose of 42mg/kg dissolved in citrate buffer. The water extract of paecilomyces japonica were orally administrated once a day for 7 days at a dose of 500mg/kg or 1,000mg/kg. The contents of serum glucose, triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol were significantly decreased in PJ treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. The content of hepatic glycogen and activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G-6-PDH), glucokinase(GK) were significantly increased, but activity of glucose-6-phoshatase(G-6-Pase) was significantly decreased in PJ treated group compared to the those of STZ-control group. These results indicated that water extract of paecilomyces japonica would have antidiabetic and lipid metabolism effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

In this study, we evaluate the anti-microbiological activity of paraben in eye shadows that are composed of pigments and oil binders using various analytical methods and microbiological tests. Paraben does not show the microbiological activity properly when it was used with Nylon SP$^{(R)}$ 10, Talc RF SSA$^{(R)}$, OMC Talc AS$^{(R)}$ and $BaSO_4$. In the test of fungi, Nylon SP$^{(R)}$ 10 causes the decrease of microbiological activity regardless of the type of oil binders. The pigment of Mango violet also causes the decrease of microbiological activity when ester oil binder was used. Regardless of the type of oil binder, samples containing nylon SP 10, 0.15% of methyl paraben and 0.05% of propyl paraben had not been able to maintain microbiological activity only if the concentration of parabens were increased. Trace amounts of metal ions present in pigments reduced the activity of preservatives by inactivation of hydroxyl group of paraben. It is thought that swollen nylon SP 10 in ester oil increase the absorption or interaction of parabens and swollen nylon powder causes the inactivation of paraben.

Regenerated cellulose fibers were prepared from three pulps containing different degree of polymerization(DP) and $\alpha$-cellulose contents by dry-jet wet spinning technique with cellulose dope in N-methylmorpholin N-oxide (NMMO). The effect of antioxidant, n-propyl gallate (PG) on the properties of different regenerated celluloses was studied using X-ray diffraction, copper number calculation, and viscometry. The degradaqtion of regenerated cellulose from pulp containing higher DP and lower $\alpha$-cellulose content was occurred more seriously. The tensile strength and initial modulus of regenerated cellulose fiber obtained from NMMO dope with PG were higher than those of fiber obtained from NMMO dope without PG. All fibers showed the round shape cross section and typical cellulose II crystalline structure.

In this research, we were prepared the glazed ceramic samples by the change of the pigment content and investigated to reveal the standardized color. The chemical composition of the pigment was analyzed using a ICP-OES. XRF mapping and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to evaluate the color property and surface homogeneity. The color development was observed as a result of analyzing the pigment content and change of the color. The pigment content and the spectral reflection showed the relation of the inverse proportion and the standardized color which could be revealed through analysis data.

We developed functional synthetic lubricant for internal combustion engine oil, which would improve engine oil performance for internal combustion engine and extend engine life. We made base oil by synthesizing nonanoic acid, 1.1.1-trimethylol propane (which has good bio-degradability) and pentaerythrytol ester. We synthesized catalyst using p-toluene sulfonic acid 0.15 wt% and coloring-prevention agent hypo-phosphorus acid 0.18 wt% at 180-$190^{\circ}C$. Reaction temperature was increased at the rate of $10^{\circ}C$ for every 1 hour. When acid value reached below 3, reaction was completed. After cooling and deoxidization, we washed it by distilled water two times. After dehydration and filtering, we obtained trimethylol propane tripelargonate (TMTP) and pentaerythrytol tetrapelargonate (PETP) at yields of 96 % and 98 % respectively.

The electrochemistry characterization of metal is important in many industrial applications. In this study, we investigated the C-V diagrams related to the electrochemistry characterization of nickel. We determined electrochemical measurement by using cyclic voltammetry with a three electrode system. A measuring range was reduced from initial potential to -1350mV, continuously oxidized to 1650mV and measured to the initial point. The scan rate were 100, 150, 200 and 200mV/s. As a result, the C-V characterization of nickel using ethanolamine and ethylethanolamine inhibitor appeared irreversible process caused by the oxidation current from the cyclic voltammogram. After adding ethanolamine compound additive, adsorption film constituted, and the passive phenomena happened. According to the results by cyclic voltammetry method, it was revealed that the effect of the electrochemistry characterization of nickel depends on ethanolamine structure interaction to adsorption complex.

In this study, we evaluated the anti-oxidative, anti-wrinkle and whitening effect of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract. Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke was extracted by two different solvents which were n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The anti-oxidant activity was measured by free radical scavenging activity using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical). And the inhibitory activities of tyrosinase for whitening effect and collagenase for anti-wrinkle were investigated. For anti-oxidant activity and whitening activity, ethyl acetate fraction of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract showed more significant activity than n-hexane fraction of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract. For anti-wrinkle activity, ethyl acetate fraction of Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract exhibited strong inhibition effects compared with reference. Therefore, Duchesnea indica (Andr.) Focke extract may be useful as a new antioxidant and anti-aging agent.

Hydrophobically monoendcapped poly(sodium acrylate)s formed hydrophobic microdomains in water. This was concluded on poly(sodium acrylate)s with a linear $C_{12}$-alkyl chain attached specifically at the end of the polymer. There was no well defined CMC (critical micelle concentration), but rather a gradual transition from a micelle free solution to a micelle solution. Steady state fluorescence spectroscopy indicates that the micro domains are rather hydrophobic. At pH 5 in the abscence of salt and at pH 9 in the prescence of 1 M sodium citrate the CAC (critical aggregation concentration) was in the range of 0.1 to 2.4 mM. However at pH 5 there was a linear increase in the transition concentration with a head-group size due to an increase in steric and electrostatic repulsions between polymer main chains. At pH 9 in the abscence of salt the transition concentration was in the range of 1 to 80 mM. For the larger polymers there was a effect which consisted of a concentration gradient of sodium counterion toward the hydrophobic domain. The effect was larger for the larger polymers because of the higher total sodium concentration and the less steep counterion concentration gradient.

Zinc soap and Zn/Ba mixed metal soap were synthesized and PVC plastisol with mixed metal soap and various costabilizers were also synthesized with good structures and characterized by IR and $^1H$-NMR. The IR spectrums and $^1H$-NMR spectrums of the synthesized soaps were in very good accordance with the structures proposed by earlier workers. In using phosphite as a costabilizer, TIDP phosphite was shown to be the excellent thermal stabilization effect at the low temperature and TNPP phosphite was shown to be the excellent thermal stabilization effect at the high temperature. In case of antioxidant, it was revealed that antioxidant was not effective in the low temperature thermal stabilization effect while highly effective in the high temperature thermal stability. $NaClO_4$ solution with sorbitol solvent had the best thermal stabilization effect among $NaClO_4$ solution series at low and high temperature.

In this study, the antioxidative effect, cellular protective effect and inhibitory effect on tyrosinase of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts were investigated. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract ($11.48\;{\mu}g$/mL) showed more excellent free radical (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, DPPH) scavenging activity (FSC50) than those of leaf and stem extracts ($17.45\;{\mu}g$/mL). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity (OSC50) of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts on ROS generated in $Fe^{3+}$-EDTA/H2O2 system were investigated using the luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract ($0.56\;{\mu}g$/mL) showed 3 times more excellent ROS scavenging activity than L-ascorbic acid ($1.50\;{\mu}g$/mL). The protective effects of the ethyl acetate fractions of extracts from different parts of Cosmos bipinnatus on the rose-bengal sensitized photohemolysis of human erythrocytes were investigated. The ethyl acetate fractions of leaf and stem extract and flower extracts suppressed photohemolysis in a concentration dependent manner ($10\sim50\;{\mu}g$/mL). The inhibitory effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract ($62.75\;{\mu}g$/mL) on tyrosinase was investigated to assess the whitening efficacy. The ethyl acetate fraction of Cosmos bipinnatus flower extract showed 3.5 times higher tyrosinase inhibitory effect than arbutin ($226.88\;{\mu}g$/mL) known as an effective whitening agent. These results indicate that fractions of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts can function as antioxidants in biological systems, particularly skin exposed to UV radiation by scavenging $^1O2$ and other ROS, and protect cellular membranes against ROS. Fractions of Cosmos bipinnatus extracts can be applicable to new functional cosmetics for antioxidant and whitening.