Purpose: Quasi-steady state simulations have played a pivoting role to expand the user group of simulation to design engineers and architects in Korea. Initially they are introduced in the market as a building energy performance rating tool. In domestic practice, however, quasi-steady state simulations seem to be regarded as a de facto simulation only available for energy retrofit. Selection of ECMs and economic feasibility analysis are being decided through these tools, which implies that running these tools has become a norm step of the Investment-grade Audit. Method: This study aims at identifying issues and problems with the current practice via test cases, analyzing the reasons and opportunities, and then eventually suggesting proper uses of quasi-steady state and dynamic simulations. Result: The functionality of quasi-steady state simulations is more optimized to the rating. If they are to used for energy retrofits, their off-the-shelf functions also need to be expanded for customization and detailed reports. Yet their roles may be limited only to the go/no go decision; because their algorithms are still weak at precisely estimating energy and load savings that are required for making investment decisions compared to detailed simulations.

Purpose: In this study, we examined outdoor air fraction using historical data of actual Air Handling Unit (AHU) in the existing building during intermediate season and analyzed optimal outdoor air fraction by control types for economizer. Method: Control types for economizer which was used in analysis are No Economizer(NE), Differential Dry-bulb Temperature(DT), Diffrential Enthalpy(DE), Differential Dry-bulb Temperature+Differential Enthalpy(DTDE), and Differential Enthalpy+Differential Dry-bulb Temperature (DEDT). In addition, the system heating and cooling load were analyzed by calculating the outdoor air fraction through existing AHU operating method and control types for economizer. Result: Optimized outdoor air fraction through control types was the lowest in March and distribution over 50% was shown in May. In case of DE control type, outdoor air fraction was the highest of other control types and the value was average 63% in May. System heating load was shown the lowest value in NE, however, system cooling load was shown 1.7 times higher than DT control type and 5 times higher than DE control type. For system heating load, DT and DTDE is similar during intermediate season. However, system cooling load was shown 3 times higher than DE and DEDT. Accordingly, it was found as the method to save cooling energy most efficiently with DE control considering enthalpy of outdoor air and return air in intermediate season.

Purpose: The research is focused on the 25th King Cheoljong's mother's parents' traditional House in Ganghwa-do, for finding out how the surrounding natural environment was considered with Pungsu, a traditional ecological architectural science in case of site selection and architectural planning by the relative of royal family of Joseon period. Method: The study is processed as follows. Human Environment of the region where the house is located, is analyzed in chapter 2. Feature of mountain expressed as dragon and four important hills of the house are analyzed in chapter 3, Highly regarded factors for site selection by the scholar of the Realist School of Confucianism such as wind environment, the front and back of the Hyunmubong and building orientation are analyzed in chapter 4. Finally Pungsu applied in architectural space is analyzed in chapter 5. Result: The house considered Pungsu to some extent, but it shows the appearance contrary to the Pungsu in a certain part in order to show authority and proud as the house of the relatives of the King. It can be seen that the degree of application of Pungsu may be different depending on the will of the building owner.

Purpose: This study is conducted to contribute to the improvement of Green Standard for Energy and Environmental Design(G-SEED) from the existing energy physical efficiency-centric system to the well-being-centric green building certification system. Method: In order to modify existing G-SEED Certification, three phases of research have been conducted; 1) identification of needs of well-being-centric environment-friendly construction certification system, 2) comparison of domestic certification system with WELL Building standard(WELL) which focuses on human health and promotion of wellness and 3) AHP analysis to sort out the supplement items from WELL. Result: We proposed four alternatives which should be preferentially introduced to the existing domestic certification system; addition of independent 'well-being' section(field) in G-SEED, insertion of 'well-being' indicators in each relevant section of G-SEED, addition of 'well-being' indicators in 'Innovative Design(ID)' of G-SEED and independent score systems for 25 items in a high priority.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to be performed with studio-type housings among urban life-type housings to investigate the physical characteristic and crime-related factors of studios from the viewpoint of the basic principles of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED). Method: Eight CPTED guidelines available in Korea were reviewed to select 20 planing factors for actual condition investigation. Five single households in studio-type housings in Gwanak-gu, Seoul, were chosen according to the subject screening criteria to perform the actual condition investigation. Results: First, a lighting plan around a building for natural surveillance should consider the building location, relation with the front road, and surrounding facilities. In a building of a piloti structure, the parking lot and the building gate should be arranged in a manner that enables natural surveillance. Second, the shape of the corridors in studio-type housings should be considered to plan the installation of a lighting at the door of each household, the installation of a viewer window at the door of each household, and the arrangement of the elevator. Third, to support access control, an access control system having the function of video and voice communication is recommended to be installed at the building gate. Criteria for the type of security windows and the floors on which security windows should be installed, and the regulations about the CCTV installation inside and outside the building should be prepared. Fourth, to enhance territoriality in parking lots, ground patterns, parking lot gate, and signs may be installed. Fifth, in view of effective utilization and maintenance, lighting facilities should be installed to increase the usability of ground parking lots, and relevant installation criteria should be prepared regarding the type, number, and brightness of the lightings.

Purpose: As declines in the quality of residential environments occur, such as urban heat island effect, tropical night phenomenon, and violations of right to light and privacy due to urban densification and high rise building, these problems are emerging as social issues. In order to improve these issues, design factors which consider environmental aspects must be selected when planning apartment complexes, and ways to reflect them in the planning phase must be explored. Method: In this study, the analytical hierarchy process(AHP) was used to deduce design factors that considered environmental elements during the planning of apartment complexes. Furthermore, the priority and weight for each evaluation index were assessed. The objective was to propose a guideline for planning apartment complexes by finding the best solution for each evaluation index using complex weight values. Result: Floor area ratio was selected as the most important evaluation criterion in the environmentally conscious evaluation index for apartment complex planning. The shape and placement of skylights were selected as the most important evaluation criteria in the sunshine environment for a pleasant residential environment. Ground surface cover design was selected as the most important criterion in the outdoor thermal environment index for improving the microclimate within cities and apartment complexes. Thus, the results of this study can serve as an investigation guideline that concerns policy and regulations, and as reference data that can be used in planning apartment complexes.

Purpose: Laws and regulations of land use are enormous, and the appliance of regulations is overlapped redundantly. Therefore, there are many problems such as time consuming in the process, limiting individual property rights, and interrupting enterprises' economic activities. This study will discuss problems of redundant regulations of land use and its improvement by figuring out current regulations of land use in Gyeonggi-do, one of provinces which applies the most various regulations of land use. Method: This study reviews laws on national land-use planning system and characteristics of land-use regulation in Korea. The extent of the review is limited to "framework act on the regulation of land use" with categories of national land, urban planing, architecture, etc. Through case studies in Gyeonggi-do, the status and problems of redundant regulations of land use are defined. For example, it is overlapped in "Seoul Metropolitan Area Readjustment Planning Act", Development Restriction Zone, Paldang Special District, and so on. It is mainly referred to 2015 Gyeonggi-do land-use restriction map. Result: First, Gyeonggi-do confronts many problems related to the development restrictions and the financial increasement for environmental management by redundant regulations. The development restrictions include supplying additional land for industrial use, relocating colleges, and height limitation relating to military facilities. Second, in order to organize redundant regulations, it is required to combine similar regulations and adjust through communication system among other departments. Third, regulations should consider unique local condition of each district. Lastly, efficient application of regulations is necessary so as to maximize the function of land, protect individual property rights, and stimulate local development.

Climate change has resulted in the urban heat island (UHI) effect throughout the globe, contributing to heat-related illness and fatalities. In order to reduce such damage, it is necessary to improve the climate observation network for precise observation of the urban thermal environment and quick UHI forecasting system. Purpose: This study analyzed the effective range of the climate observation network and the distribution of the existing Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) in Seoul to propose optimal locations for additional installment of AWS. Method: First, we performed quality analysis to pinpoint missing values and outliers within the high-density temperature data measured. With the result from the analysis, a spatial autocorrelation structure in the temperature data was tested to draw the effective range and correlation distance for each major time period. Result: As a result, it turned out that the optimal effective range for the climate observation network in Seoul in July was a radius of 2.8 kilometers. Based on this result, population density, and temperature data, we selected the locations for additional installment of AWS. This study is expected to be used to generate urban temperature maps, select and move measurement locations since it is able to suggest valid, specific spatial ranges when the data measured in point is converted into surface data.

Purpose: Almost every research carried out in our country against the natural disaster is focused on the temporary facilities such as temporary housing, emergency shelter and as a result, it is very hard to find out researches on the ordinary houses which installed integrated systems of hazard-resistant against the natural disaster. Method: To conduct this research, categorizing process for design, structural, environmental and installation elements found in the Hazard-Resistant and Reduction House built for sale in Japan was performed. Result: In this study, several design concepts and subordinate items are recommended for hazard-resistant housing. First, design concept of 'Preparedness' which means security and access to the storage storing goods especially food & beverage for the emergencies is needed. The subordinate items consist of security of stocking space, diversified and circular storage system, and safety storage system. Second, design concept of 'Security' which means security of physical safety space and rapid recovery to returning to daily life against natural disaster is needed. The subordinate items consist of many items including not only structure and facilities but also architectural design method. And finally, design concept of 'Maintenance, Support and Return' which means minimizing the physical and psychological damages and support safety and physical conditions of the victims from the impact of the disaster to returning to daily life is needed. The subordinate items consist of high efficiency insulation/airtightness design, microclimate design, combination of photovoltaic system and storage battery, non-power appliance system against the power failure, storing system for drinking water, rainwater storing and utilization system.

Purpose: A city is regarded as an organic living thing that generates, changes, and fades away in relationship with many components of city. Therefore, a city has its own identity based on its historical trace. Among these elements composing a city, it is a square that makes a city more active and dynamic. Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy has played its role as significant core in the city and has distinctive function from other squares in urban ecological environments. In this study, the distinguishing function and role of Piazza Navona will be defined. Another purpose of study is to figure out what factors of Piazza Navona attracts a lot of diverse people and activities. Method: First, general understanding of function, type, and history of piazza; Second, the historical background of Piazza Navona; Third, site analysis related to surrounding environments; Fourth, architectural characteristic of Piazza Navona in terms of plan and elevation; Fifth, comparing with other representative squares in Rome such as Piazza San Pietro, Piazza del Popolo, and Piazza del Campidoglio in aspects of urban function. Result: Piazza Navona provides both citizen and visitors with an inviting place to embrace all kinds of activities including assembly, annual festival, and daily events. Its functions in the urban environments also involve a tourist attractor as landmark, place for social and cultural interaction, market, and place for meeting and leisure. It is attributed to following factors; historical background as the city center since the first century AD; its location in the center of Rome; enough size and flexibility to accommodate many people and various events; open space enclosed by surrounding buildings; historical baroque structures and sculptures of fountains; synergy effect with commercial and other tourist attractors around Piazza Navona; and comfortable accessibility.

Purpose: This study aims to identify the effect of temperature reduction by the application of cool roof coatings to Changwon City Hall in South Gyeongsang Province. The indoor and outdoor temperatures of the cool roofing building were analyzed and compared to that of an existing building with green-colored roof coated with waterproof polyurethane. Method: The surface temperatures and reflectivity of rooftops, surface temperatures of ceilings and the interior, and outdoor temperature and humidity of the two aforementioned buildings were measured from June to September in 2014. The measurements were taken every 10 min. Result: The surface temperature of the building with the cool roof was lower by a maximum of $9^{\circ}C$ with the reflectivity of the rooftop at an average of 0.55, which is higher than that of the building with green polyurethane by approximately 0.3. The temperature of the ceiling inside the building with the cool roof was about $1{\sim}2^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the ordinary building. Also, the indoor temperature of the office with cool roof coatings was about $0.5{\sim}1.0^{\circ}C$ lower than that of the office with green-colored roofing building. The results show that cool roof coatings can lower the temperature of buildings. In the next research, the reduction in consumption of energy for air conditioning will be investigated by utilizing building energy simulation tools.

Purpose: This study has developed economical and environmentally friendly storage type infiltration facilities that securing storage space inside the infiltration facility. It focused on preventing flooding rainfall as well as securing more groundwater through rainwater infiltration that is valuable for the dry season. In addition, this study compares the installation cost of the storage-type infiltration facility to the cost of the conventional rainwater management facilities to demonstrate the economic efficiency of the storage-based infiltration facility. Method: Unit infiltration of this facility is calculated and when it was applied to a certain capacity, the amount of countermeasures are proposed in case study. Result: Unit infiltration of it is $0.2541m^3/hr$ and un it Temporary storage of it is $1.054m^3/m$. As a result, the infiltration effect of this facility is $1.306m^3/hr$. The cost was approximately 30% reduction in time to apply the storage type infiltration facility as compared with the case to apply the existing penetration of the facilities. Since the penetration of the existing facilities is smaller than that and it has much securing volume to process the same the amount of countermeasures. Therefore, it is determined that the cost significantly increases in material cost part. On the other hand, storage type infiltration facility is installed a small quantity because Unit Temporary storage and infiltration are bigger than that. So, it occurred to reduce material and installation costs.

Purpose: The underground air is the warm air discharged from the porous volcano bedrock 30-50m underground in Jeju, including excessive humidity. The temperature of the underground air is $15-20^{\circ}C$ throughout the year. In Jeju, the underground air was used for heating greenhouses by supplying into greenhouses directly. This heating method by supplying the underground air into greenhouses directly had several problems. The study was conducted to develop the heat pump system using underground air as heat source for resolving excessive humidity problem of the underground air, adopting the underground air as a farm supporting project by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA) and saving heating cost for agricultural facilities. Method: 35kW scale(10 RT) heat pump system using underground air installed in a greenhouse of area $330m^2$ in Jeju-Special Self-Governing Province Agricultural Research & Extension Services, Seogwipo-si, Jeju. The inlet and outlet water temperature of the condenser, the evaporator and the thermal storage tank and the underground air temperature and the air temperature in the greenhouse were measured by T type thermocouples. The data were collected and saved in a data logger(MV200, Yokogawa, Japan). Flow rates of water flowing in the condenser, the evaporator and the thermal storage tank were measured by an ultrasonic flow meter(PT868, Panametrics, Norway). The total electric power that consumed by the system was measured by a wattmeter(CW240, Yokogawa, Japan). Heating COP, rejection heat of condenser, extraction heat of evaporator and heating cost were analyzed. Result: The underground air in Jeju was adopted as a farm supporting project by Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs(MAFRA) in 2010. From 2011, the heat pump systems using underground air as a heat source were installed in 12 farms(16.3ha) in Jeju.

Purpose: The study is to measure indoor air pollutants concentration of existing housing and to analyze the causes and assess in accordance with the government's criteria. The research result could be used as data for public health through indoor air quality management of existing housing and more as a reference for new housing. Method: It was investigated 24 middle class housings of metropolitan area in summer which have been built for the past 30 years. Concentration of HCHO, TVOC was investigated in living room at morning and night and concentration of $CO_2$ was investigated in living room and master bedroom at morning and night. SKT100-X5 was used for concentration of HCHO, TVOC and ZGm053UK for concentration of $CO_2$. Result: Average concentration of TVOC was 1.31 times more than that of HCHO and standard deviation of that was 1.73 times higher. Average concentration of $CO_2$ was almost nearly close to 1,000ppm being criteria of the Ministry of Environment.

Purpose: In order to save the energy consumption of buildings, buildings have been constructed with high performance insulation or airtightness. However, high performance insulation or air tightness has led to a poor indoor air quality. Therefore, HRV(Heat Recovery Ventilator) has received attention to save the energy consumption and insure a good air quality. Because existing research is almost about the performance of HRV in residential buildings, This study analyzed the effect of HRV on cooling energy consumption in commercial office building. Method: This study was proceeded at commercial office building in In-cheon. In order to evaluate the energy consumption of HRV, this study proposed two methods: estimating energy consumption of the room installed AHU(Air Handling Unit) system; estimating energy consumption of the room installed HRV system. Therefore, comparison of two methods was proceeded to evaluate energy performance of each method. Result: As the result of comparison between rooms installed AHU and HRV, the experiment showed that energy consumption of the room installed HRV system is about 22% less than the room of AHU system. This conclusion is considered because the room installed HRV system have maintained temperature well at set point temperature $26^{\circ}C$.

Today, natural ventilation systems are widely applied in multi-family housing. However, studies using the wind data trend line of the blower door test are insufficient. Purpose: Through this study, we will propose a computational method about ventilation performance of natural ventilation systems by conducting blower door test. Method: First, we sealed the gaps between the main systems including the natural ventilation system and conducted the blower door test. Next, the natural ventilation system was opened, the blower door test was conducted, and the difference in air flow rate between when closed and when opened was checked. Blower door test was carried out with a pressure difference of 50 Pa. Result: Therefore, the ventilation performance of the natural ventilation system was checked by drawing a trend line using the data to calculate the air flow rate at 2 Pa of the natural ventilation equipment standard pressure difference.

Purpose: The purposes of this paper are to investigate effects of indoor thermal environment on acoustical perception and effects of acoustics on indoor thermal perception, and to understand basic human perception on indoor environment. Method: Subjective assessment was performed in an indoor environmental chamber with 24 university students. Thermal conditions with PMV -1.53, 0.03, 1.53, 1.83 were simulated with a VRF system, a humidifier, a dehumidifier, and a ventilation system. Six noise sources - Cafe, Fan, Traffic, Birds, Music, Water- with sound levels of 45, 50, 55, 60 dBA were played for 2 minutes in random order. Temperature sensation, temperature preference, humidity sensation, humidity preference, noisiness, loudness, annoyance, and acoustic preference were assessed using bipolar visual analogue scales. The ANOVA and Turkey's post hoc test were used for data analysis. Result: Thermal environmental perceptions were not altered through 2 minutes noise exposure. Acoustical perceptions were altered by thermal conditions. The results were consistent with previous papers, however, the noise exposure time should be carefully considered for further development.

Purpose: This study is to analyze the characteristics of energy usage in apartment houses that had built for 20 years recently in capital area and the correlation between the characteristics of energy usage and the regulation of energy efficiency in building. Method: It is investigated 264 apartment sites having been built since 1991 where 312,071 houses live. The sites were listed on Naver map. Quantities of energy usages in the sites were searched in a portal, Green Together being operated by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. The appraisal report of building energy in the portal is recording usage quantity of gas energy, district cooling & heating energy, electric energy, total energy, 1st gas energy, 1st district cooling & heating energy, 1st electric energy, 1st total energy, etc. Result: Analyzing the average of total energy usage from 1991 to 2012, the average in 2001, 2008 each was reduced more than 10 percent compared to the previous year. It was analyzed that the reduction was relevant to building energy-saving design criterion which have been tightened more than before.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to develop and apply an environmental impact assessment program for apartment building elements, based on the building materials of the LCI DB, which can link the LCA results of building materials and buildings. Method: For this purpose, a framework for building elements was established, and several building material combinations were developed. In addition, the LCA method for quantifying environmental load emissions from the building materials of each site was applied to establish an environmental impact database of the building materials of the LCI DB. Result: An environmental impact assessment program, based on a Microsoft Excel worksheet, was developed for apartment building elements. This program can link the environmental impact assessment of building materials and building units. To validate the program evaluation results that were obtained in this study, a comparative analysis was carried out using the results of existing evaluation methods. The error rate was estimated to be 5% for environmental impact assessment using existing evaluation methods.

Purpose: The architectural structures in the engineering field include more than one material, and the heat transfer through these multiple materials becomes complicated. More or less, the analytic solutions obtained by the hand calculation can provide the limited information of heat transfer phenomena. However, the engineers have generally been forced to obtain reliable results than those of the hand calculation. The numerical calculation such as a finite volume methods with the unstructured grid system is only the suitable means of the analysis for the complex and arbitrary domains that consists of multiple materials. In this study, a new numerical code is developed to provide temperature distributions in the multiple material domains, and the results of this code are compared with the validation cases in ISO10211. Method: Finite volume methods with an unstructured grid is employed. In terms of numerical methods, the heat transfer conduction coefficient is not defined on the surface of the cell between different material cells. The heat transfer coefficient is properly defined to accurately mimic the heat transfer through the surface. The boundary conditions of heat flux considering radiation or heat convection are also developed. Result: The comparison between numerical results and ISO 10211 cases. We are confirmed that the numerical method provides the proper temperature distributions, and the heat transfer equation and its boundary conditions are developed properly.

Purpose: The solar water heater with natural circulation has been used for several decades in the world as it is automatically operated without a pump and controller and is easy to maintain and repair. After the subsidy was offered from 2012, the solar water heater with natural circulation is becoming increasingly popular in Korea. Recently, the development of a wall-integrated solar water heater, which improves the applicability of buildings and prevents the overheating in the summer, is being developed. On the other hand, the design and performance evaluation data of solar water heaters are very inadequate, and analysis of heat and flow is required to develop a new type of solar water heater. Method: Therefore, in this study, we proposed a new simplified system analysis model that reflects heat and pressure loss from the test results of KS B ISO 9806-1 (Solar collector test method), assuming that the collector is a simple pipe system, the validity of which was verified through experiments. Result: As a result, first, the RMSE of the system circulation flow rate and the average temperature of the inlet and outlet of the collector according to the experimental results and the simulation are 0.05563 and 0.88530, respectively, which are very consistent. Secondly, the mass flow rate is increased linearly with the increase of the solar radiation, and the mass flow rate is 0.0104 ~ 0.0180kg/s in the range of $200{\sim}380W/m^2$ of solar irradiance. Compared with the test flow rate 0.0764kg / s of the test collector, it showed a level of less than 20%.