The purpose of this study was to investigate adolescents' individual and microsystem variables including relationships with parents and friends affecting adolescents' experiences of mobile social networking site (SNS) cyberbullying based on the human ecological perspective. Data came from 344 middle school students who lived with both their parents in the Seoul and Gyunggi areas. A multiple regression analysis showed that adolescents' characteristics, relationships with parents, and friends were associated with their experiences of mobile SNS cyberbullying. These findings suggest that good relationships with parents could be protective factors for adolescents to reduce mobile SNS cyberbullying. However, adolescents' characteristics including aggression, depression, and delinquent peers were positively associated with adolescents' experiences of mobile SNS cyberbullying. This study highlights that various environments are closely related to adolescent development.

The purposes of this study were to analyze the effect of perceived parent-adolescent communication on SNS addiction tendency among high school students and to investigate the mediating effects of self-control on the relationship between above variables. 567 students who were registered in three high schools located in D city completed a questionnaire on parent-adolescent communication, SNS addiction tendency, and self-control. Structural equation models were conducted to compare the research model (complete mediating effect) and the competing model (partial mediating effect), and bootstrapping was conducted to investigate the mediating effects of self-control with SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0. The results are as follow: First, while the parent-adolescent communication did not directly have an effect the SNS addiction tendency, the self-control had a direct effect on the SNS addiction tendency. Second, the research model was selected as a final model which implied that parent-adolescent communication had an indirect effect on SNS addiction tendency among high school students. Third, self-control had a significant mediating effect on the relationship between parent-adolescent communication and high school students' SNS addiction tendency. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that parent-adolescent communication had an indirect effect rather than a direct effect through self-control on high school students' SNS addiction tendency. This result indicates that the SNS addiction tendency rate of high school student can be lowered, by mediating self-control. Finally, this study suggests that the implicit points on counseling methods to remedy self-control of high school students, and shortcomings and limits of this study and advice for follow-up studies all be discussed.

The current study aimed at examining the structural relationships among coparenting, fathers' involvement in child rearing and the children's participation in housework. 154 fathers and their 5th or 6th grade children living in Jeju participated in the study. The data were analyzed using the Structural Equation Model(SEM) technique. The results revealed that when the fathers reported greater alliance in their coparenting, they were more likely to participate in child rearing. Fathers' involvement significantly predicted greater housework participation of their school-aged children. Higher levels of undermining and gate-keeping in coparenting were associated with less father involvement, which in turn, predicted less housework participation by their children. Gatekeeping also directly predicted lower levels of housework of children. Father involvement significantly mediated the relationship between coparenting and children's housework. The implications for the education/intervention programs promoting coparenting and father involvement were further discussed.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influences of mothers' beliefs, guidance, and use of resources for writing on young children's writing ability. A total of 450 children aged 3 to 5 years and their mothers from 6 different provinces participated in this study. The results of this study are as follows. First, mothers conducted more writing guidance to older children. And their beliefs and use of resources for conventional writing were reinforced as children got older. There was no difference in mothers' beliefs and use of resources for emergent writing according to children's age. Second, mothers' beliefs, guidance, and use of resources for children's writing were robustly correlated. These correlations were prominent in each factor of emergent or conventional writing. Third, mothers' writing guidance and use of emergent writing resources had positive effects on children's writing ability, while the use of conventional writing resources had a negative impact.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in optimism, self-esteem and self-leadership according to age, monthly income, and teaching experiences of multicultural family home-visit instructors and the influence of optimism and self-esteem on self-leadership. 668 home-visit instructors participated in the online survey from 140 multicultural family support centers in Seoul, 6 metropolitan cities, 9 provinces, and other cities and counties. Data were analyzed through frequence, percentages, Pearson's correlations, One-way ANOVA, $Scheff{\acute{e}}$ post-hoc test, and stepwise multi-regression using SPSS 21.0. The main findings are as follows. First, there were significant differences in optimism and self-esteem according to age and monthly income. Second, there were significant differences in self-leadership according to age and home-visit teaching experiences. Third, the stepwise multiple regression model showed that optimism, self-esteem and the individual variables had an influence on the self-leadership of home-visit instructor's self-expectation. These results suggest that self-esteem and optimism are important precursors of self-leadership and self-leadership training based on self-esteem and optimism is necessary for self-leadership enhancement of home-visit instructors.

This study is to examine the influence of family-friendly policies on married female workers'desire for an additional child and the mediating effects of family-friendly policies and birth intention on the relationship between work- and family-life. A questionnaire survey was conducted with married female women who were under the age of 40 years and with young children, using convenience sampling. Initially, a total of 400 survey questionnaires were distributed and 326 of them were gathered and analyzed as final data. The study conducted descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling, Sobel's test, latent means analysis, and multi-group analysis to test the hypotheses. The findings are as follows. First, family-friendly policies positively impacted married women's willingness to have additional children. Second, family-friendly policies had significant positive implications on married female workers' work-life. It shows that family-friendly policies influenced married women's job satisfaction and organizational commitment, enhancing work-life satisfaction. Third, family-friendly policies were positively related with married women's family-life. It revealed that the policies had an impact on their marital satisfaction and parenting stress, improving family-life satisfaction. Fourth, married women's work-life factors, such as job satisfaction and organizational commitment, were not significantly associated with their intention of childbirth. Fifth, marital satisfaction and parenting stress were positive and significant factors affecting women's willingness to have additional children. Sixth, married women's family-life mediated the association between family policies and their childbirth intention, but their work-life did not do. Last, work- and family-life mediated the significant effect of family-friendly policies on the willingness in both groups: family-friendly policies${\rightarrow}$work-life, family-friendly policies${\rightarrow}$childbirth willingness, and family-friendly policies${\rightarrow}$family-life.

The adolescent birth rate has doubled in the recent decade. As a result, the Korean government has implemented support for adolescent single-parent families by expanding the scope of coverage of the Single-parent Family Support Act in 2010. In order to understand whether experiences of facility entry programs and the Single-parent Family Support Act for adolescent single-parents were helpful or not, this study verified the relationship to mental health. This study utilized a part of the National Youth Policy Institute's 'Research on the Actual Condition of the Adolescent Pregnancy, Birth and Rearing Children.' Participants of the study were 218 adolescent single-parents at the age of 24 and younger. This study used the research methods of descriptive statistical analysis, ${\chi}^2$test, t-test, and one-way analysis of variance. The findings and discussion of this study are as below: Firstly, the depression level of adolescent single-parents who had been raised by grandparents was higher than other family types to a meaningful standard and adolescent single-parent's cognition of the original family's economic level was related to self-esteem and parenting efficacy. Secondly, the practical single-parent family support policy for adolescent single-parent's pregnancy, birth and rearing children has shown a higher reception rate, and medical service of facility entry programs has a higher satisfaction level. However, some of the facility entry programs and the Single-parent Family Support Act have a low reception rate and it should be considered whether to maintain them or not.Lastly, parts of facility entry programs and the Single-parent Family Support Act for adolescent single-parents have increased self-esteem and parenting efficacy and reduced parenting stress and depression's levels.