Purpose : In order to respond to the needs of society, it is necessary for nursing students to develop into their professional roles and form a higher degree of positive nursing professionalism. This study investigated clinical practice stress, clinical practice satisfaction, academic major satisfaction, and self-esteem among nursing students, and identified factors influencing their nursing professionalism. Methods : The participants of this study were 200 nursing students who used the internet and e-mail, and who understood the purpose and methods of this study. Data were collected from June 21 to July 27, 2021. Data analysis, including the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression, was performed using SPSS version 26.0. Results : The mean score was 3.52±.47 for nursing professionalism, 2.99±.56 for clinical practice stress, 3.35±.44 for clinical practice satisfaction, 3.75±.55 for academic major satisfaction, and 3.49±.78 for self-esteem. There were no significant differences in nursing professionalism according to general characteristics. Nursing professionalism was positively correlated with clinical practice satisfaction (r=.36, p<.001), academic major satisfaction (r=.57, p<.001), and self-esteem (r=.41, p<.001), but negatively correlated with clinical practice stress (r=-.41, p<.001). Factors influencing nursing professionalism included academic major satisfaction (𝛽=.39, p<.001) and clinical practice stress (𝛽=-.16, p=.021). These variables explained 36 % of variance in nursing professionalism (F=29.43, p<.001). Conclusion : These findings indicate that academic major satisfaction and clinical practice stress could be considered in effective nursing educational interventions to improve nursing professionalism in nursing students. Therefore, multidimensional efforts are needed to establish educational programs for nursing students aiming to enhance their nursing professionalism. In addition, these findings will be helpful for establishing various emotional control programs for the management of clinical practice stress among nursing students.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined cervical stabilization exercise (CSE) and stretching exercise (SE) on office workers with forward head posture (FHP). Methods : A total of 32 office workers with forward head posture were randomly assigned to experimental (n=16) and control (n=16) groups. The experimental group underwent combined CSE and SE, and the control group underwent cervical self-myofascial release and SE. Both groups performed exercises for 40 min per day, thrice per week for a total of 6 weeks. Craniovertebral angle (CVA), respiration, disability, and joint range of motion (ROM) before and 6 weeks after intervention were measured and compared. Results : There was no significant between-group difference in the general characteristics (p>.05). The intra-group comparison showed significant differences in the visual analog scale (VAS) and neck disability index (NDI) of both groups post-intervention (p<.05). CVA and forced expiratory volume in 1 seconds (FEV₁) were significantly improved post-intervention in the experimental group only (p<.05). In the experimental group, all ROM variables were significantly improved post-intervention. In contrast, in the control group, all ROM variables improved significantly post-intervention, except for extension (p<.05). The inter-group comparison showed significant differences in NDI, left lateral flexion, right lateral flexion, and left rotation between the two groups (p<.05). Conclusion : The combination of CSE and SE, which stabilizes the cervical spine, had positive effects on cranial rotation angle, respiration, disability, and joint ROM in office workers with forward head posture. Therefore, the combination of the two exercises may be an effective option to reduce symptoms and prevent postural problems in office workers with FHP.

Purpose : This study was aimed to analyze the effects of cosmetics containing Persicaria perfoliata water extract (PPWE) on the skin moisturizing and improvement of skin condition in clinical trials. Methods : Clinical trial was conducted for five weeks after IRB approval at Dong-Eui University. Out of a total of 64 people, 15 people each were assigned to four groups as follows; control group A, B, C and the experimental group A that using cosmetic containing PPWE. Skin condition was measured two times, before and after clinical trial, by a professional skin analyzer, SDM (skin diagnosis system). Moisture and oil value of participants was analyzed twice, each morning and evening, using a portable device on their cheeks. In addition, the survey was investigated subjective satisfaction on change in skin condition and the satisfaction on the use of cosmetics. Result : The experimental group exhibited subjectively significant changes before and after clinical trials on skin its dryness (p=.039), blush (p=.017), and redness (p<.001). In addition, subjective evaluation was also the highest satisfaction in aspects of number of application (p=.003), amount of application (p=.002), moisture maintenance, and skin scratching frequency. The satisfaction on the use of cosmetics was the highest in the intention to repurchase (p=.045), recommendation willingness to others (p=.020), and intention to use various products (p=.001). Skin moisture of the clinical trial participants using the SDM, moisture level and elasticity of the experimental group increased by 12.94 and 10.28. Moisture level, which was measured by a portable device, was the most potently increased in the experimental group. Conclusion : Consequently, PPWE containg cosmetics exhibited the effects of moisturization and attenuated skin dryness in clinical trials, which might be utilized as a fundamental data to develop numerous lines of cosmetics.

Purpose : The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of electrical stimulation on patients with non-specific low back pain. Methods : Domestic databases were gathered from studies that conducted clinical trials associated with electrical stimulation and its impact on pain of non-specific low back patients. A total of 681 studies were identified, with 12 studies satisfying the inclusion data. The studies consisted of patient, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design (PICO-SD). The search outcomes were items associated with low back pain. Cochrane risk of bias 2 (RoB 2) was used to evaluate the quality of 12 randomized controlled trials. Effect sizes (Hedges's g) in this study were computed as the corrected standard mean difference (SMD). A random-effect model was used to analyze the effect size because of the high heterogeneity among the studies. Egger's regression and 'trim-and-fill' tests were carried out to analyze the publication bias. Cumulative meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted to analyze the effect according to the sample size and the consistency of the effect size. Results : The following factors had a large overall effect size (Hedges's g=1.28, 95 % CI=.20~2.36) involving electrical stimulation on non-specific low back pain. The subgroup analysis all showed a statistical difference in the types of study design, electrical stimulation, and assessment tool. No statistically significant difference was found in the meta-regression analysis. Publican bias was found in the data. Conclusion : The findings in this study indicate that electrical stimulation interventions have a positive effect on patients with non-specific low back pain. However, due to the low quality of studies and publication bias, the results of our study should be interpreted cautiously.

Purpose : This research is a descriptive study that aimed to identify the levels of health promotion behaviors, fatigue, and depression of nursing students and confirm the effect of health promotion behaviors on fatigue and depression. Methods : Data were collected from September 27 to October 15, 2021 through survey questionnaires on 178 nursing students of 2 universities in G-do who voluntarily agreed to participate. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0, the general characteristics of nursing students were analyzed by frequency and percentage, and the levels of their health promotion behaviors, fatigue, and depression of nursing students was analyzed by mean and standard deviation. The relationship among the health promotion behaviors, fatigue, and depression was analyzed by Pearson's Correlation Coefficient. Multiple regression analysis was performed for the effects of health promotion behaviors on fatigue and depression of nursing students. Results : The nursing students' health promotion behaviors averaged 2.25±.43 points out of 5, and for each sub-factor, interpersonal relationship was the highest at 2.66±.49 points and physical activity was the lowest at 2.01±.60 points. Fatigue was 4.89±1.02 points out of 7 and depression was 10.52±9.10 points out of 63. A statistically significant correlation was found among health promotion behaviors, fatigue, and depression. Health promotion behaviors that significantly affected fatigue were stress management (𝛽=-.263, p=.004) and physical activity (𝛽=-.208, p=.026), which showed 35 % explanatory power on fatigue. Health promotion behaviors that significantly affected depression were spiritual growth (𝛽=-.342, p=.002), and physical activity (𝛽=-.231, p=.016), which showed 31 % explanatory power for depression. Conclusion : This study is meaningful in that it provided basic data to develop an effective health promotion behavior program to prevent and manage nursing students' fatigue and depression, by identifying and analyzing the sub-factors of health promotion behaviors affecting their fatigue and depression.

Purpose : Several studies have investigated the effects of dynamic stretching (DS) and self-mobilization (SM), however, studies comparing the two interventions are rare. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of DS and SM on ankle strength, dorsiflexion range of motion (DFROM), and balance to determine which is superior. Methods : Thirty-two healthy young adults participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups (SM and DS). DS was performed for the purpose of stretching the medial gastrocnemius muscle. For the SM group, ankle joint SM was performed in three ways. For all participants, the following measurements were performed as pre- and post-tests: isometric strength of dorsiflexor and plantar flexor, weight-bearing lunge test (WBLT) to evaluate DFROM, Tetrax system to evaluate static balance, and y balance test (YBT) to evaluate dynamic balance. Differences before and after the intervention within each group were compared using paired t-test. Also, the variable's variation was compared between groups using an independent t-test. Results : Significant differences were found in ankle dorsiflexor strength, WBLT, YBT, weight distribution index (WDI) (pillow and opened eyes; PO), and stability index (ST) (normal and closed eyes; NC) before and after intervention in the SM group (p<.05). In the DS group, significant differences were found in ankle dorsiflexor and plantar flexor strength, WBLT, YBT anterior, WDI (normal and opened eyes; NO, PO), and ST (NO, NC, PO, pillow and closed eyes) before and after the intervention (p<.05). Ankle plantar flexor strength and WDI (PO) were significantly different between groups. Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, DS or SM can be considered as a possibility for selective use according to variables for improving ankle joint function (DFROM, muscle strength, balance).

Background : Lymphedema is a progressive disorder characterized by the impairment of lymph flow from tissues to the blood circulation system. This occurs as a result of damage to the lymphatic system. Complex decongestive therapy (CDT) is a multimodal, conservative therapeutic approach that is used for the management of lymphedema. CDT consists of a combination of compression therapy, manual lymphatic drainage, exercise, and skin care. Purpose : This study aimed to provide a review of available physical therapy interventions as well as general care guidelines for patients with lymphedema. Methods : The recommendations and guidelines for physical therapy management, medical management, and general information were reviewed from the following sources: 1) The American Physical Therapy Association, 2) The Norton School of Lymphatic Therapy, and 3) The International Society of Lymphology. This review contains general information, including the medical management and the importance of physical therapy in lymphedema. Physical therapy management should be based on an assessment of the patients' presenting impairments, including based on inclusion or exclusion of physical therapy interventions. This review also outlines a step-by-step approach that starts with disease diagnosis and progression all the way through to rehabilitation as an outpatient. Conclusion : Depending on the patients' journey to recovery and the requirement for rehabilitation, physical therapy interventions should focus on the patients' needs including pain, appearance, physical function and general rehabilitation. We hope that this review will provide information on evidence-based physical therapy and general care to patients with lymphedema.

Purpose : This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of resistance exercise on body composition, physical strength, blood lipids, and insulin. Methods : The study was conducted on 24 elderly women divided into two groups: 12 subjects in an exercise group and 12 subjects in a control group. Resistance exercise was performed for 50 minutes a day, three times a week, for the duration of 12 weeks, and body composition, physical strength, blood lipids, and insulin were measured before and after the subjects completed the program. For the statistical analysis, the mean and standard deviation (M±SD) of each variable were calculated using SPSS version 20, and a paired t-test and two-way repeated ANOVA were conducted to test for the differences before and after the resistance exercise. All significant levels were set to α=.05 as a result of the experiment. Results : Changes in body composition after the 12-week resistance exercise program did not show any significant difference based on the comparison between the groups, but when noting the values for body fat percentage and body in the control group before and after, a significant difference was shown in fat mass (p<.05). As for changes in physical fitness, significant differences appeared in flexibility, muscle strength, and stenotic force (p<.01) when the groups were compared. Regarding pre- and post-values within each group concerning flexibility within the exercise group, significant differences were shown in gender (p<.001), muscle strength (p<.05), (p<.01), muscle earth strength, equilibrium (p<.01), stenosis force, and cardiopulmonary earth force (p<.001). Also, comparisons between populations in changes in blood lipids the values before and after in each group, significant differences in glucose (p<.05) and insulin (p<.05) were shown in the exercise group. When comparing the values before and after in each population, a significant difference was shown in the control group (p<.05). Conclusion : When all the results were integrated, the 12-week resistance exercise program was found to enhance physical strength (flexibility, muscle strength, and coordination) and improve the blood sugar levels of elderly women. In particular, resistance exercise is believed to lower the prevalence of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and metabolic diseases by having a positive effect on insulin. Further studies are suggested to verify the effect on body composition and blood lipids by setting up a variety of exercise treatment methods (including subjects, exercise periods, exercise plans, and exercise intensity focuses).

Purpose : This study aims to systematically review the methods of occupational therapy intervention in children with autism spectrum disorders having sleep disorders and evaluate the improvements with intervention effects, based on experimental studies of children with sleep disorders. Methods : Studies published overseas from January 2011 to June 2021 were searched from a total of two databases. Science Direct and OTseeker. The five selected studies were analyzed by dividing them into age, number, intervention period, intervention type, intervention effect, evaluation tool, research design type, and evidence level. Results : The total number of subjects was 182, 95 subjects in ther experimental group, and 87 in the control group. The interventions included weighted blankets, swimming, and sleep education for parents. Ther interventions were found to increase total sleep time, improve mood when waking up, reduce sleep anxiety, reduce sleep time, reduce the number of waking up of during sleep, and reduce sleep resistance behavior. Conclusion : Many people have sleep disorders, with or without disabilities, and the number is gradually increasing. Consequently, research on occupational therapy intervention in children with autism spectrum disorder are actively conducted in foreign countries, and these interventions have a positive effect. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that such occupational therapy intervention studies are necessary for children with autism spectrum disorder with sleep disorders in Korea. In addition, further research on the quality of life of parents of children with autism spectrum disorders due to sleep disorders and their methods are required.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to establish a model of the predictive factors for success or failure of examinees undertaking the Korean physical therapist licensing examination (KPTLE). Additionally, we assessed the pass/fail cut-off point. Methods : We analyzed the results of 10,881 examinees who undertook the KPTLE, using data provided by the Korea Health Personnel Licensing Examination Institute. The target variable was the test result (pass or fail), and the input variables were: sex, age, test subject, and total score. Frequency analysis, chi-square test, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, correlation analysis, binary logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed on the data. Results : Sex and age were not significant predictors of attaining a pass (p>.05). The test subjects with the highest probability of passing were, in order, medical regulation (MR) (Odds ratio (OR)=2.91, p<.001), foundations of physical therapy (FPT) (OR=2.86, p<.001), diagnosis and evaluation for physical therapy (DEPT) (OR=2.74, p<.001), physical therapy intervention (PTI) (OR=2.66, p<.001), and practical examination (PE) (OR=1.24, p<.001). The cut-off points for each subject were: FPT, 32.50; DEPT, 29.50; PTI, 44.50; MR, 14.50; and PE, 50.50. The total score (TS) was 164.50. The sensitivity, specificity, and the classification accuracy of the prediction model was 99 %, 98 %, and 99 %, respectively, indicating high accuracy. Area under the curve (AUC) values for each subject were: FPT, .958; DEPT, .968; PTI, .984; MR, .885; PE, .962; and TS, .998, indicating a high degree of fit. Conclusion : In our study, the predictive factors for passing KPTLE were identified, and the optimal cut-off point was calculated for each subject. Logistic regression was adequate to explain the predictive model. These results will provide universities and examinees with useful information for predicting their success or failure in the KPTLE.

Purpose : The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of obstacle walking training according on gait and balance in stroke patients. Methods : Twenty-four stroke patients are randomly assigned to experimental group 1 (n=8), experimental group 2 (n=8) and control group (n=8). Experimental group 1 performed unexpected obstacle walking training, experimental group 2 performed fixed obstacle walking training and control group performed non obstacle walking training for 12 minutes per session, 5 times a week for 4 weeks. The gait analyzer G-walk were evaluated using gait cadence, gait velocity, and stride length, balance was evaluated using FES-K and BBS. Results : In within-group comparison of gait cadence, gait velocity and stride length of change, the experimental 1,2 groups showed significant improvements post intervention (p<.05) but control group showed no significant improvement. In between-groups comparison there was significant difference in the change of gait cadence, gait velocity and stride length pre and post intervention. In within-group comparison of FES-K and BBS scores, the experimental 1,2 groups showed significant improvements post intervention (p<.05) but control group showed no significant improvement. In between-groups comparison there was significant difference in the change of FES-K and BBS scores pre and post intervention (p<.05). Conclusion : Obstacle walking training can improve the gait, function and balance of stroke patients and obstacle walking training is effective for improving gait and balance compared to non-obstacle walking training.

Purpose : Although many studies have explored the effect of seating side angles on the spinal curve and surrounding muscles during seating, only a few studies have investigated the effect of different seating face angles on different lower limb and deep trunk muscles. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of seating surface angles (0 degrees, 10 degree anterior, and 10 degree rear) on lower extremity and deep trunk muscles in healthy adults. Methods : Thirty people were asked to sit once on each seating surface three times during the day, and their muscle thicknesses were measured by ultrasound while sitting. The method of sitting was the same when sitting on the three seating surfaces. Results : From the comparison results of the muscle thicknesses according to the seating surface angles, a significant difference existed in the muscle thicknesses of the vastus medialis, vastus medialis oblique, vastus intermedius, soleus and gastrocnemius (p<.05). However, no significant difference was found in the transversus abdominis, internal obliques, rectus femoris and vastus lateralis (p>.05). Conclusion : Our findings revealed that the lower back load decreases, the leg load increases, and the legs specific muscles are affected as the body tilts forward when sitting on the seating surface inclined forward. Therefore, it is possible to suggest a forwardly inclined seating surface that reduces lower back loads and utilizes the posture-maintaining muscles of the legs when sitting in a person with a poor sitting posture or lower back pain at ordinary times.

Purpose : Community care occupational therapy is an integrated mediation method such as evaluating and mediating daily life activities, evaluating and modifying the environment, and providing information by visiting the home where the client resides. In this study, we examine the effect of implementing a community-care occupational therapy program on the levels of depression, quality of sleep, and quality of life of elderly individuals living alone. Methods : Among the users of organizations C and D located in City B, province A, South Korea, a total of 32 elderly citizens aged above 65 were chosen as the study subjects and randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. For the experimental group, a total of 24 sessions, each lasting 60 minutes, comprising a community-care occupational therapy program and each organization's own program, were conducted, with each session conducted twice a week for a total of 12 weeks. On the other hand, those in the control group participated in the existing programs of their organizations. Changes in the levels of depression, quality of sleep, and quality of life before and after the intervention were compared using the GDSSF-K, GQOL, and GQOL. Results : Overall, the levels of depression, quality of sleep, and quality of life were found to improve among the experimental group after the intervention. In a between-group comparison of the changes before and after the intervention, the experimental group was found to exhibit a more statistically significant difference than that of the control group. Conclusion : The results obtained in this study confirm that community-care occupational therapy programs have a positive effect on the levels of depression, quality of sleep, and quality of life of elderly individuals living alone. This implies that such programs may represent an effective solution for the problems of these individuals.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the structural relationships between fear of missing out, addictive tendencies toward social network services (SNSs), and depression in colleges. Methods : The target subjects were students in colleges across gyeongnam & busan, to whom the purpose of the study was explained and who spontaneously agreed to participate. A survey was conducted with 302 participants over 31 days from March 7, 2022, and data from 299 responses was analyzed. Results : 1. Women felt a higher fear of missing out than men. 2. Women showed greater inability to control their use of SNSs, more SNS-related disorders in daily life, and greater immersion in and tolerance of SNSs when compared to men. 3. Women were more depressed than men. 4. Positive correlations were observed between the fear of missing out and SNS-addictive tendencies, between the fear of missing out and depression, and between SNS-addictive tendencies and depression. Conclusion : A comprehensive review of these findings suggests that women had overall higher levels of isolation fear, SNS-addictive tendencies, and depression than men. Based on this, universities should provide gender-specific educational programs around these issues; this student cohort will ultimately work in healthcare, and this kind of awareness will be essential for treating patients. Considering that the current situation poses unusual challenges due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the study's results can serve as basic data for planning educational programs in the future. Over the coming years, comprehensive and continuous education and counselling relating to the fear of missing out, SNS addiction, and depression will be urgently required.

Purpose : The study was to promote patient safety by analyzing the effect of dental hygienist's perception of patient safety culture on infection control activities. Methods : The study is based on a survey of 210 dental hygienists in total working in dental settings. To find out infection control activities according to patient safety culture awareness, there were 6 general characteristics, 3 teamwork within the department, 2 infection control systems, 4 surface management, 9 equipment washing, disinfection, and laundry management, 4 infectious wastes, and 3 personal protection phrases.The data was analyzed using the SPSS version 20.0, and p<.05 was adopted to decide on significance. Results : The longer dental hygienists have worked n the dental settings, the more active they become in infection control activities. Among the different types of dental care settings, general (university) hospitals had the largest number of infection control activities, followed by dental clinics, and network dental clinics, in descending order. The dental settings possessing a higher number of dental hygienists were found to conduct more infection control activities than other dental settings. In addition, it was found that when a dental setting adopts a patient safety policy across all the units in the hospital, more systems and procedures for patient safety tend to be established, and that stricter management response to error leads to improvement of infection control activities. Conclusion :In order to enhance infection control activities, infection control activity programs should develop and implement periodic reinforcement of infection control education. regular monitoring of infection control activities.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was two-fold: to identify the effect of dental hygienist's self-determination motivation on their job engagement and to analyze the moderating effect of compensation satisfaction that affect the relevance. Methods : Data were collected using a structured self-report questionnaire administered to 260 dental hygienists working in dental hospitals and clinics in Busan, South Korea. These were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26.0 and SPSS Process Macro 3.5. A frequency analysis, including the respondents' general characteristics, frequency, percentages, and standard deviations, was performed. A regression analysis was also performed using SPSS Process Macro to verify the moderating effect of compensation satisfaction in the effect of self-determination motivation on job engagement. Results : The self-determination motivation of the dental hygienists had a statistically significant positive effect on their job engagement, which was the dependent variable. Higher intangible compensation satisfaction levels led to a stronger effect of intrinsic motivation but a weaker effect of extrinsic motivation on job engagement. Moreover, higher tangible compensation satisfaction levels strengthened the effect of intrinsic motivation on job engagement. Conclusion : Recently, the demand for oral health care has been increasing, Competition in the dental medical service market warrants, high-quality dental services based on accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this context, dental hygienists' job engagement must be improved. For this purpose, increasing the satisfaction of dental hygienists with self-determination motivation and appropriate compensation is effective. In addition, attention must be paid to the moderating effect of compensation satisfaction on the relationship between intrinsic motivation and job engagement. On the basis of the implications of this study, the results can be used as basic data for improving dental hygienists' welfare system and manpower management.

Purpose : We conducted a study to propose comparing subjective sleeping states data that was collected through scientifically measuring by using smartwatch and surveys for seafarers. In addition, we conducted a study to provide sleep though analysis of the environmental factors that influence the sleep efficiency of seafarers. Methods : For scientific measurement of seafarers' sleeping states, we measured the sleep hours and sleep efficiency for at least 3 days by using the healthcare function of smartwatches which are wearable devices. As for subjective sleeping states, we collected data on sleep hours and satisfaction rates on the quality of sleep through a survey. Lastly, as for the environmental factors that affect the sleep efficiency which is measured by smartwatches such as physical environment, bedroom space, bedroom furniture, bedding, a survey by self-evaluation method was conducted. Results : There were significant differences in the scientific sleep hours measurement values for all seafarers and the average sleep hours in the subjective survey. There were significant differences in the scientific sleep efficiency measurements of all the seafarers and the sleep satisfaction of the subjective survey, and there was no correlation between the scientific sleep efficiency and the subjective sleep satisfaction of all the seafarers. Among the environmental factors affecting the sleep efficiency of the seafarers, humidity variable had the most influence, and vibration and illuminance variables were also shown to have a very significant effect. Conclusion : We propose the measuring method that can analyze the quantitative and qualitative sleep states of the seafarers by using small activity recorders. In addition, it is very important to control humidity, vibration, and illuminance among ship environmental factors, and comfort, noise and bedroom size should also be reflected.

Purpose : The study aimed to examine gender-differences in muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness of the erector spinae in young and old subjects. This study also aimed to assess the effect of aging on muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness of the erector spinae in men and women, and compare the trend of the aging effect between the two gender groups. Methods : With the muscle in the relaxed state and subjects in the prone position, a myotonometer was used to quantify muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness, of the erector spinae in 102 participants[46 males (29 young subjects, aged 22.48±2.23 years and 17 old subjects, aged 76.35±3.71 years), 56 females (40 young subjects, aged 20.38±1.43 years and 16 old subjects, aged 74.56±5.40 years)]. Results : The tone and stiffness of the erector spinae muscles were greater in men than in women for both age groups (p<.001-.01), while elasticity did not show a significant difference between men and women. For the direction of change, both male and female groups showed significantly increased tone and stiffness, and decreased elasticity with increasing age (p<.001). For age-related changes, a different tendency was observed between men and women. Men showed a greater increase in tone than women with aging. in contrast, both men and women exhibited a similar decrease or increase in elasticity and stiffness. Conclusion : Gender-differences in the erector spinae in terms of muscle tone and stiffness were observed. Regardless of the age, men had higher muscle tone and stiffness than women, but not elasticity. The erector spinae muscles showed age-related changes in all aspects of muscle tone, elasticity, and stiffness, in both men and women. Notably, men presented greater variation than women in the amount of increase of muscle tone with aging. These findings have implications for musculoskeletal therapeutic approaches, and gender-customized tuning may be indicated for designing exercise interventions to prevent and manage gender-sensitive muscular injuries or diseases and frailty.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was two-fold: to investigate the effects of uncertainty and depression on the quality of life (QoL) of elderly people with chronic diseases and to provide basic data on the physical, emotional, and psychological factors affecting their QoL in the field of physical therapy. Methods : A questionnaire covering uncertainty, depression, and QoL was distributed among 320 elderly people. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to examine the correlation between uncertainty (ambiguity, complexity, inconsistency, and unpredictability), depression, and QoL (physical, psychological, social, and living environment domains) of the respondents; furthermore, multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting the QoL of the respondents with a chronic disease. Results : The sub-factors of uncertainty and QoL-"complexity and social domain" (r=-.295, p<.001), "complexity and living environment domain" (r=-.302, p<.001), and "inconsistency and living environment domain" (r=-.360, p<.001)-showed a negative (-) correlation, as did depression and the sub-factors of QoL-"depression and physical domain" (r=-.782, p<.001), "depression and psychological domain" (r=-.876, p<.001), "depression and social domain" (r=-.668, p<.001), and "depression and living environment domain" (r=-.731, p<.001). The factors affecting QoL were complexity (𝛽=-.122, p<.001), inconsistency (𝛽=-.102, p=.002), unpredictability (𝛽=.112, p<.001), and depression (𝛽=-.850, p<.001). The relative influence of the independent variables was in the order of depression, complexity, unpredictability, and inconsistency, and the explanatory power was 77.1 % (F=215.853, p<.001). Conclusion : It is important to help the elderly with chronic diseases reduce the negative impact on their quality of life by helping them gain support from their families and medical professionals and by increasing their understanding through communication so that they can transition from negative emotions to positive emotions of opportunity.

Purpose : In this study, rectus abdominis relaxation intervention was administered to office workers who were experiencing low back pain due to sitting for extended periods of time in an incorrect posture. This study aimed to develop an effective treatment program for individuals who experience low back pain. This was done by verifying changes using the Korean Oswestry Disability Index (K-ODI) and considering kyphosis. Both factors are related to low back pain. Methods : This study included 39 office workers with low back pain. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups. 1) The functional massage and self-stretching (FAS) group (n=14). 2) The diaphragmatic breathing and self-stretching (DAS) group (n=13). 3) The self-stretching (S) group (n=12). All groups applied the intervention for 30 minutes a day, thrice a week for four weeks. All participants were evaluated using the K-ODI and thoracic kyphosis measurements before and after the intervention. Results : The findings of this study are as follows. All three groups had improved K-ODI scores after the intervention. The FAS and DAS groups showed a greater effect than the S group. However, there was no difference in effect between the FAS and DAS groups. Kyphosis was not improved in any of groups after the intervention, and there was no difference between the three groups. Conclusion : This study showed that the FAS, DAS, and S programs were effective relaxation interventions that improved the K-ODI for office workers with low back pain. The FAS and DAS programs were more effective than the S program. Therefore, it is recommended to combine relaxation and stretching of the rectus abdominis muscle for office workers who experience low back pain. Clinically, a relaxation intervention that is most appropriate for the patient, depending on his or her condition, should be.

Purpose : The study aims to determine the effects of virtual and non-virtual realities in a normal person's mirror walk on gait characteristics. Methods : Twenty male adults (Age: 27.8 ± 5.8 years) participated in the study. Reflection markers were attached to the subjects for motion analysis, and they walked in virtual reality environments with mirrors by wearing goggles that showed them the virtual environments. After walking in virtual environments, the subjects walked in non-virtual environments with mirrors a certain distance away after taking a 5 min break. To prevent the order effect caused by the experiential difference of gait order, the subjects were randomly classified into groups of 10 and the order was differentiated. During each walk, an infrared camera was used to detect motion and the marker positions were saved in real time. Results : Comparison between the virtual and non-virtual reality mirror walks showed that the movable range of the leg joints (ankle, knee, and hip joints), body joints (sacroiliac and atlantoaxial joints), and arm joints (shoulder and wrist joints) significantly differed. Temporal characteristics showed that compared to non-virtual gaits, the virtual gaits were slower and the cycle time and double limb support time of virtual gaits were longer. Furthermore, spacial characteristics showed that compared to non-virtual gaits, virtual gaits had shorter steps and stride lengths and longer stride width and horizontally longer center of movement. Conclusion : The reduction in the joint movement in virtual reality compared to that in non-virtual reality is due to adverse effects on balance and efficiency during walking. Moreover, the spatiotemporal characteristics change based on the gait mechanisms for balance, exhibiting that virtual walks are more demanding than non-virtual walks. However, note that the subject group is a normal group with no abnormalities in gait and balance and it is unclear whether the decrease in performance is due to the environment or fear. Therefore, the effects of the subject group's improvement and fear on the results need to be analyzed in future studies.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Kaltenborn-Evjenth (KE) joint mobilization of the distal radioulnar joints (RUJ) and proximal RUJ in distal radius fractures (DRFs) on range of motion (ROM), grip strength (GS), and patient-written wrist evaluation (PRWE) in each group once, thrice, or fivefold. Methods : Forty-two subjects participated in this study. We divided the subjects with DRFs into groups applying KE concepts RUJ mobilization once, thrice, and fivefold. The patients' ROM and GS were measured using a joint goniometer and dynamometer, respectively. Pain and function were also assessed using a PRWE. In the statistical analysis, all data were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and paired t-tests were performed for within-group before-and-after comparisons of each intervention. One-way analysis of variance was used for between-group comparisons of differences. All statistical significance levels were set at α=.05. Results : There were significant differences in the ROM in all three groups before and after the intervention (p<.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups. There were significant differences in the GS in the three groups before and after the intervention (p<.05), but there were no significant differences between the groups. In the pain part of the PRWE, all three groups had significant differences before and after intervention (p<.05), but there was no significant difference between the groups. In the functional part of the PRWE, there were significant differences in the three groups before and after intervention (p<.05), but no significant difference occurred between the groups. Conclusion : Based on the aforementioned results, there were no significant between-group differences in ROM, GS, and PRWE (pain and function) after the application of the K-E joint mobilization to DRFs once, thrice, and fivefold. Nevertheless, there were significant within-group differences in all the above.

Purpose : This systematic review examined evidence published 2000-2021 for occupational therapy interventions for adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (adult ADHD). Methods : In order to find out the studies on the effect occupational therapy intervention on individuals with adult ADHD, studies published from 2000 to February 2022 were searched on Google Academic Search. The keywords used were "adult ADHD" AND "Occupational therapy". A total of 785 studies were searched, and from these, 3 studies were selected based on the application of the selection and exclusion criteria. The included studies comprised of 1 Quasi-experimental design study(one group pre-post test) and 2 randomized controlled trials design studies. The included studies were analyzed in PICO(patients, intervention, comparison, outcomes). Results : As a result of analysing the subjects of the included studies, subjects diagnosed with adult ADHD or classified as high-risk group in Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale test, the number of subjects was 97, and the average age was about 33 years old. Occupational therapy intervention methods for adult ADHD include Tailored Intervention, Computerized Cognitive Training, and Cognitive-Functional Intervention. The Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale was the most used to check the symptoms of ADHD, and the COPM was used the most to measure the effects of occupational therapy interventions. The dependent variables of occupational therapy intervention were occupational performance, quality of life, executive function (behavioral regulation, metacognition), self-regulation function, stress management, and sustained attention. The effect of the intervention was statistically significant in 78.5% of the total. Conclusion : It is expected that the results of this study can be used as basic data for evidence-based practice for occupational therapists to apply adult ADHD interventions. In the field of occupational therapy in Korea, research on various interventions that can improve the occupational performance of adults ADHD should be conducted.