Purpose : This meta-analysis was aimed at guiding future research in stroke treatment and to provide real-world data relating to the effects of aquatic exercise therapy on balance in patients with chronic stroke. Methods : We performed a meta-analysis comprising 22 studies involving aquatic exercise therapy performed between 2006 and 2017. A meta-analysis software program was used to calculate the mean effect size, effect size by intervention, and effect size by outcome. We also performed a meta-regression analysis and an analysis of publishing bias. Results : The mean effect size was 0.563. The effect size by outcome was observed to be the largest for the functional reach test, followed by the Berg balance scale, balance equipment, the Timed Up and Go test and one leg standing. Meta-regression analysis showed that effect size increased with an increase in the duration, number, length of exercise session. Conclusion : Aquatic exercise therapy appears to show a moderate effect on balance in patients with chronic stroke. A meta-analysis is warranted for further research to determine the effects of aquatic exercise on walking, muscle strength, and range of motion.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the respiratory cycle and posture can modulate the autonomic nervous system. Methods : Thirty-two healthy men and women, aged 20-30 years, were enrolled in this study. We conducted 2-second and 6-second respiratory cycle with the subjects in standing, sitting, and supine positions, respectively. Their heart rate variability was measured in each position for both cycle lengths. Results : The low frequency/high frequency (LF/HF) ratio is derived from heart rate variability. In the 2-second respiratory cycles, the LF/HF ratios were highest in standing, sitting, and supine position in descending order. There was a significant difference in heart rate between standing and sitting positions (P<.005). In addition, there was a significant difference in heart rate between standing and supine position (P<.000). In the 6-second respiratory cycles, the LF/HF ratios were again highest in a standing, sitting, and supine position in descending order. However, posture was not found to make a significant difference in this case. Conclusion : Respiratory cycle and posture effectively modulated the autonomic nervous system. Further studies of the clinical application of these results should be conducted.

Purpose : The aim of this study was to investigate the influences of personality traits on depression and quality of life of stroke outpatients receiving rehabilitation therapy. Methods : The current study included 52 outpatients who received occupational therapy in a rehabilitative and general hospital located in Incheon. Their personality traits were assessed using the Big Five Inventory-Korean Version (BFI-K), and depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Quality of life was evaluated using the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) scale. The collected data were analyzed to identify the effects of personality traits on depression and quality of life using a multiple regression analysis. Result : Neuroticism and depression were significantly correlated (p<.05), and neuroticism and agreeableness were significantly correlated with quality of life (p<.05). Additionally, depression and quality of life were significantly correlated (p<.05). Neuroticism affected depression significantly ($R^2=.503$, p<.05). Among the five personality traits, neuroticism, agreeableness, and extraversion had a significant effect on quality of life ($R^2=.474$, p<.05). Conclusion : These findings suggest that personality traits need to be considered in order to improve the quality of life of stroke patients.

Purpose : The aim of this study is to compare the trunk muscle activities in trunk stabilization on the stable and unstable supporting surfaces using by sEMG. Methods : The subjects of this study include seventeen male. We measured sEMG activities of rectus abdominis and erector spine in subjects during trunk stabilization such as plank exercise, quadruped position, quadruped position with rising hand and foot on the stable and unstable surface. Results : sEMG activities in plank exercise was significantly higher in left rectus abdominis and left erector spine on unstable surface then stable surface (p<.05). sEMG activities of left rectus abdominis and left erector spine in quadruped position was significantly higher in unstable surface than stable surface (p<.05). In comparison with posture, Plank exercise showed a significant difference increase other postures (p<.05). Conclusion : sEMG activities of muscle in trunk stabilization was significantly higher in unstable surface than stable surface and plank exercise. So, we suggest that trunk stabilization on the unstable supporting surface and plank exercise were more effective method than stable surface to improve trunk muscles activities.

Purpose : This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of an task oriented training program combined with action-observation on balance and gait ability of patients with chronic stroke. Method : The subjects of this study were 30 patients with hemiplegia who agreed to participate and were picked up. Participants were randomly divided into equal groups; namely, an experimental group that underwent task oriented training combined with action-observation for at least 30 minutes/day for 6 weeks and a control group that underwent general task-oriented training. Patients' balance was assessed using the Sway Length, Sway Area and Limit of Stability test. In addition, gait ability was assessed using the 10 Meter Walking Test to measure the taken to walk 10 meters. Gait time and speed taken to walk 10 meters were used to examine gait ability. Results : There were significant improvements in the subscales of the balance and gait ability test of those who participated in the action-observational training program, while the control group showed only significant changes in the evaluation items of the sway length in eyes opened condition and gait time. Conclusion : Therefore, Action-observational training program effectively improved the balance and gait ability in patients with stroke.

Purpose : In this research, I tried to examine the effect of handwork activities through group activities on self-esteem and sympathy index. Method : In this research, for men and women enrolled in K university, we explain sufficiently the purpose and method of research and randomly assign to 20 training group and 20 control group for those who agreed with experiment we divided handwork activities twice a week from november 18, 2016 to December 6, six times in total for 30 minutes. Results : Compared with self-esteem among groups, group training exercises showed higher interpersonal relationships than control group, and self-accepted items and self-efficacy items decreased. empathy comparison that group fits according to arbitration period compared with group control training group, group of training exercise high emotional sympathy items and social skills items appear high, cognitive sympathy items are low. Conclusion : From the results of this study, it turned out that the activities of handwork by group improved interpersonal relationships, emotional sympathy and social skills. In light of the results of these studies, it can be considered that better results can be obtained when applied to children and young people who are forming self-esteem and cognitive sympathy. In future research, further studies based on age, sex and further research corresponding to each situation, student's self esteem and a broader material for developing program necessary for cognitive sympathy can be obtained.

Purpose : This study investigated the effects of low-intensity muscle training on neurotransmitters associated with depression and emotion regulation disorders in survivors with stroke who were diagnosed with depression or emotion regulation disorder. Methods : Survivors of chronic stroke diagnosed with depression or emotion regulation disorder (n = ) were included in the study. Concentrations of serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine were measured before and after. Low-intensity muscle training was performed once a day for 50 minutes, 5 times a week for 10 weeks. Result : Levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and epinephrine improved significantly after intervention (p < .05). Conclusion : These results confirm that low-intensity muscle training has a positive effect on neurotransmitter concentrations in survivors with stroke diagnosed with depression and emotion regulation disorders. Future studies should analyze the changes in neurotransmitters in more detail using various exercise methods and intensities to investigate their effects on depression and emotion regulation disorders.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to figure out the changes of normal people's balance ability when squat exercise in the condition of visual blocked or non-visual blocked on the stable or the unstable surfaces. Also, this study intended to assess balance ability more objectively and in a more diversified ways by using Biorescue. Methods : This study randomly assigned all the subjects to 4 groups; visual blocked or non-visual blocked on the stable surface or the unstable surface. Subjects were given 3 sets of squat exercises per day, 3 times a week for 3 weeks. At the beginning and the end of the exercise for 3 weeks, subjects measured balance ability using Biorescue and Lower Quarter Y-balance Test to evaluate the improvements of before and after. Results : All the groups showed the differences in the balance ability on the Biorescue and The Lower Quarter Y-balance test before and after the exercise. Among these groups, a group with condition of visual blocked on the stable surface showed the highest improvements. And also, it showed significant differences compared to other groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Using squat combined with variables according to this study, it can be utilized for rehabilitation of the aged and preparation of healthier life.

Purpose : This study was designed to examine the blood glucose control and increase immunity effects of ${\beta}-glucan$ added cooked barley noodle in streptozotocin-induced diabetes mice with a high-fat diet. Method : Forty-eight male ICR mice (6-week-old) were fed AIN-93 diet for 4 weeks. Mice were divided into six groups: normal, diabetic, cooked barley noodle, ${\beta}-glucan$ (5 %) control and two experimental groups (${\beta}-glucan$ 2.5 % and 5 %, cooked barley noodle contained diet with ${\beta}-glucan$ 2.5 % and 5 % w/w). Diabetes mellitus was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg). Result : Blood glucose level was significantly decreased in groups consuming cooked barley noodles, but no significant difference was exhibited in diabetic and ${\beta}-glucan$ control group. These results were in accordance with the result of oral glucose tolerance test. Blood interfereon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ was measured in order to identify increase immunity effect of ${\beta}-glucan$ in diabetic mice. Inhibited $IFN-{\gamma}$ concentration was recovered in cooked barley noodle and ${\beta}-glucan$ control group. Moreover, $IFN-{\gamma}$ concentration was dramatically elevated in ${\beta}-glucan$ contained cooked barley noodle groups in a dose dependent manner. Streptozotocin induced AST and ALT activities were decreased in ${\beta}-glucan$ contained cooked barley noodle groups with a strong lipid lowering effect. Conclusion : Although addition of ${\beta}-glucan$n did not give any significant synergistic effect on cooked barley noodle in blood glucose regulation, suppressed $IFN-{\gamma}$ production by STZ was dramatically enhanced by ${\beta}-glucan$ supplementation in a dose dependent manner. Liver function and blood lipid profile were also in accordance with the increase immunity effect of ${\beta}-glucan$. Consequently, ${\beta}-glucan$ added cooked barley noodle can be consumed as good diets for patients with chronic diseases with reduced immunity.

Purpose : Various studies effects of mental practice. However, there is a lack of research on the effects of practice on postural alignment. Therefore this study to the effect of ankle exercise combined with mental practice on postural alignment of legs. Method : Subjects were randomly assigned to mental practice group (experimental group n=15) and general exercise group (control group n=15). Postural alignment was the hip, knee, and ankle joints. When viewed from the side, an arbitrary point in front of the malleolus makes a straight line with the plumb line. Exercise was performed a week for weeks. Exercise programs included muscle strengthening, relaxation, and proprioception exercise. The experimental group mental practice. Result : Both groups showed significant differences in postural alignment ankle joint, knee joint, and hip joint. In particular, the experimental group showed a larger change than the control group. However, significant difference in postural alignment change only the knee joint (p<0.05), and there was no significant difference the hip joint (experimental group=$0.77{\pm}0.81$, control group=$0.87{\pm}1.13$) and ankle joint (experimental group=$0.52{\pm}0.63$, control group=$0.48{\pm}0.41$). Conclusion : This study suggests that mental practice is effective as an exercise method postural alignment. Mental practice also expected to be musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, additional studies should be conducted to verify the effect of mental practice on the alignment of various parts.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the McKenzie cervical exercise program on cervical pressure pain and balance in industrial workers. Method : The subjects, who consisted of 26 industrial workers, were randomly divided into two groups. The control group (n=13) went about their daily living routines. The other group (n=13) used the McKenzie cervical exercise program for 6 weeks (2 to 3 times/day). Pressure threshold and balance ability tests were completed before and after the experiment. The balance test was performed both with the eyes open and closed in a standing position. Result : There were significant improvements in the pressure threshold and balance ability test for the McKenzie cervical exercise program group (p<.05), while the control group showed no significant changes (p>.05). Conclusion : The above results revealed that the McKenzie cervical exercise program is effective in improving balance and cervical pressure pain.

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of increased brain activity on the muscle endurance and the effect of brain activation through the combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise on elderly woman. Methods : To investigate the effect of the muscle endurance on right leg, muscle endurance was evaluated by measuring the surface EMG of the muscles of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius muscle. Results : There was a significant difference in the pre and post comparisons of muscle endurance on rectus femoris, biceps femoris, tibialis anterior muscle (p<.05). Difference of Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise group median frequency was smaller than control group (p<.05). There was not a significant difference in the pre and post comparisons of muscle endurance on biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius muscle. Difference of Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise group median frequency was showed a similar pattern. Conclusion : Through these results, It was found that increasing the brain activity by the transcranial direct current stimulation improves the exercise capacity on the elderly women. Combination of transcranial direct current stimulation and aerobic exercise maybe applied as an effective treatment for improving muscular endurance.