• Wind and Structures
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.585-601
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• 2014

The effect of multiple roughness changes close to a building site was examined through three dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations conducted in a virtual boundary layer wind tunnel (V-BLWT). The results obtained were compared with existing wind speed models, namely ESDU-82026 and Wang and Stathopoulos (WS) model. The latter was verified by wind tunnel tests of sixty nine cases of multiple roughness patches, and also with a simplified 2D numerical model. This work extends that numerical study to three dimensions and also models roughness elements explicitly. The current numerical study shows better agreement with the WS model, that has shown better agreements with BLWT tests, than the ESDU model. This is in contrast to previous results of Wang and Stathopoulos, who concluded that CFD shows better agreement with the ESDU model. Many cases were simulated in a V-BLWT that has same dimensions as BLWT used in the original experiment and also in a reduced symmetrical version (S-BLWT) that takes advantage of regular arrangement of roughness blocks. The S-BLWT gives results almost identical to V-BLWT simulations, while achieving significant reduction on computational time and resources.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2012

To compute a permeability coefficient along a rough fracture that takes into account the fracture geometry, this study performed detailed measurements of fracture roughness using a confocal laser scanning microscope, a quantitative analysis of roughness using a spectral analysis, and a homogenization analysis to calculate the permeability coefficient on the microand macro-scale. The homogenization analysis is a type of perturbation theory that characterizes the behavior of microscopically inhomogeneous material with a periodic boundary condition in the microstructure. Therefore, it is possible to analyze accurate permeability characteristics that are represented by the local effect of the facture geometry. The Cpermeability coefficients that are calculated using the homogenization analysis for each rough fracture model exhibit an irregular distribution and do not follow the relationship of the cubic law. This distribution suggests that the permeability characteristics strongly depend on the geometric conditions of the fractures, such as the roughness and the aperture variation. The homogenization analysis may allow us to produce more accurate results than are possible with the preexisting equations for calculating permeability.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 섬유의 표면 거칠기를 조사하기 위하여 tetraethyl orthosilicate, 에탄올, 증류수 및 염산의 혼합 용액을 이용하여 실리케이트 섬유를 제조하였다. $80^{\circ}C$에서 증발시킨 점성용액으로부터 섬유를 인상하여 제조하였으며, 건조된 겔 섬유는 건조공기를 흘려보내며(flow rate = ∼200 m1/min) $1000^{\circ}C$, $1100^{\circ}C$, $1200^{\circ}C$ 및 $1300^{\circ}C$로 60분간 최종열처리를 행하였다 열처리된 섬유의 결정화도는 X-선 회절 $\theta$-2$\theta$ 분석을 통하여 행하였으며, 표면 특성을 조사하기 위하여 전계 방사 주사 전자현미경과 원자간력 현미경을 이용하였다. $1300^{\circ}C$로 열처리된 실리케이트 섬유는 높은 root mean square 거칠기 값을 보였으며, 비교적 불균질한 표면 구조를 가지고 있었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.79-86
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• 2004

암석 내 균열을 따른 수리전도도는 균열의 기하학적 요소, 즉 방향, 간극, 거칠기 그리고 상호 연결도에 주로 좌우된다. 따라서, 균열 내 투수계수를 정확하게 계산하기 위해서는 이와 같은 기하 요소들을 최대한 계산모델에 반영할 필요가 있다. 이 연구에서는 균열 기하양상을 최대한 정확히 반영한 균열모델에서 기존 수치해석과는 다른 새로운 방법인 균질화 해석법(homogenization analysis method)을 이용하여 균열을 따른 투수계수를 구하기 위해 수치해석을 수행하였다. 먼저, 공초점 레이저 스캔 현미경(Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope)을 이용하여 암석시료의 균열 조도와 균열에 가한 수직압축력의 변화에 따른 간극 변화량을 직접 측정하고, 이와 같이 획득한 자료는 균열모델 재현을 위한 입력자료로 사용되었다. 재현된 균열모델을 토대로 한 균질화 해석법은 미시규모(microscale) 매질특성과 거시규모(macroscale) 매질특성을 동시에 고려하여 투수계수를 계산할 수 있는 것이다. 즉, 균질화 해석법은 주기적 미세구조(microstructure)를 갖는 미소 불균질 물질의 거동특성을 구명하기 위해 개발된 새로운 형태의 섭동(perturbation) 이론이다. 이는 균질한 미시규모에서 미시 투수특성을 계산한 후, 거시규모에서의 균질화 투수계수를 계산하게 된다. 그러므로, 이 방법은 균열 기하양상의 국부적 영향을 고려한 투수특성을 정확히 해석할 수 있다. 균질화법을 이용한 투수계수 산정결과를 기존 연구에서 제안한 경험식과 비교하여 그 타당성을 검증하기 위해 전술한 2차원 균열모델을 이용한 투수계수 계산을 수행하였다. 균열모델은 거칠기(roughness)를 반영하고 동일한 간극을 할당한 평행판 모델을 가정하였다. 계산결과에 의하면, 균질화 해석법에 의해 계산한 C-투수계수는 실내투수시험에 의해 구한 투수계수와 같은 범위의 값을 가지거나 $10^1$ 정도의 차이를 보여, 그 계산결과는 타당하다고 볼 수 있다. 그러나, 균질화 해석법은 국부적으로 불균질한 균열 기하양상과 물질특성이 미시규모와 거시규모에서 모두 고려되므로, 이들 특성을 정확히 알고 있을 경우 기존에 제안된 경험식들에 의한 계산결과 보다 균질화 해석법의 결과가 훨씬 정확함을 주목하여야 한다.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제6권S1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 1997

Optical and mechanical characteristics of $TiO-2, ZrO_2 \;and\; SiO_xN_y$ thin films prepared by ion assisted deposition (IAD) were investigated. IAD films were bombarded by Ar or nitrogen ion beam from a Kaufman ion source while they were grown in as e-beam evaporator. The result shows that the Ae IAD increases the refractive index and packing density of $TiO_2 films close to those of the bulk. For $ZrO_2$ films the Ar IAD increases the average refractive index decreases the negative inhomogeneity of refractive index and reverses to the positive inhomogeneity. The optical properties result from improved packing density and denser outer layer next to air The Ar-ion bombardment also induces the changes in microstructure of $ZrO_2$ films such as the preferred (111) orientation of cubic phase increase in compressive stress and reduction of surface roughness. Inhomogeneous refractive index SiOxNy films were also prepared by nitrogen IAD and variable refractive index of $SiO_xN_y$ film was applied to fabricate a rugate filter.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.363-378
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• 2005

Statement of problem. Hydroxyapatite(HA) coated titanium surfaces have not yet showed the reliable osseointegration in various conditions. Purpose. This study was aimed to investigate microstructures, chemical composition, and surface roughness of the surface coated by the hydrothermal method and to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal coating on the cell attachment, as well as cell proliferation. Material and Methods. Commercially pure(c.p.) titanium discs were used as substrates. The HA coating on c.p. titanium discs by hydrothermal method was performed in 0.12M HCl solution mixed with HA(group I) and 0.1M NaOH solution mixed with HA(group II). GroupⅠ was heated at 180 $^{\circ}C$ for 24, 48, and 72 hours. GroupⅡ was heated at 180 $^{\circ}C$ for 12, 24, and 36 hours. And the treated surfaces were evaluated by Scanning electron microscopy(SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), X-ray diffraction method(XRD), Confocal laser scanning microscopy(CLSM). And SEM of fibroblast and 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay were used for cellular responses of the treated surfaces. Results. The color of surface changed in both groups after the hydrothermal process. SEM images showed that coating pattern was homogeneous in group II, while inhomogeneous in group I. H72 had rosette-like precipitates. The crystalline structure grew gradually in group II, according to extending treatment period. The long needle-like crystals were prominent in N36. Calcium(Ca) and phosphorus(P) were not detected in H24 and H48 in EDS. In all specimens of group II and H72, Ca was found. Ca and P were identified in all treated groups through the analysis of XPS, but they were amorphous. Surface roughness did not increase in both groups after hydrothermal treatment. The values of surface roughness were not significantly different between groups I and II. According to the SEM images of fibroblasts, cell attachments were oriented and spread well in both treated groups, while they were not in the control group. However, no substantial amount of difference was found between groups I and II. Conclusions. In this study during the hydrothermal process procedure, coating characteristics, including the HA precipitates, crystal growth, and crystalline phases, were more satisfactory in NaOH treated group than in HCl treated group. Still, the biological responses of the modified surface by this method were not fully understood for the two tested groups did not differ significantly. Therefore, more continuous research on the relationship between the surface features and cellular responses seems to be in need.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2013

Ultra-fine planing and micro punching are separately used for improving surface roughness and machining dot patterns, respectively, of metal molds. If these separate machining processes are applied for machining of identical molds, there could be an aligning mismatch between the machine tool and the mold. A hybrid machining system combining ultra-fine planing and micro punching was newly developed in this study in order to solve this mismatch; hybrid process technology was also developed for machining dot patterns on a mirror surface of a metal mold. The hybrid machining system has X, Y, and Z axes, and a cam axis for ultra-fine planing. The cam axis and attachable and removable solenoid actuators for micro punching can make large and small sizes of dot patterns, respectively. Ultra-fine planing was applied in the first place to improve the surface roughness of a metal mold; the measured surface roughness was about 20nm. Then, micro punching was applied to machine dot patterns on the same mold. It was possible to control the diameter of the dot patterns by changing the input voltage of the solenoid actuator. Before machining, severe inhomogeneous plastic deformation around the machined dot patterns was also removed by annealing heat treatment. Therefore, it was verified that metal molds with dots patterns for optical products can be machined using a hybrid machining system and the hybrid process technology developed in this study.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

소오스와 드레인 근처에 포켓이온이 주입된 halo구조의 MOSFET에서 전송자의 이동도 감소는 포켓이온주입의 조건에 따라 이온화된 불순물의 증가에 따른 쿨롱(Coulomb) 산란율의 증가에 의한 이동도의 감소량보다 큰 이동도의 감소가 관측될 수 있다. 게이트 바이어스에 대한 이동도의 특성변화도 기존의 일차적인 쿨롱산란의 증가효과에 의한 해석과 비교하여 상이한 결과가 나타날 수 있음이 실험적으로 확인되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 포켓이온 주입에 의하여 쿨롱산란원이 되는 유효불순물 농도의 증가에 따른 일차적인 이동도의 감소효과를 벗어난 이동도 특성을 분석하여 이동도의 감소현상을 일반적으로 설명할 수 있는 개선된 해석적 모델을 제시하였다. 해석적인 결과를 도출하기 위하여 일차원 영역구분의 근사방법을 적용한 결과, 포켓이온 주입에 의하여 포논산란율 및 표면산란율(surface roughness scattering rate)의 증가도 이동도감소에 기여함이 보여 졌다. 채널의 전송자분포가 드레인 전류에 영향을 미치게 되므로 포켓이온에 의해 유발된 전송자분포의 효과를 분석하여 유효이동도가 추가적으로 감소함을 확인하였다.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.410-420
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• 2006

Epitaxial 성장에서 screening 및 steering 효과 등과 같은 증착과정 중 나타나는 dynamic effects를 kinetic Monte Carlo 시뮬레이션으로 고찰하였다. 증착원자와 토대 원자와의 상호 작용을 엄밀하게 고려하기 위해 이 시뮬레이션 프로그램에 molecular dynamics 시뮬레이션을 결합시켰다. 기울어진 각도로 증착 시킬 경우 표면의 형상은 1) 증착 각도가 기울어짐에 따라 거칠기가 증가한다는 것, 2) 비대칭적인 언덕의 형성된다는 것, 그리고 3) 언덕의 면방향에 따라 비대칭적인 기울기를 갖는다는 세가지 특징을 보았다. 증착 각도나 온도 의존성에 대한 시뮬레이션 결과는 기존의 실험 결과와 잘 일치하는 것을 확인하였다. 기울어진 각도로 증착했을 때 나타나는 이러한 결과는 steering과 screening 효과에 따른 초기 증착 밀도의 불균일에 기인함을 알 수 있었고, 여기서 steering 효과가 screening 효과 보다 주요한 역할을 하는 것을 보았다. 시뮬레이션 계산에서 확인된 새로운 결과는 기울기 선택 (slope selection)이 이루어졌어도 언덕의 각 면이 단일한 기울기로 형성되어 있지 않고 여러 종류의 facet가 섞인 형태이며, 따라서 기울기 선택이 바로 facet 선택을 의미하지는 않는다는 것이다.

• 대기
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.113-141
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• 2021

The impacts of ice clouds on the energy budget of the Earth and their representation in climate models have been identified as important and unsolved problems. Ice clouds consist almost exclusively of non-spherical ice crystals with various shapes and sizes. To determine the influences of ice clouds on solar and infrared radiation as required for remote sensing retrievals and numerical models, knowledge of scattering and microphysical properties of ice crystals is required. A conventional method for representing the radiative properties of ice clouds in satellite retrieval algorithms and numerical models is to combine measured microphysical properties of ice crystals from field campaigns and pre-calculated single-scattering libraries of different shapes and sizes of ice crystals, which depend heavily on microphysical and scattering properties of ice crystals. However, large discrepancies between theoretical calculations and observations of the radiative properties of ice clouds have been reported. Electron microscopy images of ice crystals grown in laboratories and captured by balloons show varying degrees of complex morphologies in sub-micron (e.g., surface roughness) and super-micron (e.g., inhomogeneous internal and external structures) scales that may cause these discrepancies. In this study, the current idealized models representing morphologies of ice crystals and the corresponding numerical methods (e.g., geometric optics, discrete dipole approximation, T-matrix, etc.) to calculate the single-scattering properties of ice crystals are reviewed. Current problems and difficulties in the calculations of the single-scattering properties of atmospheric ice crystals are addressed in terms of cloud microphysics. Future directions to develop physically consistent ice-crystal models are also discussed.