• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.39-50
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• 2011

In this paper, we presents a CDR circuit for $2^{nd}$-generation AiPi+, one of the Intra-panel Interface. The speed of the proposed clock and data recovery is increased to 1.25 Gbps compared with that of AiPi+. The DLL-based CDR architecture is used to generate the multi-phase clocks. We propose the simple scheme for frequency detector (FD) to mitigate the harmonic-locking and reduce the complexity. In addition, the duty cycle corrector that limits the maximum pulse width is used to avoid the problem of missing clock edges due to the mismatch between rising and falling time of VCDL's delay cells. The proposed CDR is implemented in 0.18 um technology with the supply voltage of 1.8 V. The active die area is $660\;{\mu}m\;{\times}\;250\;{\mu}m$, and supply voltage is 1.8 V. Peak-to-Peak jitter is less than 15 ps and the power consumption of the CDR except input buffer, equalizer, and de-serializer is 5.94 mW.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2012

Due to the rapid development of network environment and wireless communication technology, the distribution of digital video has made easily and the importance of the protection for digital video has been increased. This paper proposes the digital video encryption system based on multiple chaos maps for MPEG-2 video encoding process. The proposed method generates secret hash key of having 128-bit characteristics from hash chain using Tent map as a basic block and generates $8{\times}8$ lattice cipher by applying this hash key to Logistic map and Henon map. The method can reduce the encryption overhead by doing selective XOR operations between $8{\times}8$ lattice cipher and some coefficient of low frequency in DCT block and it provides simple and randomness characteristic because it uses the architecture of combining chaos maps. Experimental results show that PSNR of the proposed method is less than or equal to 12 dB with respect to encrypted video, the time change ratio, compression ratio of the proposed method are 2%, 0.4%, respectively so that it provides good performance in visual security and can be applied in real time.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1575-1582
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• 2016

In this study, to provide basic information for design of a large-scale recycling system for fishery by-products, the food nutrient components, fertilizer components, and microbial composition of fertilizers and feed which were made of fishery by-products were analyzed before and after fermentation. The results of the analysis of the edible portion of fishery by-products indicated that calories per 100 g of crustaceans were the highest followed by those of fish and brown algae in order of precedence with values as follows; Korean Krill 94 Kcal, Portunus trituberculatus 65 Kcal, Lophiomus setigerus 58 Kcal, and Undaria pinnatifida 16 Kcal. As for changes in amino acids per 100 g of fishery by-products between before and after fermentation, calories per 100 g of P. trituberculatus decreased by 74.7% from 15.7 g to 4.0 g, that of L. setigerus decreased by 61.1% from 11.9 g to 4.6 g, that of Korean Krill decreased by 53.5% from 11.6 g to 5.4 g, and that of U. pinnatifida decreased by 49.4% from 1.7 g to 0.9 g. Among amino acids, those contained in fishery by-product fertilizers (liquid fertilizer) in large amounts were shown to be Glutaminic acid, Aspartic acid, Glycine, Lysin, and Leucine. The lipid content of Korean Krill decreased by 11.9% from 3.2 g to 2.8 g, that of L. setigerus increased by 2.0 times from 1.1 g to 2.2 g, that of P. trituberculatus increased by 4.5 times from 0.4 g to 1.7 g, and that of U. pinnatifida increased by 9.4 times from 0.2 g to 1.9 g. The ash (mineral) content of P. trituberculatus decreased by 82.5% from 26.2 g to 4.6 g, that of U. pinnatifida increased by 27.6% from 3.3 g to 4.2 g, that of Korean Krill increased by 21.9% from 3.1 g to 3.8 g, and that of L. setigerus increased by 88.7% from 1.2 g to 2.2 g. The microbial composition of liquid fertilizer using recycled fishery by-products was shown to be Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Fungi, Yeast, and Lactobacillus sp.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SC
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.16-24
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• 2002

This work describes a 10b 120 MSample/s CMOS pipelined A/D converter(ADC) based on a merged-capacitor switching(MCS) technique for high signal processing speed and high resolution. The proposed ADC adopts a typical multi-step pipelined architecture to optimize sampling rate, resolution, and chip area, and employs a MCS technique which improves sampling rate and resolution reducing the number of unit capacitor used in the multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC). The proposed ADC is designed and implemented in a 0.25 um double-poly five-metal n-well CMOS technology. The measured differential and integral nonlinearities are within ${\pm}$0.40 LSB and ${\pm}$0.48 LSB, respectively. The prototype silicon exhibits the signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio(SNDR) of 58 dB and 53 dB at 100 MSample/s and 120 MSample/s, respectively. The ADC maintains SNDR over 54 dB and the spurious-free dynamic range(SFDR) over 68 dB for input frequencies up to the Nyquist frequency at 100 MSample/s. The active chip area is 3.6 $mm^2$(＝ 1.8 mm ${\times}$ 2.0 mm) and the chip consumes 208 mW at 120 MSample/s.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.42 no.6 s.336
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

In this paper, CMOS A/D converter with 6bit 2GSPS Nyquist input at 1.8V is designed. In order to obtain the resolution of 6bit and the character of high-speed operation, we present an Interpolation type architecture. In order to overcome the problems of high speed operation, a novel One-zero Detecting Encoder, a circuit to reduce the Reference Fluctuation, an Averaging Resistor and a Track & Hold, a novel Buffered Reference for the improved SNR are proposed. The proposed ADC is based on 0.18um 1-poly 3-metal N-well CMOS technology, and it consumes 145mW at 1.8V power supply and occupies chip area of 977um $\times$ 1040um. Experimental result show that SNDR is 36.25 dB when sampling frequency is 2GHz and INL/DNL is $\pm$0.5LSB at static performance.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.68-73
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• 2009

This paper describes design and implementation of a spread spectrum clock generator (SSCG) for the DisplayPort. The proposed architecture generates the spread spectrum clock using a sigma-delta fractional-N PLL. The SSCG uses a digital End order MASH 1-1 sigma-delta modulator and a 9bit Up/Dn counter. By using MASH 1-1 sigma-delta modulator, complexity of circuit and chip area can be reduced. The advantage of sigma-delta modulator is the better control over modulation frequency and spread ratio. The SSCG generates dual clock rates which are 270MHz and 162MHz with 0.25% down-spreading and triangular waveform frequency modulation of 33kHz. The peak power reduction is 11.1dBm at 270MHz. The circuit has been designed and fabricated using in 0.18$\mu$m CMOS technology. The chip occupies 0.620mm$\times$0.780mm. The measurement results show that the fabricated chip satisfies the DispalyPort standard.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

Magnetic Tunneling Junction (MTJ) has been used as a nonvolatile universal storage element mainly in memory technology. However, according to several recent studies, magneto-logic using MTJ elements show much potential in substitution for the transistor-based logic device. Magneto-logic based on MTJ can maintain the data during the power-off mode, since an MTJ element can store the result data in itself. Moreover, just by changing input signals, the full logic functions can be realized. Because of its programmability, it can embody the reconfigurable magneto-logic circuit in the rigid physical architecture. In this paper, we propose a novel 3-bit arbitrary magneto-logic circuit beyond the simple combinational logic or the short sequential one. We design the 3-bit magneto-logic which has the most complexity using MTJ elements and verify its functionality. The simulation results are presented with the HSPICE macro-model of MTJ that we have developed in our previous work. This novel magneto-logic based on MTJ can realize the most complex logic function. What is more, 3-bit arbitrary logic operations can be implemented by changing gate signals of the current drivel circuit.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.113-118
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• 2015

Purpose: In Korea, buildings make up 20.5% (2012) of the gross national energy consumption, so they are a major target for greenhouse gas reduction. In particular, energy consumption in multihousing represents approximately 32.6% of the entire building sector. With improving energy performance being the focus, efforts are continuously being made to reinforce standards and systems in greenhouse gas reduction. This study investigated the current status of multihousing in Korea in terms of energy performance as described in the performance evaluation reports submitted (to an institution that specializes in reviewing the performance evaluation of green homes) based on the construction criteria and performance codes for green homes and examined if the evaluation criteria using related methodologies were appropriate. The results will provide helpful information for reviewing the future directions of operations and amendments to the systems. Method: The overall characteristics of the system were examined using the evaluation methodologies (and current state of revisions) of the performance codes for green homes and comparing them with similar systems. Also, the current state of application and energy performance (conducted according to the evaluation methodologies) were compared by the evaluation institution for multihousing neighborhoods that were assessed for five years from 2010 to 2014. Result: It has been confirmed that the performance codes for green homes are different from other similar systems in evaluating performances of multihousing in that they allow both quantitative and qualitative methods of evaluation, and they consider both energy and sustainability simultaneously in the evaluation. Furthermore, regarding the adoption rate of the forms for the two evaluation methods (Form 1 - quantitative and Form 2 - qualitative), the rate preferring Form 2 increased gradually in time to reach 55.3% in 2014. In analyzing the rate of overall energy reduction (submitted in Form 1) and the coefficient of thermal transmission for each part (submitted in Form 2), it was observed that the deviation between the performance submitted and the criteria decreased in line with the level of reinforcement.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.167-175
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• 2019

Recently, health examination centers have been changing from auxiliary medical facilities to key and independent medical facilities. However, it is not easy to improve medical facilities, including health examination centers, due to the variable characteristics of the relationship between humans and space. Therefore, this study was done to develop a pedestrian-based discrete event simulation analysis program to examine the problems and develop methods for improvement. The program was developed to analyze five evaluation indices and the density of examinees. The problems were derived by analyzing the required time, capacity, and queue size for each examination through simulations. We reduced the examination time and moving distance, increased the capacity, and distributed the queues by adjusting the medical services and relocating the examination rooms. The results were then quantitatively verified by simulations.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.272-280
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• 2016

Chrysanthemum is one of the top floriculture species with ornamental and medicinal value. Although chrysanthemum breeding program has contributed to the development of various cultivars so far, it needs to be advanced from the traditional phenotype-based selection to marker-assisted selection (molecular breeding) as shown in major cereal and vegetable crops. Molecular breeding relies on trait-linked molecular markers identified from genetic, molecular, and genomic studies. However, these studies in chrysanthemum are significantly hampered by the reproductive, genetic, and genomic properties of chrysanthemum such as self-incompatibility, inbreeding depression, allohexaploid, heterozygosity, and gigantic genome size. Nevertheless, several genetic studies have constructed genetic linkage maps and identified molecular markers linked to important traits of flower, leaf, and plant architecture. With progress in sequencing technology, chrysanthemum transcriptome has been sequenced to construct reference gene set and identify genes responsible for developments or induced by biotic or abiotic stresses. Recently, a genome sequencing project has been launched on a diploid wild Chrysanthemum species. The massive sequencing information would serve as fundamental resources for molecular breeding of chrysanthemum. In this review, we summarized the current status of molecular genetics and genomics in chrysanthemum and briefly discussed future prospects.