• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.972-979
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological characteristics of water and ethanol extracts from leaves and stems of Achyranthes japonica. The highest contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid compounds were 58.27 and 42.22 mg/g in water extract from leaves, respectively. The protein content was the highest at 16.42 mg/g in water extract from leaves. Ethanol extract from stems showed the highest content of reducing sugars at 11.35 mg/g. In the measurement of electron donating ability (EDA), ethanol extract from stems showed the highest EDA at 93.41% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Superoxide dismutase-like activity of ethanol extract from leaves was the highest at 8.13% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. In the analysis of nitrate scavenging activity, water extract from leaves showed the highest activity at 94.90% at pH 1.2, and the activity increased as concentration increased and pH decreased. In the measurement of xanthine oxidase inhibition, ethanol extract from stems showed the highest inhibitory activity at 66.67% at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. Especially, nitrate scavenging activities of water extract from leaves were the highest under all pH conditions. These results verify that extracts from leaves of A. japonica have strong antioxidant activity and can be used as an effective antioxidant source for nutraceutical foods, medicines, and cosmetic stuffs.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is verification of the anti-oxidant effect and anti-inflammatory effect of Eggplant-cheongyeolsodokum composed of 8 herbs (Solanum melongena L., Lonicera japonica Thunb., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Angelica gigas Nakai., Coptis deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et Hsiao., Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis., Forsythia suspensa Vahl) to confirm the possibilities as useful cosmetic material. We used the modified prescription of 'cheongyeolsodokum' contained in Korean traditional medical book 'Donguibogam' as composition of Eggplant-cheongyeolsodokum and their proportions. Eggplant-cheongyeolsodokum were extracted with hot water, 70% ethanol and then powdered. To confirm anti-oxidant effect, we investigated radical scavenging ability (DPPH, $ABTS^+$, superoxide), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, total polyphenolic contents. Also to confirm anti-inflammatory effect, we investigated inhibition effect of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages, and Inhibition effect of the expression of inflammatory-related proteins (iNOS, COX-2) by western blot analysis. As a result, Eggplant-cheongyeolsodokum showed good anti-oxidant and anti-inflammation effects, we suggest that it can be used as an active ingredient for cosmetics.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.691-698
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• 2013

The biological activities of Smilax china L. rhizome (SCR), hot water (SCRW) and 70% ethanol extract (SCRE) were analyzed. The total phenolic contents of SCRW and SCRE were 51.7 and 100.5 mg/g, respectively. The measured flavonoid content of SCRW ($67.7{\mu}g/g$) was almost double that of SCRE ($31.7{\mu}g/g$). SCRE ($IC_{50}=42.4{\mu}g/mL$) exhibited stronger antioxidant activity in the DPPH system than the positive control ${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($71.3{\mu}g/mL$) or butylated hydroxy anisole ($53.8{\mu}g/mL$) did. SCRE ($IC_{50}=50.3{\mu}g/mL$) also showed stronger ABTS radical scavenging activity, as did ${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($67.1{\mu}g/mL$). The SOD-like activity and Tyrosinase inhibition activity of SCRW and SCRE showed almost the same pattern. The best SOD-like activity and tyrosinase inhibition activity were measured as 24.9% and 20.3% in SCRW at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of the SCR extracts were analyzed via MTT assay on human cancer and normal cells. SCRW and SCRE did not show cytotoxicity up to the concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ against the normal human cell line HEK293. Against human breast cancer cells (MCF-7), SCRW inhibited MCF-7 growth (by 27.6%) better than the anticancer drug cyclophosphamide (15.5%) at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. SCRE ($1,000{\mu}g/mL$) inhibited the growth of human lung cancer cells A549 (37.6%) and human stomach cancer cells AGS (53.6%) more effective than did SCRW (21.0% and 35.4%) or CPA (22.2% and 31.7%). These results suggest the potential use of SCRE and SCRW as an excellent antioxidant and antiproliferative substance, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.851-858
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• 2015

This study was designed to improve the sensory characteristics and mitigate the bitter taste of Platycodon gradiflorum. It was aimed at investigating the qualitative properties of fermented P. gradiflorum after repeated steaming and drying treatments. P. gradiflorum was heated for 2 hr at $95^{\circ}C$, being the first and third treatments compared afterwards. Lactobacillus plantarum, at a concentration of 10%, was used as starter culture. As a result, the third steaming process and the addition of starter improved the physical and chemical properties of P. gradiflorum i.e., crude saponin and total polyphenol contents increased significantly. Moreover, P. gradiflorum steamed three times and fermented by L. plantarum showed the higher overall preference score. Our results indicated that the three-time steaming and drying was an effective manufacturing process for the production of high-quality fermented P. gradiflorum. Lactic acid-fermented P. gradiflorum also could have a potential use as a valuable resource for the development of functional products.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.97-103
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• 2016

The antioxidant and digestive enzyme inhibitory effects of Eisenia bicyclis extracted by various extraction methods (RE, reflux extraction; SE, ultrasonification extraction; AE, autoclave extraction; LE, low-temperature high-pressure extraction) were investigated. The extraction yield (55.21%) and the laminarin (39.03%), fucoidan (24.75%), total polyphenol (115.68 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (36.67 mg RHE/g) contents of AE were higher than those in other methods. The DPPH radical (86.60%, 500 mg%), ABTS radical (58.56%, 25 mg%), nitrite (86.38%, 100 mg%) scavenging activities of the Eisenia bicyclis extracted by AE were higher than those of Eisenia bicyclis extracted by other methods. The ABTS radical and nitrite scavenging activities were above 98% in all tested Eisenia bicyclis extracts and these activities were dependent on its concentration. The inhibitory effects of AE against amylase (50 mg%) and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase (5 mg%) were 64.76% and 86.71%, respectively. The AE showed the best inhibitory effect of Eisenia bicyclis extracts (50 mg%) against trypsin (24.37%) and ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin (49.05%), respectively. These results suggest that Eisenia bicyclis extracted by AE can be used as a bioactive and functional material in the food industry.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 2005

Free radical-scavenging activities of Korean Bulro Kugi (Lycium chinense Mill) fruit, leaf, and root were evaluated. Total phenolic contents of fruit, leaf, and root were $1,078.4{\pm}61.0$, $939.9{\pm}19.8$, and $3,792.2{\pm}106.6mg/L$, and their flavonoids were $396.7{\pm}15.2$, $1,952.9{\pm}21.3$, and $425.3{\pm}13.5mg/L$, respectively (p<0.001). HPLC revealed main polyphenolic compounds in fruit were p-coumaric and syringic acids in fruit, p-coumaric, syringic, and procatechuic acids in leaf, and p-coumaric, syringic, caffeic, and procatechuic acids in root. Highest radical-scavenging activities of superoxide anion and hydroxyl were found in leaf and root, respectively (p<0.001).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.1478-1484
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• 2009

The antioxidant, antiproliferation, and nitrate synthesis inhibitory effects of Magnolia denudata extracts (ME) were evaluated. The ME was extracted with 70% (v/v) ethanol and fractionated with solvents of hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-buthanol and aqueous. The ethyl acetate fraction contained the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents of 427.10 mg garlic acid eq/g and 356.05 mg catechin eq/g, respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction showed strong 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity with a 50% inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 0.20 mg/mL and total antioxidant activity was 0.90 mg AA eq/100 mg. From the results of cytotoxic effects of HCT116, NCL-H460, and HepG2 human cancer cells by MTT assay on the ME and its solvent fraction, chloroform fraction showed the highest cytotoxic effect ($IC_{50}$ value: 0.14, 0.37, and 0.41 mg/mL, respectively). Nitrate synthesis inhibitory effect of ME and its solvent fractions on nitric oxide synthase activity in LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were decreased in dose-dependent manners, and $IC_{50}$ value of hexane and chloroform fractions were 0.39 and 0.49 mg/mL, respectively.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2014

We developed a method for improving the antioxidant activities of Citrus extracts through cyclic low pressure drying(CLPD) and a high hydrostatic pressure extraction (HPE) process. Citrus fruits were prepared for water extraction at $60^{\circ}C$ and 300 MPa for 5 min (high hydrostatic pressure extraction, HPE5) and 15 min (high hydrostatic pressure extraction, HPE15) after cyclic low pressure drying method. Extraction yields obtained by cyclic low pressure drying and high hydrostatic pressure extraction process were 20.41, 23.47, and 28.19%, respectively. Total polyphenol contents were increased by combined process. Generally, CLPD and HPE resulted in higher yields than the conventional extraction process. Further, HPE15 showed 48.21% DPPH radical scavenging activity (EDA, %) at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$. In general, antioxidant activities of Citrus increased by CLPD and HPE. Therfore, CLPD and HPE of Citrus resulted in higher antioxidant activity than conventional water extraction.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.270-277
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activities of Crataegus pinnatifida which was extracted with water and different concentrations of EtOH (0~100%). The extraction yield of 70% EtOH (33.16%) was higher than that of 50% EtOH (27.79%), water (21.71%), 30% EtOH (21.88%) and 100% EtOH (19.03%). Total polyphenol contents of 50% EtOH extract from C. pinnatifida were the highest. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities were $80.79{\pm}0.83%$ and $34.92{\pm}0.97%$ in 50% EtOH extract, respectively, which were higher than those of other extracts. The inhibitory activities of 50% ethanol extract from C. pinnatifida against advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase were determined to be $27.09{\pm}2.27%$ and $58.87{\pm}0.70%$, respectively. The inhibitory activity of water extract from C. pinnatifida against aldose reductase was higher ($30.68{\pm}1.41%$) than those of other extracts. Overall, 50% EtOH extract from C. pinnatifida showed the highest antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. These results suggest that 50% ethanol extracts from C. pinnatifida have potential as a useful ingredient with antidiabetic and antioxidant effects.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.797-804
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• 2008

In this study, the antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of persimmon leaf tea and green tea were assessed. The total polyphenol contents of green tea (0.5875 mg/mL) were slightly higher than those of persimmon leaf tea (0.3938 mg/mL). The electron-donating abilities (EDA) of persimmon leaf tea and green tea toward $\alpha$, $\alpha$-diphenyl-$\beta$-picyryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical were $65.7{\pm}3.7%$ and $68.4{\pm}0.3%$, respectively, as compared to $68.6{\pm}1.1%$ for L-ascorbic acid (1%). The SOD-like activity of persimmon leaf tea ($29.7{\pm}0.9%$) was higher than that of green tea ($28.1{\pm}1.0%$). The nitrite scavenging ability was pH-dependent, highest at pH 1.2, and lowest at pH 6.0, in and persimmon leaf tea was found to exhibit more effective nitrite scavenging ability than green tea. The inhibitory effects of persimmon leaf tea and green tea against angiotensin I converting enzyme were $56.7{\pm}1.9%$ and $67.1{\pm}1.7%$, respectively. Persimmon leaf tea evidenced profound antimicrobial activities against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coil, and Salmonella typhimurium. These results clearly established the antioxidative and antimicrobial potency of persimmon leaf tea.