• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.13-21
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the actual conditions of Seolleung and Jeongneung historical cultural landscape forests of Joseon Royal Tombs and to prepare systematic preservation and management plans, and the results of the study are as follows. First, in the current situation, vegetation is dominated by Quercus aliena and Pinus densiflora, and it is distributed as Quercus aliena community 21.22%, Pinus densiflora community 21.22% and Pinus densiflora afforestation 3.69%. The main vegetation communities are Pinus densiflora community, Quercus aliena community, Alnus japonica community, Pinus densiflora afforestation, and Pinus koraiensis afforestation. Second, in the measuring of Diameter of Basal Height in eight quadrat, the main species were Pinus densiflora, Quercus aliena and Alnus japonica and the maximum Distribution of Diameter of Basal Height was 20-25cm of Pinus densiflora, 25-30cm of Quercus aliena, and 25-30cm of Alnus japonica. Third, the forest is located between King and Queen's royal tombs in Seolleung, which is not suitable for the form of the tombs. In Jeongneung, the narrow space of the ceremony area shows an unfavorable environment for the formation of pine forests, and the pine forests on the left and right have a different heights that hinders the visual landscape. Fourth, as a management plan for the forests, stray pine trees, which are exotic species, are removed and pine forests are formed along the ridges. After removing the forest between the King and Queen's royal tombs of Seolleung, grass is formed, and the height of the pine forest on the left and right of Jeongneung is adjusted, and pines near the Gokjang are continuously monitored. Visually heterogeneous trees are arranged boldly, the boundary is adjusted to harmonize with the surrounding deciduous trees and maintains a buffer space of about 10m. This study is expected to provide important implications for Joseon Royal Tombs and in the future, the actual conditions of each Joseon Royal Tombs should be understood and appropriate management plans should be prepared.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to find a basic theory about Korean traditional planting pattern by analyzing a characteristic of planting and planted species in Haein, Tongdo and Songkwang Temples. The results are as follows. The planted species in three-treasure temples were 129 taxa; 57 families, 96 genera, 110 species, 12 varieties and 7 forma. The species related in Buddhism were Viburnum sargentii for. sterile, Hydrangea macrophylla for. otaksa and Musa basjoo. They are related in plant form and Buddhist ceremony. The results of forms were 34.1% in trees, 33.3% in shrubs, 3.9% in vine and 28.7% in herbage. The results of leaf fall were 56 taxa in broad-leaved deciduous trees, 27 taxa in broad-leaved evergreen trees and 14 taxa in needle-leaved evergreen trees. The native species were 32 taxa in Haein Temple, 27 taxa in Tongdo Temple and 44 taxa in Songkwang Temple. And the exotic species were 20 taxa, 28 taxa and 44 taxain the Haein, Tongdo and Songkwang Temples, respectively. In the results of analyzing the characteristics of planting, in the case of Haein Temple, Abies holophylla was linearly planted in Yiljumun, and Magnolia denudata was single planted in plant stairs of Haetalmun. In the case of plant stairs of Jeokmukdang, Cephalotaxus koreana was planted at regular intervals. In the case of Tongdo Temple, Celtis sinensis, Zelkova serrata and so forth were planted in Yiljumun, and Phyllostachys nigra was planted in form of screen planting in Youngsanjeon. The form of Hwanghwagak was a planting of symmetry in the center of a building, and the one of Daekwangmyyeongjeon was a mixed planting. The regular planting pattern was not shown in Yiljumun of Songkwang Temple. In the case of Dosungdang, Corunus officinalis was linearly planted in the west. In the case of Gwaneumjeon, Juniperus chinensis var. globosa and Camellia japonica were planted in symmetry. The old aged trees were planted in front of specimens planted in front of Daewoongbojeon.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.85-97
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• 2010

This study analyzed the distribution, structure and environmental condition of the vegetation of the Chionanthus retusus Lindly et Paxton community at the Wansanchielbong in the Jeonju city to offer basic data for sustainable conservation and ecological management system. And the results are as follows; 1. The average pH of soil at the community was pH 5.69 and it was slightly higher than the average of forest soil pH of Korea. But if the degree of pH will be down, it will be needed some more fertilization of Calcium. 2. The total average for contents of organism was 4.98%. And the nitrate - nitrogen content(mg/kg) of A, B, C, D quadrat was 20.29%, 28.87%, 7.65%, and 23.3% respectively. And there were good condition except quadrat C which was contaminated by amount of earth and sand. 3. The flora of the Chionanthus retusus Lindly et Paxton community was listed as 60 taxa; 37 families, 50 genera, 47 species, 10 varieties and 3 forms. The average appearance species of each Quadrat were A sector 30, B sector 26, C sector 19 and D 19 taxa respectively. 4. Surveyed woody plants in the community were as follows : Chionanthus retusus, Zelkova serrata, Quercus variabilis, Cornus walteri, Robinia pseudo-acacia and those were mixed status. And Chionanthus retusus, Zelkova serrata, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Albizzia julibrisin, Cudrania tricuspidata, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa were mixed in mid layer trees. Herbaceous plants were founded such as Chionanthus retusus, Zelkova serrata, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Grewia parviflora, Rosa multiflora, Trachelospermum asiaticum was dominant with 35~64% in the ground cover, and Commelina communis, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Dryopteris bissetiana, Lilium lancifolium were founded also. 5. The importance values of Chionanthus retusus was 40.2% in the quadrat A1, 50.2% at quadrat A, 50.0% B1, 45.2% B2, 22.4% C1, 73.6% C2, 33.2% D1 and the total average of I.V. was 44.9%. 6. The average height of surveyed Chionanthus retusus was 5.7m and the average DBH was 12.4cm. The number of trees higher than 2m were 107 and the number of trees lower than 2m were 63. The total numbers of Chionanthus retusus were 170. 7. The age of surveyed Chionanthus retusus were analyzed 42 thru 87 years old and that of Zelkova serrata were 42, Quercus variabilis were 60, Quercus aliena were 48, Robinia pseudo-acacia were 40. 8. The number of trees with DBH 40 through 50cm were 6, and that of 30~39cm were 3, and that of 20~29cm were 16, so the total number that was over 20cm was 25. And there were 70 trees under 10cm of DBH and 63 seedlings. It will be very important data to conserve the habitat that the structure and environmental condition of the Chionanthus retusus Lindly et Paxton community at the Wansanchielbong was stable, and sustainable monitoring will be needed. Now that community is nurse forest of Jeonju City but more positive preservation plan will be needed and assigning monument of city or province also be necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 2018

In the Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Judas, Greece, and Rome, Phoenix dactylifera was planted in gardens or orchards to signify life, blessing, and victory. Branches of Phoenix dactylifera, likened to high and precious, were referred to one of the gifts to the king in the second century BC and have been used in the Feast of Tabernacles. And they were engraved on the walls of the temple and along with cherub. Besides, Phoenix dactylifera is compared with a righteous person in the Bible since it grows straight despite strong winds. And, it was used as a symbol of honesty, justice, and right. Churches call the week before Easter Palm Sunday since the crowd laid the leaves of date palm trees on the road and shouted "Hosanna" while waving the date palm branches when Jesus entered Jerusalem. Moreover, pilgrim in the Middle Ages was called 'Palmer' in English due to custom of returning with the leaves and branches of date palm trees as a memorial of the Holy Land pilgrimage. This study analyzes naming issue of Phoenix dactylifera through the old literature and 27 versions of the most influential Bibles in History of Bible Translation in Korea, China, and Japan. Phoenix dactylifera is translated into Chinese as '棕櫚(Trachycarpus fortunei)', a native tree of China. 棕櫚 is similar to Phoenix dactylifera, but its fruit and leaf are quite distinct. This being so, translating Phoenix dactylifera as 棕櫚 has a limit to convey symbolic meaning adequately. In the Japanese Bible, on the other hand, Phoenix dactylifera is translated as 'なつめやし(Natsumeyashi)' meant date palm tree. Most of Protestant Bible in Korea use 'Jongryeo' like Chinese Bible while translation in Korean Catholic Bible(2005) varies from one scripture to another: 'Yaja Namu (Palm Tree)' - 38 times, 'Jongryeo Namu' - 5 times, and 'Daechu Yaja Namu (Date Palm Tree)' - 3 times. Date Palm Tree, 'Jongryeo Tree', and Palm Tree don't grow in Korea. However, they had long been recognized as Haejo(海棗), Jongryeo(?櫚), and Yaja(椰子) respectively through China and Japan. Each of them called by a distinct name correspond with its own characteristic and used separately in Korean Classics as Jongryeo and Haejo were identified in ancient Chinese literatures. It seems that more confusion was raised since 'Palm' was translated as 'Jongryeo' in several books including "?藤和英大辭典 (1915)", "Modern 朝鮮外來語辭典(1938)", and "Latin-Korean Dictionary(1995)". However, the Latin term 'Palmae' is translated into English as either palm tree or date palm. The results of this study suggest that more accurate translation of Phoenix dactylifera in the Bible would be 'Daechu Yaja Namu (Date Palm Tree)' and using different name fit for its own characteristic would be more appropriate.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.146-158
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• 2012

This study aims to discussion the characteristics of location and spatial organization of the Seoul Sajikdan that has significance as one of national ceremonial place in Joseon Dynasty to understand its landscape architectural characteristics. To do this, we studied in two ways; review of historical documents and analysis of the present conditions and photographing, research materials about the form of physical structure. Through these ways, the results are as follows. First, in case of construction, Sajikdan took fundamental shape in Tae-jong 16 year(1416), since then it had been changed during Imjin War, reign of Suk-jong, and Japanese Colonial Era. It took present shape through restoration of Seoul Sajikdan in 1998. Second, in case of location, Sajikdan abuts onto southeastern range of Mt. Inwang that is Wubaekho(右白虎) of inner four mountain(內四山) of Hanyang, and it has a topography of west-high-east-low type. Also its territory is up to Maedong elementary school, the office of Sajik-dong, and a Dangun shrine. Third, in case of spatial organization, Sadan and Jikdan are in harmony of Yin-Yang(陰陽) and arranged in the center. As making Yumun and Sinmun(神門) at the center of four side of Yuwon and Juwon(周垣), they show organization of the Five Elements. And subsidiary buildings are thought that its arrangement was considered functional similarity and use convenience. Finally, in case of spatial component, Danyu structures are Sadan and Jikdan that hold a Sajikdaeje(社稷大祭), Yuwon that surround two altars, and Juwon that is outer fence of Yuwon. Architectures are Sajikdan Jeongmun, Sinsil, and Anhyangcheong. Also Prunus yedoensis, Zelkova serrata, Acer palmatum, are planted, but Pinus densiflora was main species and there needs to be replanted suitably to the site.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2010

In reviewing 'Dongkukesangkukjip(東國李相國集)' a selection of prose and poetry describing Toesikje, the house of Kee Heung-soo, a military official in the middle Goryeo Dynasty, the outcome of the study intended to infer garden scenery and landscape culture managed and possessed by high society at that time is outlined as follows. First, Kee Heung-soo, the owner of the house and Lee Kyu-bo, the author of Toesikje Palryeng(退食齋八詠) are thought to be those who first designated the 8 scenic points and recreated the concept of public enjoyment of into the concept of personal enjoyment in Korea. Second, the spatial configuration of the Toesikje garden is presumed to be in the Gee-Seung-Jeon-Gyul(introduction-development-turn-conclusion) style in which a fairyland is built to enjoy a free and peaceful life, while anticipating coming days and pursuing creation-prosperity-transcendence-return. Third, the viewpoint structure of the scenery Wongyeong(Toesikje), Donggyeong(Youngcheondong), Cheonggyeong(Cheokseojung), Myunggyeong(Dokrakwon), Jingyeong(Yeonmukdang), Sigyeong(Yeoneuiji), Yunggyeong(Nokgunheon), and Hyungyeong(Daehoseok) contains a symbolic universal vision of Palchejigyeongsek(the 8 scenic points) which incorporates Samwon(heaven, earth and water) and Obangwi(orientations), and the harmonization principle of the scenic points where the building and garden are harmonized. Fourth, Je, Dang, and Heon, Jeong(齋, 堂, 軒, 亭) are introduced to the garden, and Geehwayeecho, Jingeumgeesoo, Gasan and Goeseok(stone) were used in a variety of ways. Fifth, it was found that the management of Shinseongyeong and enjoyment of Yoosanggoksu events, with the study and seeking of perfect knowledge and discipline, wandering and rest led to a sublime appreciation of aesthetic beauty and divine glory. Sixth, a miniature garden was built to enjoy the view from above, together with the view in the distance, and a culture of secluded living, along with scenery expressing the heart's desire for Utopia was induced.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.22-32
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• 2013

This study aimed to reveal the establishment process and design concept of KoKwan park built in modern Busan, which is called three major park includes YongDuSan park and TaeJeong Park, by analyzing BusanIlbo published modern period in Busan and 'Busan' published modern Busan prefecture. In KoKwan, there was installed DuMoPo Waegwan. The Japanese residents built the cemetery and memorial stone for Tsunohe Heigo's sudden death in the KoKwan hill, who was an envoy dispatched by Tsusima prefecture, in order to enhance awareness of the old territory DuMoPo Waegwan. In 1916, the Japanese residents repaired ruined the place by rasing funds and donated to Busan prefecture. Busan prefecture went public this place as a park. Meanwhile, In order to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the opening of Busan port, Oike Chusuke's memorial statue was built in private house neiboring KoKwan park. He became the richest person in Busan while engaged in commerce and industry since he come to the Busan the year before the opening of Busan port. He donate garden site includes his statue and 10,000 Won for KoKwan park construction expenses to Busan prefecture Busan prefecture invite Oya Rejo, who was Osaka-Hu's landscape designer, to design the KoKwan park. He visited Busan and survey KoKwan park and other Busan's park and submitted the plan to Busan prefecture. His Plan for KoKwan includes shrine and Oike's statue, arboretum and greenhouses, children's play garden, etc. Oya's design concept of KoKwan park was analyzed as follows: the juxtaposition of the sacred and secular, the succession of present landscape context, the complement of parks content, the tool of nation-state formation. KoKwan park was completed with cost 20,000 won, insufficient budget compared with Oya's estimated amount. However, in this thesis, it was not cleared whether Busan prefecture built the park as it was. In 1945, after the independence, KoKwan Park was destroyed due to build Dong-gu Office, houses. The remained subjects from this study are to clarify the process the destruction of the park.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

This thesis aims to research the original landscape of an area in Chirwon by comparing and interpreting the current and the former landscape of the time around 1860, in which was created. Inside the painting, MuGi-YeonDang(舞沂蓮塘), its nearby garden facilities and landscape are described. The conclusions of the research are as follows. Around the inner garden(內園) called Gukdam(菊潭), core spaces of Mugi-YeonDang were Hahwanjeong(何換亭) and Pungyongnu(風浴樓). After 1971, Chunghyosa(忠孝祠), Yeongjeonggak(影幀閣) which was built as inheritance of Giyangseowon (沂陽書院), and other buildings were added. On the opposite of Hahwanjeong, there is a designed pond inside Gukdam, in which three pieces of bizarre stones and colorful flower plants and trees reside. In the middle of the pond, there is an center island(中島), constructed with Bonghwangseok(鳳凰石) and Napduseok(衲頭石). Two different kinds of trees are settled on top of the stones, and one of them is identified as a maple. In the external scenery(外境), Jakdaesan Mountain and Cheonjusan Mountain are located at the upper part of Mugi-Yeondang, and Bibo Forest(裨補林), which does not exist anymore, was located at the lower part of it. A notable achievement in own research was to discover the Ju family's graveyard(朱氏墓群) consisted of more than 10 murals at the lower part of Mt. Jakdaesan in the outer space and the remains of 'Byeoreop(別業) Yuhoejeong(有懷亭)' at the nearby Sanjeong-ri(山亭里) area, which was the Ju family's gravesite(Seonsan, 先山). The discovered remains showed the presence of a square pond(方塘) and an island in the center of it(中島) in the form of Seokgasan(an artificial mountain made with stones), a stone monument called Mangchudae(望楸臺), etc. The Seokgasan was consisted of processed natural stones, and layers of the stones were piled up for it. On the side of the layered stones, 'Gyeongam(敬嵒)' and 'Sesim(洗心)' are engraved. Especially, Gyeongja(letter Gyeong, 敬字) is a copy of the Gyeongja Rock(敬字岩) of Sosu-Seowon(紹修書院), which is a symbolic garden language mutually used in the signboards of Pungyongnu and Musansa(武山祠), a place built to enshrine Ju, Sebung(周世鵬). Through the written names of the building found in , it can be assumed that the name of the square pond with Seokgasan was Taehwaji or Jeongwudang, and the name of the Seokgasan was Sogeumgang(小金剛) or Sobangjang(小方丈). The names correspond to the names of the Seokgasan of Gukdam, which was Yangsimdae(養心臺) and Bongnaesan(蓬萊山). By means of the corresponding names, it can be inferred that the relations between the spaces were intended. was originally created as 'a manor painting(莊園圖)', led by the 15th generation of the Ju family who moved into Chirwon-ri, Haman. The painting describes not only the back garden but also the external scenery, thus it provides important evidences for understanding Mugi-YeonDang and its nearby landscape, and is helpful to its maintenance and restoration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.98-109
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• 2017

The results of this study attempting to graft to the space by cognizing and categorizing the characteristic of the under-toned private property to the tablets of the Zhuozhengyuan are as follows. The tablet of Zhuozhengyuan was typed into three groups. In the A group, the frequency of artificial elements including the top, ship, and head was high, and the main emphasis was on the elegance and integrity spirit that the Sunbi(classical scholar) had to have. It has a characteristic of good architects such as pavilion and Nu(樓) is included and as it is adjacent to the water surface the one side of the building is integrated to the water surface. The B group is characterized mainly by the fact that the scenery is portrayed through the climatic factors including rain, wind, and snow, or the scene atmosphere and it is located at the top of the summit which is good for viewing the scenery. In the C group, plant elements such as lotus, magnolia, plum, and bamboo appeared frequently, and various buildings such as pavilion, Kwan(館), Gak(閣) and Dang(堂) belong to this structure. The structure has the characteristic of integrating directly with the water surface or putting the terrace between and scattering throughout the whole garden. Furthermore, this study identified area characteristics based on the frequency of the tablet type. In the west area, Group A is mostly distributed and the humor and concept implied in the tablet, combined with the shape and location of the scenery, viewpoint of the viewer, and the composition of the landscape, improved the orderliness of the space, which led to expand the scope of the enjoyment to the entire space. Meanwhile, in the middle area, tablets of Group C are mostly distributed, and the unique characteristics and shapes of the woody plants that were used as the name of the tablet were connected with various buildings including pavilion, Dang, Kuan, and Gak, improving the unique identity of the space and forming connection with the world of ideas through unity and independence.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.110-125
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate the constructional facts and the operational features of Hamchunwon(含春苑), a wonyu(苑?, a royal garden) constructed in Dongbu(Eastern District) of the capital city of Hanyang. As the living quarters of the queen dowagers were scheduled for relocation after the construction of Changgyeonggung Palace(昌慶宮) during the reign of King Seongjong(成宗), it is presumed that the screening tree planting project discussed around tongmangcheo(通望處, a place allowing open view) was the original form of Dongbu Hamchunwon. Dongbu Hamchunwon was a longitudinal royal garden built in the area across the section from Wolgeunmun Gate(月覲門) to Seoninmun Gate(宣仁門), which were both attached to the east side walls of Changgyeonggung Palace. The area corresponds to the west side area of the newly built main building of Seoul National University Hospital today. During the Joseon Dynasty, only royal gardens built within a palace were referred to as geumwon(禁苑, a palace garden). But Dongbu Hamchunwon which was built outside a palace was recognized as a symbolic and hierarchical space comparable to geumwon. The site location of Donbu Hamchunwon was an important place that corresponded to Naecheongnyong(內靑龍) according to Hanyang's geomancy, and large-scale public works were prohibited in order to protect the vein of Naecheongnyong. During the reign of King Injo(仁祖), part of Dongbu Hamchunwon was partitioned as a ranch. The area around the ranch was called Madongsan(馬東山) and Bangmawon(放馬苑) and was an open space used for rest and pleasure (amusement). In the early days of Hamchunwon's construction, fast growing trees were planted to screen the view to Changgyeonggung Palace. However, after the construction of Gyeongmogung Shrine(景慕宮), a broad scale tree planting project was undertaken to complement Naecheongnyong's vapor of the earth. In particular, after the construction of Yugeunmum Gate(?覲門) and Yucheommun Gate(?瞻門) during the reign of King Jeongjo(正祖), Dongbu Hamchunwon functioned as a key point on the King's progress for paying respects to the ancestors, which followed the route of Palace(Changgyeonggung)-Wonyu(Hamchunwon)-Ancestral Shrine(Gyeongmogung).