This study determined the effects of television (TV) advertising restriction of Energy-Dense and Nutrient-Poor Foods on product and promotion activities by food companies producing or selling children's favorite foods. A survey using a selfadministered questionnaire was conducted via on-line or fax by marketers or R&D managers from 108 food companies. The data from 55 respondents (50.9%) were analyzed. Restriction exerted positive effects on food products with respect to compliance with labeling requirements (4.0 out of 5 points) and reinforcement of nutritional contents examination of new products (3.7 out of 5 points). Reformulations of products such as reduction of nutrients like sodium, sugar and fat were also reported. In addition, food companies underwent diverse changes in promotional activities, including modification of package designs and displays in stores, offering free gifts, discounts, etc. In conclusion, restriction of TV food advertising may contribute to improvement of children's food environment by encouraging food companies to make favorable product changes. On the other hand, the results also revealed that food companies adopt diverse marketing channels that are not yet under regulation. Hence, to make policies more effective, regulation needs to be extended from TV to other marketing channels to which children are easily exposed.
오늘날, 벤처기업은 국가 경제성장의 핵심적인 역할을 담당한다는 측면에서 그 중요성이 점점 증가하고 있다. 하지만 ICT 벤처기업의 경우 급격한 환경 변화 등으로 인해 지속적인 경쟁우위를 확보하는데 큰 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 이를 해결하기 위한 방안의 하나로써 정부의 지원 정책에 의존하고 있다. 이에 따라, 본 연구는 정부 지원이 ICT 벤처기업의 경영 성과에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하였다. 실증 분석을 위해 2016년 ICT벤처패널조사 데이터를 수집하였고, 자금 및 연구개발 지원 효과를 분석하기 위해 각각 687개와 538개 기업을 선정하였다. 그리고 성향점수매칭을 통해 정부 지원을 받은 기업과 유사한 특성을 가진 기업(대조군)을 비교·분석하였다. 분석 결과, 자금 지원 여부는 ICT 벤처기업의 성장성에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 연구개발 지원 여부는 ICT 벤처기업의 안정성에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 정부의 지원 유형에 따라 ICT 벤처기업의 경영 성과에 차이가 존재함을 의미한다. 본 연구를 통해 정부 정책의 효과에 대해 확인할 수 있었으며, ICT 벤처기업을 육성하기 위해 특정 목적에 맞는 다양한 지원 정책을 추진해야 할 것이다. 또한 향후 ICT 벤처기업의 지속적인 성장을 위해서는 개별적인 자금 지원 또는 연구개발 지원보다 패키지(기술·경영·사업화 등) 형태의 지원에 대해서도 고려할 필요가 있을 것이다.
In Korea, the major of international trade and business introduced in the 1960s to supply trade expert to trading companies, and the heyday of the trade major was in the 1980s. However the trade major fell into decay from the middle of 1990s. The purpose of trade education in university is to supply high qualified employees to societies and companies. The problem is that companies have difficuties for recruiting of trade expert, on the other hand university graduates have few job oppertunies. It has some discrepancies between education and field. The object of this paper is to propose a direction of modification of the trade and international business curriculum for global trade expert. We research international trade and business departments' curriculums of GTEP universities. GTEP stands for global trade expert incubating program started from 2006 which have charge of MOCIE and KITA. First, in the title of department, a lot of former researchers have taken up the position to return "Trade" or "International Trade". We think more important fact is not the title of department but the curriculum, so we insist on a harmony between the department title and curriculums. The focus of modification of curriculum is to educate global trade expert, so we need to know about global business environment and companies' needs also. Second, We propose the directions for modification of curriculum are "convergence" and "specialty". Trade major is a mixed study in nature and trade major try to treat lots of subjects such as trade, business adminstration, economics, international law, international commerce, logistics and marketing etc to catch up changing global business circumstanses and companies' needs. So convergence of adjacent field is very important in study and training. Specialty means selection and concentration strategy for global trade expert. It is difficult to learn every knowledge and skills for employer's needs in 4 years and 140 credits. A students who has studied basic subject in trade, management, economics can choose 1 or 2 specailty subject such as trade and e-commerce, global marketing, logistics and transportation, commerce and policy, servive trade, foreign language and cross culture etc. In concusion, the concept of convergence and specialty is not separation but harmony each other, so we propose to promote two concept together for modification of the trade and international business curriculum for training of global trade expert.
Franchising is one of the fastest growing types of business. It is already popular and well-known in the U.S., and has been growing in many other countries including Korea. Furthermore, many Korean franchising companies have expanded their business overseas actively. According to the data by the Ministry of Industry and Resource, 82 companies out of a sample of 500 franchising companies are already operating in many foreign countries and 48% of them have started their foreign business since 2006. This clearly indicates the fast growing current trend of foreign operation by Korean franchising companies. In spite of the fast growing trend of foreign expansion in the industry, academic research on internationalization of franchising companies is extremely difficult to find. Accordingly, academic research on the issue is necessary and urgent in Korea. Among the various research questions on internationalization of franchising business, this study intends to investigate the difference in organizational factors between the franchising companies doing foreign operation and those doing business only domestically. More specifically, this research has the following purposes. First, considering the lack of theoretical basis of previous studies, resource-based theory and agency theory are employed as the theoretical bases. Second, this study explains the difference in internationalization based on organizational factors such as company size, history and growth rate. Third, the five hypotheses regarding the difference in organizational factors are presented and tested empirically, which is the first attempt in the area of this topic. Finally, the study attempts to clarify the conflicting implications among theories regarding some organizational factos such as growth rate. As the theoretical background, resource-based theory and agency theory are discussed. According to resource-based theory, a firm can grow continuously when it has competence and resource, and also the ability to develop them. The competence and resource can include capital, human resource, management skill, market information, ability to manage risk, etc. Meanwhile, agency theory views the relationship between franchisor and franchisee as an agency relationship. In agency theory, bonding capability and monitoring capability are the two key factors which promote internationalization of franchising companies. Based on the two theories, a conceptual model is designed. The model consists of two groups of variables. One is organizational factors including size, history, growth rate, price bonding and geographic dispersion. The other is whether a franchising company is operating overseas or not. We developed the following five research hypotheses basically describing the relationship between organizational factors and internationalization of franchising companies. H1: The size of franchising companies operating overseas is larger than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H2: The history of franchising companies operating overseas is longer than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H3: The growth rate of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H4: The price bonding of franchising companies operating overseas is higher than that of franchising companies operating domestically. H5: The geographic dispersion of franchising companies operating overseas is wider than that of franchising companies operating domestically. Data for the analyses are obtained from 2005 Korea Franchise Survey data co-generated by Ministry of Industry and Resource, GS1 Korea, and Korea Franchise Association. Out of 2,804 population companies, 2,489 companies are excluded for various reasons and 315 companies are selected as the final sample. Prior to hypotheses tests, validity and reliability of the measures of size, history, growth rate and price bonding are examined for further analyses. Geographic dispersion is not validated since it is measured using nominal data. A series of independent sample T-tests is used to find out whether there exists any significant difference between the companies internationalized and those operating only domestically for each organizational factor. Among the five factors, size and geographic dispersion show significant difference, growth rate and price bonding do not reveal any difference and, finally, history factor shows conflicting results in the difference depending on how to measure it.