Purpose: Oxidative stress was thought to play a critical role in neurodegenerative disease. Many in vivo and in vitro reports explained the possible pathway of human aging. But in therapeutic aspects, there was no clear answers to prevent aging associated with neural diseases. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and neuroprotective effects of the Insamyangyung-tang (IYT). Methods: To estimate the antioxidant effects, we carried out 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, 2,2'-azinobis-(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical cation decolorization assay, and measurement of total polyphenolic content. To evaluate neuroprotective effect of IYT in vitro. We performed thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) creation in SH-SY5Y. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry, nitric oxide (NO) assay, and TNF-${\alpha}$ assay in primary rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Results: The $IC_{50}$ values were $571.6{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ and $202.3{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in DPPH and ABTS assay respectively. Total polyphenolic content was 1.05%. In SH-SY5Y culture, IYT significantly increased the decreased cell viability by 6-OHDA at the concentrations of $10{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in pre-treatment group, $10-100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in post-treatment group, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in co-treatment group. The production of ROS induced by 6-OHDA was significantly inhibited in IYT treated group. In mesencephalic dopaminergic cell culture, the IYT group reduced the dopaminergic cell loss against 6-OHDA toxicity and the production of No and TNF-${\alpha}$ at the concentration of $0.2{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Conclusion: These results showed that IYT has antioxidant and neuroprotectctive effects in the dopaminergic cells through decreasing the production of ROS, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ which can cause many neurodegenerative changes in brain cell.

Purpose: In this rapidly aging society, the research and development of traditional oriental medicine treatment is one of the critical factors to protect the increasing neuro-degenerative disorders. In this study, we wanted to verify the effect of Yukul-tang (YUT) on neuro-degenerative disease model by assessing the antioxidant and anti-inflammation effects. Methods: To assess the antioxidant effects of YUT, we carried out DPPH radical and ABTS radical scavenging assays and determined the total polyphenolic contents in YUT. To evaluate the neuro-protective effects of YUT, we performed the MTT and ROS assays and TH immunohistochemistry, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ assays in SH-SY5Y or mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons damaged by 6-OHDA. Results: The treatment of YUT showed eliminating effects on DPPH radical and ABTS radical. it showed deterring effects on ROS, NO and TNF-${\alpha}$ and protecting effects on TH-positive cell in SH-SY5Y cells or mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Especially in the case of the treatment of YUT with 0.2ug/mL + 6-OHDA 10uM, the protective effect on dopaminergic neurons was most outstanding. Conclusion: In this study, we have demonstrated that YUT has an antioxidant effect and a neuro-protective effect on neuro-degenerative disease model caused by neurotoxin such as 6-OHDA. The results of our present study suggest that YUT can be useful agent to prevent and to treat neuro-degenerative diseases.

Purpose: This study was carried out to investigate the anti-tumor metastasis effect and activation of innate immunity by extracts of Mori radicis cortex. Methods: Anti-tumor metastatic experiment was conducted in vitro and in vivo by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell and HeLa cell. To observe the activation of innate immunity by extracts of Mori radicis cortex, we estimated IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$ from peritoneal macrophages. And we evaluated the activation of NK cell by using anti-asialo-GM1 serum. Results: We found that the administration of Mori radicis cortex extracts significantly inhibited tumor metastasis. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, Mori radicis cortex affected tumor cell growth above specific concentration. Mori radicis cortex also stimulated peritoneal macrophage, which was followed by the production of various cytokines such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$. The depletion of NK cells by anti-asialo GM1 serum partly abolished the inhibitory effect of Mori radicis cortex on tumor metastasis. Conclusion: Mori radicis cortex appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation of innate immunity.

Purpose: This study was designed to investigate the anti-tumor metastasis by immunomodulating effects of extracts of Prunellae Spica. Methods: Antimetastatic experiment was conducted in vivo by using colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma. And we observed cytotoxicity of Prunellae Spica on colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell, hela cell and macrophage. To observe the immnomodulating effects of Prunellae Spica, we estimated IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-${\alpha}$ from peritoneal macrophages. And we evaluated the activation of NK cell by using anti-asialo-GM1 serum. Results: We found that the administration of Prunellae Spica extracts significantly inhibited tumor metastasis in vivo. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, cell growth are closer to 100% in case of colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma, L5178Y-R lymphoma cell, hela cell at low concentration. In case of macrophage, cell proliferation is closer to 100% less than $62.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ of Prunellae Spica extracts. The level of cytokine such as IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 which stimulates Prunellae Spica extracts was increased in dose-dependent manner compared to the control group. TNF-${\alpha}$ is hardly secreted less than $250{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ The depletion of NK cells by anti-asialo GM1 serum partly abolished the inhibitory effect of Prunellae Spica on tumor metastasis. Conclusion: Prunellae Spica appears to have considerable activity on the anti-metastasis by activation the immune system such as macrophage and NK cell.

Purpose: In this study, we investigated the anti-thrombotic and antiinflammatory efficacy of "Gamijoukyungtang(GJKT)". Methods: We studied inhibitory effects of platelet aggregation, FXa activation, $TXB_2$ and $PGE_2$ biosynthesis and suppressive effects of GPIIb/IIIa activity and oxidative damage, pro-inflammatory cytokine reduction effects of 'GJKT(by press extractor)/GJKT-1(by pressless extractor)' in vitro. Also, we studied suppression of pulmonary embolism, AV shunt model in rats and shortening of Rat tail bleeding time in vivo. Results: GJKT/GJKT-1 extract showed inhibitory effects on GPIIb/IIIaactivities and platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine, collagen and arachidonic acid. They suppressed biosynthesis of $PGE_2$ but GJKT-1 only supressed biosynthesis of $TXB_2$. In FXa assay, they inhibited activation of FXa. they suppressed pulmonary embolism triggered by collagen and epinephrine. In AV shunt model, they decreased the weights of AV shunt thrombus. they inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines and decreased oxidative damages caused by DPPH. Conclusion: We confirmed the anti-thrombosis, and ant-inflammatory efficacy of 'GJKT(by press extractor)/GJKT-1(by pressless extractor)'.

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate anti-thrombotic effect of Cheongyeoljohyeoltangkamibang extract (CYJHT). Methods: Blood flow rate through the regular volume of glass tube after the blood was diluted five times with ACD soulution. Antithrombotic effect was calculated as a percentage of the experimental animal figure protected from the paralysis of hind legs or death of the mouse that is caused from the administration of platelet aggregation regent. Results: 1. CYJHT inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine, collagen and arachidonic acid as compared with the control group. 2. CYJHT inhibited pulmonary embolism induced by collagen and epinephrine (inhibitory rate is 50%). 3. CYJHT increased platelet number and fibrinogen amount significantly and also CYJHT shortened PT and APTT significantly as compared with the control group in thrombus model induced by dextran. 4. CYJHT increased blood flow rate insignificantly as compared with the control group in vivo. Conclusion: These results suggest that CYJHT can be useful in treating various female diseases caused by thrombosis, such as menstrual pain, menstrual disorder and so on.

Purpose: This study was performed to determine the inhibitory effect of Sihosogansangagambang (SS) on melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells (B16F10). Methods: The inhibitory effects of Sihosogansangagambang on melanin synthesis were used by in vitro assay. To elucidate inhibitory effects of SS on melanin synthesis, we determined the melanin release in B16F10. And to investigate the mechanism of inhibitory effect of SS, we assessed the gene expression of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2 and ERK-1 in B16F10. Results: 1. SS decreased the release of melanin in B16F10 melanoma cells. 2. SS inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity in vitro. 3. SS decreased the expression of tyrosinase, TRP-2 in B16F10 melanoma cells, but did not decreased the expression of TRP-1 in B16F10 melanoma cells. 4. SS decreased the expression of ERK-1 in B16F10 melanoma cells. Conclusion: From these results, it may be suggested that SS is possesed of the antimelanogenetic effects.

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate anti-thrombotic effect of Jogantanggagambang extract (JGTG). Methods: Blood flow rate through the regular volume of glass tube after the blood was diluted five times with ACD solution. Antithrombotic effect was calculated as a percentage of the experimental animal figure protected from the paralysis of hind legs or death of the mouse that was caused from the administration of platelet aggregation regent. Results: 1. JGTG inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by ADP, epinephrine, collagen and arachidonic acid as compared with the control group. 2. JGTG inhibited pulmonary embolism induced by collagen and epinephrine (inhibitory rate is 37.5%). 3. JGTG increased platelet number and fibrinogen amount significantly and also JGTG shortened PT and APTT significantly as compared with the control group in thrombus model induced by dextran. 4. JGTG increased blood flow rate significantly as compared with the control group in vivo. Conclusion: These results suggest that JGTG can be used for treating various female diseases caused by thrombosis.

Purpose: This experiment was designed to find out increasing effects of S. barbata. co-treatment with anti-cancer drugs at cancer cell's growth inhibition effect. Methods: Divergent observational study of the S. barbata. co-treatment with Cisplatin treatment on HeLa cell. Cell viability using MTT assay, Cell Culture and Cytotoxicity Studies, Cell Cycle Analysis, Annexin V-FITC/PI assay, Cell morphological assessment, PARP cleavage using Western blotting analysis when HeLa cell were co-treated with Cisplatin and Scutellaria Barbata extracts. Results: When HeLa cell were co-treated with Cisplatin and Scutellaria Barbata extracts, we found out viability of HeLa cell, changing in the distribution of cell cycle, Annexin V-FITC staining, DAPI staining, PARP clavage protein assay by Western-blot. So Scutellaria Barbata extracts have increased apoptosis Conclusion: When co-treated Scutellaria Barbata extracts with anti-cancer drugs, the anti-cancer effects were increased. We still not sure which constituent apoptosis at cancer cells and activates anti-cancer effects suppressing, but we believe that it'll be revealed here after with following experiments.

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between primary dysmenorrhea. Methods: Intensity of dysmenorrhea was evaluated by scoring system of Andersch and Milsom. Anger state, trait, expression of the patients suffering from dysmenorrhea was measured by STAXI-K. And each value was analyzed by ANOVA testm as to intensity of dysmenorrhea, student t test as to existence of dysmenorrhea. Results: The numerical value of anger expression in the primary dysmenorrhea existent group was significantly higher than that in the primary dysmenorrhea non-existent group. There were significant differences among the numerical value of anger expression in the groups classified as intensity of primary dysmenorrhea, the value of three positive group() was significantly higher than that of negative group(-). Conclusion: This study showed the relationship between anger expression and primary dysmenorrhea. But there was no clue to find out their causal relationship, because this study was cross-sectional. So further study will be needed to prove the causality between them. And more precise scale has to been developed to evaluate various type of anger accurately.

Purpose: We intended to observe the correlations between Primary dysmenorrhea severity and Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern. Methods: After initial approval by Kyung-Hee University Oriental Medical Hospital Institutional Review Board of Clinical Trials, volunteers for the clinical trial were recruited. We selected the 52 primary dysmenorrhea patients by the screening tests (clinical examination and inquiry). The severity of dysmenorrhea was evaluated by VAS (Visual Analog Scale), VRS (Verbal Rating Scale) & MVRS (Multidimensional Verbal Rating Scale). The severity of Blood Stasis was evaluated by Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern. For statistics, we used Spearman's rho correlations, SPSS 13.0 for windows. Results: In case of VAS, though two items (眼瞼下靑紫, 便黑) of Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern were correlated, total score & discriminant function score of Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern were not correlated. In case of VRS, though two items (小腹痛, 夜間痛) of Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern were correlated, total score & discriminant function score of Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern were not correlated. In case of MVRS, though one items (久痺症) of Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern were correlated, total score & discriminant function score of Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern were not correlated. Conclusion: Though the results showed partial correlation of Primary dysmenorrhea severity and Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern, we need further study after improvement and complementation of Questionnaires for Blood Stasis Pattern.

Purpose: We intended to observe relation between general symptom and the number of uterine myoma. Methods: We surveyed 948 women from 35 to 45 years old who had received Korean oriental medical questionnaires about general symptom pattern and pelvic ultrasonography at Kyung-Hee university medical center from May, 2007 to October, 2008. After we divided women into three groups (Mono-uterine myoma, Bi-uterine myoma & uterine myoma above 3) by ultrasonography result, we compared general symptom pattern according to the number of uterine myoma. For statistics, we used Kruskal-Wallis Test, SPSS 13.0 for windows. Results: In relation to sleep pattern, severity of dreaming & awaking showed statistical significance according to the number of uterine myoma. In relation to digestion pattern, appetite & heartburn showed statistical significance according to the number of uterine myoma. In relation to evacuation pattern, hardening of stool showed statistical significance according to the number of uterine myoma. In relation to sweating pattern, severity of refreshing after sweating showed statistical significance according to the number of uterine myoma. In relation to the other patterns, hypertonicity of nape neck showed statistical significance according to the number of uterine myoma(p<0.05). Conclusion: The result showed that prevalence of uterine myoma had to be considered in respect of sleep, digestion, evacuation and sweating pattern. we need further study based on this preliminary result.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify the clinical effect of Aroma Ceramic Moxibustion in the treatment of dysmenorrhea patients. Methods: We studied 53 women from 18 to 30 years old who visited Kyung-Hee university medical center from May, 2008 to October, 2008. We randomly divided women into two groups, We treated one group with Aroma ceramic moxibustion, and treated another group with Aroma moxibustion for 2 months. The severity of dysmenorrhea were measured by VAS(Visual Analogue Scale). And we measured temperature of patient's abdomen by DITI. Results: Moxibustion significantly decreased the severity of dysmenorrhea. After treatment, the temperature of CV3 get higher than before treatment. But there is no difference between Aroma Ceramic Moxibustion and Ceramic Moxibustion. Conclusion: This study shows that Moxibustion has remarkable effects on dysmenorrhea patients, but Aroma Ceramic moxibustion is not better than Aroma moxibustion.

Purpose: The pilot study was done for checking the efficacy of using functional soap, containing medicinal herbs on acne skin. Methods: 30 participants with acne skin was recruited. They used functional soap during 8 weeks. Before and after the study, we checked the KAGS(Korean Acne Grading System) grade, and compared those score. For examining the clinical effect, global evaluation was done by both investigator and participants. Results: KAGS grade decreased from 1.6316 to 1.4211(p value = 0.042). And the clinical global evaluation was improved. Conclusion: This pilot test showed that using functional soap, containing medicinal herbs would be one of treatment on acne skin.

Purpose: This research is to investigate the needling Depth for Deqi based onone's age, weight, and the level of obesity and the different Deqi sensation in Chung-wan and Kwan-wan. Methods: We took a research on Deqi for the 123 patients who visited a local Korean Medicine clinic at random. The variants were the age, the weight, thetotal fat rate, the waist-hip rate, BMI, the weight size, and the Sasang constitution. Result: Older patients need more depth of Deqi in Chung-wan and Kwan-wan compared to the younger ones. The higher the level of obesity(weight, total body fat rate, the waist-hip rate, BMI) goes up, the more Deqi in Chung-wan and Kwan-wan goes deeply. As the level of obesity goes down in the order of Taeeum-in, Soyang-in, Soeum-in, the depth of Deqi also decreases in Chung-wan and Kwan-wan. Deqi in Chung-wan is the feeling of pressure around the acu-point, and Deqi in Kwan-wan is the feeling that it spreads out to the upper, lower, the right, and the left side of the acu-point. Conclusion: In case of Needling Depth for Deqi on Chung-wan and Kwan-wan, that increases or decreases as the age, the level of obesity(the physique), and the Sasang constitution changes.

Purpose: In order to know therapies used in the field of Obsterics & Gynecology of Oriental medicine. Methods: This survey investigated papers about clinical study, literature investigation for therapeutic methods and treatment reports published from 1999. 2${\sim}$2008. 11. Results: In the clinical studies, acupuncture is more frequently used than herbal medicine. But in the treatment reports, herbal medicine is most frequently used except some cases. Besides acupuncture and moxibustion was used frequently. In the treatment reports various acupuncture methods were used except vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain cases. Whole body acupuncture was used mainly. Pharmacopuncture, Sa-am Acupuncture, auricular acupuncture was also used frequently. And Dong's acupuncture, Hwa acupuncture was used sometimes. Moxibustion was tend to be used for dysfunctional uterine bleeding, menopausal disorder, urinary incontinence, vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain during pregnancy period, hyperemesis, recurrent miscarriage, postpartum disease, lochiorrhea. Also other treatment methods was used such as external therapy, aromatherapy, herbal retention enema, fumigation, electric lipolysis acupuncture, Chuna manual medicine, obesity management, acupuncture at uterus cervix, magnetic innervation therapy, exercise, cupping and physical therapy. Conclusion: These results suggests that acupuncture, moxibustion and herbal medicine are most frequent therapy in the field of Obsterics & Gynecology of Oriental medicine. And other therapy are used such as external therapy, aromatherapy, herbal retention enema, fumigation and so on.

Purpose: For the importance of the postpartum period not only for the women delivered of child but also the newborn babies, the multitude of health professionals have emphasized increasingly special care during this period. However, there has been no decisional consensus both in the concepts and the ways of postpartum cares between health professionals and non-professionals. In this study, we explored the ethnical and racial diversities concerning postpartum period focusing on their beliefs and practices. Methods: Literature review was used as main research method for topic of the study. To carry out the method, papers related with postnatal care were searched at the Pubmed, the Korea Education & Research Information Service. Results: 1. Differences between Western and non-Western cultures in terms of postnatal care were found out in the study. 2. The study has proved that non-Western cultures have shared the similar beliefs and practices in postnatal care, although some ethnical and racial diversities specially in duration for care and diets for mother etc. 3. It was found that most prominent similarities among non-Western cultures in postnatal care have centered mainly on the issues such as 'Hot and Cold balance', postnatal confinement etc. Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it should be suggested that the health professionals do their efforts in understanding deeply the intrinsic diversities on the beliefs and the practices about postnatal care and providing the adequate services and cares reflecting them properly.

Purpose: In recent, there have been a lot of studies exploring effective methods to relieve pains and sufferings of women delivered of child. The ultimate purpose of the study is to investigate the developmental trends of the complementary alternative medicine(CAM, hereafter), which has increasingly obtained the approval of the women and therefore established the academic foundations in effect. Methods: Systematic analysis with diverse written materials concerning the complementary alternative medicine was carried out. For the analysis, materials related with the issue of the study were searched at the Pubmed, the Korea Education & Research Information Service. Results: 1. One of the results of interest is the verification of the fact in that diverse complementary therapies are nowadays substantially applied to the many situations of delivery and childbirth. 2. The results showed clearly that CAM has several prominent influences on the whole process of the delivery: from the reduce of the pains and the time for delivery, to increasement of the satisfactional level of the mother. 3. According to the results, the emphasis of CAM is mainly placed not just on the relieving of pains and sufferings of the mothers, but on empowering them to face them with self-confidence. 4. The results of the study suggest strongly that the professionals should provide mothers with useful information and methods to help them to get through the pains during the delivery period. Conclusion: The result of the study is to suggest persuasively that more systematic attention should be paid to the researches exploring effectiveness and stability and safety of CAM.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to research trends in the study of breast cancer in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and to establish the further direction for its study. Methods: We reviewed TCM papers published in the last 29 years (1979-2008). Results: 1. We researched 49 papers and the patterns of study were as follows: in vitro studies were 27 papers (55.1%), in vivo studies were 9 papers (18.4%) and clinical studies were 19 papers (38.8%). 2. In vitro studies on breast cancer research in TCM were focused on cytotoxicity (17 papers) and apoptosis (8 papers). Most of in vivo studies (6 papers) were done for the purpose of inducing growth suppression of tumor cell after administration of the test drug. Each drug acted on this effect through various types of mechanism. 3. Unlike in vitro and in vivo studies, clinical studies on growth suppression of tumor cell were rare (4 papers). Most of the studies were focused on reduction of side effect of chemotherapy or synergistic effect with chemotherapy (7 papers), immune regulation (7 papers), and improvement of quality of life (6 papers). 4. Among the treatment method we reviewed, 'Runing Ⅱ(Ⅱ號方)' was the only medication that further studied as clinical trial after experimental study. 5. Since almost all studies have defects like poorly designed model or insufficient data description, it was difficult to make any definite conclusion about these studies. Conclusion: More subsequent clinical studies based on experimental study will be needed afterwards. Strict and high-level study design with detailed description will be needed in further study.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to review systemically clinical trials on the trends of studies for Complementary Alternative Medicine in the treatment of dysmenorrhea. Methods: Through medical websites, foreign clinical literatures about complementary and alternative medicines of dysmenorrhea were searched. And domestic clinical literatures about dysmenorrhea, complementary and alternative treatment and oriental medicine treatment were searched using internet websites or hand-searching in National digital library, National assembly library, KISS, RISS. And then they were assessed by the assessment standard of Jadad scale and Classifying Recommendations. Results: 1. 15 foreign literatures and 36 domestic literatures were selected. 2. 4 foreign and 4 domestic clinical literatures were enough to satisfy over 2 points in Jadad score and recommendation level in Classifying Recommendations. 3. Some clinical trials were rated low in Jadad score since it was not easy to set control groups and keep blinding in clinical trials. 4. Some clinical trials were rated low in Classifying Recommendations since they did not carry out enough study about stability, side effect and follow-ups. Conclusion: To put clinical trials to practical use of Complementary Alternative Medicine in the treatment of dysmenorrhea, scientific and objective-based studies should be needed.