• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.29 no.9
• /
• pp.1827-1830
• /
• 2008

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.1135-1138
• /
• 2009

Hollow Sn and Pb nanoparticles have been prepared by a rapid injection of an aqueous solution of $SnCl_2$- poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP, surfactant) and $Pb(OAc)_2${\cdot}$3H_2O-PVP$ into an aqueous solution of sodium borohydride (reducing agent) in simple, one-pot reaction at room temperature under an argon atmosphere, respectively. The two hollow nanoparticles have been fully characterized by TEM, HRTEM, SAED, XRD, and EDX analyses. Upon exposure to air, the black Pb hollow nanoparticles are gradually transformed into a mixture of Pb, litharge (tetragonal PbO), massicot (orthorhombic PbO), and $Pb_5O_8$. The order and speed of mixing of the reactants between the metal precursor-PVP and the reductant solutions and stoichiometry of all the reactants are crucial factors for the formation of the two hollow nanocrystals. The Sn and Pb hollow nanoparticles were produced only when 1:(1.5-2) and 1:3 ratios of the Sn and Pb precursors to $NaBH_4$ were employed with a rapid injection, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
• /
• v.53 no.1
• /
• pp.122-127
• /
• 2016

Tin oxide ($SnO_2$) nanoparticles have been synthesized by solution combustion method using citric acid as a fuel. The oxide to fuel ratio has been varied to obtain ultrafine nanoparticles with better surface area; such particles will be useful in many applications. With this synthesis method, spherical particles are formed having a particle size in the range of 11-30 nm and BET surface area of ~ $24m^2/g$. The degree of agglomeration of $SnO_2$ nanoparticles has been calculated.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.25-31
• /
• 2012

In the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) via wet chemical reduction using tin(II) acetate precursor, the effects of green reducing agents (sugar) and a capping agent (gelatin) on the formation of NPs were analyzed as functions of synthesis conditions and time. When glucose was used as the reducing agent, it was observed that irregular chainlike shapes, aggregates of NPs, were formed during the synthesis at $70-110^{\circ}C$. The NPs were determined as $SnO_2$ from the fast Fourier transform (FFT) pattern. In the synthesis at $110^{\circ}C$ by using sucrose, fine spherical NPs of ~10 nm in diameter were formed after the synthesis time of 3 h. As the time increased to 9 h, the chainlike NP aggregates besides irregularly aggregated spherical NPs were also formed locally. However, the chainlike NP aggregates were only observed when the synthesis was conducted at $130^{\circ}C$. The spherical NPs and chainlike NP aggregates were analyzed to be pure Sn and $SnO_2$, respectively.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.14-17
• /
• 2014

In this paper, indium reduced materials for transparent conductive electrodes (TCE) were fabricated and their physical properties were evaluated. Two of materials, indium-zinc-tin oxide (IZTO) and aluminum (Al) were selected as TCE materials. In case of IZTO nanoparticles, composition ratios of In, Zn and Sn is 8:1:1 were synthesized. Size of the synthesized IZTO nanoparticles were less than 10 nm, and specific surface areas were about $90m^2/g$ indicating particle sizes are very fine. Also, the IZTO nanoparticles were well crystallized with (222) preferred orientation despite it was synthesized at the lowered temperature of $300^{\circ}C$. Composition ratios of In, Zn and Sn were very uniform in accordance with those as designed. Meanwhile, Al was deposited onto glass by sputtering in a vacuum chamber for mesh architecture. The Al was well deposited onto the glass, and no pore was observed from the Al surface. The sheet resistance of Al on glass was about $0.3{\Omega}/{\square}$ with small deviation of $0.025{\Omega}/{\square}$, and adhesion was good on the glass substrate since no pelt-off part of Al was observed by tape test. If the Al mesh is combined with ink coated layer which is consistent of IZTO nanoparticles, it is expected that the good and reliable metal mesh architecture for TCE will be formed.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.347-358
• /
• 2011

Two different schemes were adopted to fabricate ordered macroporous structures with face centered cubic lattice of air spheres. Monodisperse polymeric latex suspension, which was synthesized by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization, was mixed with metal oxide ceramic nanoparticles, followed by evaporation-induced self-assembly of the mixed hetero-colloidal particles. After calcination, inverse opal was generated during burning out the organic nanospheres. Inverse opals made of silica or iron oxide were fabricated according to this procedure. Other approach, which utilizes ceramic precursors instead of nanoparticles was adopted successfully to prepare ordered macroporous structure of titania with skeleton structures as well as lithium niobate inverted structures. Similarly, two different schemes were utilized to obtain disordered macroporous structures with random arrays of macropores. Disordered macroporous structure made of indium tin oxide (ITO) was obtained by fabricating colloidal glass of polystyrene microspheres with low monodispersity and subsequent infiltration of the ITO nanoparticles followed by heat treatment at high temperature for burning out the organic microspheres. Similar random structure of titania was also fabricated by mixing polystyrene building block particles with titania nanoparticles having large particle size followed by the calcinations of the samples.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.13-24
• /
• 2019

Well-crystalline $SnO_2$ nanoparticles of 4-5 nm size with different In contents were synthesized by hydrothermal process at relatively low temperature and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), microRaman spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Indium incorporation in $SnO_2$ lattice is seen to cause a lattice expansion, increasing the average size of the nanoparticles. The fundamental phonon vibration modes of $SnO_2$ lattice suffer a broadening, and surface modes associated to particle size shift gradually with the increase of In content. Incorporation of In drastically enhances the PL emission of $SnO_2$ nanoparticles associated to deep electronic defect levels. Although In incorporation reduces the band gap energy of $SnO_2$ crystallites only marginally, it affects drastically their dye degradation behaviors under UV illumination. While the UV degradation of methylene blue (MB) by undoped $SnO_2$ nanoparticles occurs through the production of intermediate byproducts such as azure A, azure B, and azure C, direct mineralization of MB takes place for In-doped $SnO_2$ nanoparticles.

• Journal of Powder Materials
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.455-461
• /
• 2021

In this study, multilayered SnO nanoparticles are prepared using oleylamine as a surfactant at 165℃. The physical and chemical properties of the multilayered SnO nanoparticles are determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Interestingly, when the multilayered SnO nanoparticles are heated at 400℃ under argon for 2 h, they become more efficient anode materials, maintaining their morphology. Heat treatment of the multilayered SnO nanoparticles results in enhanced discharge capacities of up to 584 mAh/g in 70 cycles and cycle stability. These materials exhibit better coulombic efficiencies. Therefore, we believe that the heat treatment of multilayered SnO nanoparticles is a suitable approach to enable their application as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• v.53 no.6
• /
• pp.776-782
• /
• 2015

$TiO_2-SnO_2$ nanoparticles with an average diameter of 3~5 nm were synthesized by hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) and tin chloride to depress the photocatalytic activity of $TiO_2$ nanoparticles. Organic-inorganic hybrid coating solutions were prepared by reacting the $TiO_2-SnO_2$ nanoparticles with 3-glycidoxypropyl trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) by the sol-gel method. The hard coating films with high refractive index were obtained by curing thermally at $120^{\circ}C$ after spin-coating the coating solutions on the polycarbonate (PC) sheets. The coating films from $TiO_2-SnO_2$ nanoparticles showed an improved pencil hardness of 3H compared to 2H of the coating films from $TiO_2$ nanoparticles. Besides, the refractive index of the coating films from $TiO_2-SnO_2$ nanoparticles enhanced from 1.543 to 1.623 at 633 nm as the Sn/Ti molar ratio increased from 0 to 0.5.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.271-274
• /
• 2011

Screen-printed source and drain electrodes were used for a spin-coated and inkjet-processed zinc-tin oxide (ZTO) TFTs for the first time. Source and drain were silver nanoparticles. Channel length was patterned using screen printing technology. Different silver nanoinks and process parameters were tested to find optimal source and drain contacts Relatively good electrical properties of a screen-printed inkjet-processed oxide TFT were obtained as follows; a mobility of 1.20 $cm^2$/Vs, an on-off current ratio of $10^6$, a Vth of 5.4 V and a subthreshold swing of 1.5 V/dec.