• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.648-653
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• 2010

This study was performed to investigate the inhibitory activity of Sargassum thunbergii (ST) against ${\alpha}$-amylase and elucidate the availability of ST extract as a functional food agent. To test the inhibitory activity of ST against ${\alpha}$-amylase, porcine pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase and potato starch were used as substrates. It was revealed that ST crude ethanol extracts have high ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity. Subsequently, ST crude ethanol extract was separated into five partition layers by solvent extraction: n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. Chloroform and n-hexane fractions showed higher inhibitory activities than did acarbose (positive control). To confirm the changes in enzyme inhibitory activity by physical treatments, ST crude ethanol extract was subjected to heat, pH, and ${\gamma}$-irradiation treatments. In all heat treatments with the exception of one ($121^{\circ}C$, 15 min), the inhibitory activity was increased compared with the untreated group. With regard to pH stability, ST extract showed no significant changes at pH 4.6, but somewhat decreased inhibitory activity was revealed at pH 2, 8, and 10. On the other hand, ST ethanol extract was stable under ${\gamma}$-irradiation under all conditions (3.20 kGy). In summary, ST ethanol extract can be used in the food industry as a natural ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitor.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.401-407
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• 2016

Background: Salvia has been widely cultivated for use in flavoring and folk medicines in many countries, including Korea and China. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity and the underlying active compounds of Salvia extract and its fractions. Methods and Results: The anti-inflammatory activity was measured by assessing the inhibition of cysteinyl leukotriene production in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 mast cells. Salvia plebeia R. Br. was found to have the most potent inhibitory activity on leukotriene production than S. japonica and S. chanroenica had. Fifty percent ethanol extracts of S. plebeia R. Br. were successively partitioned with n-hexane, methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, 1-butanol and water. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction showed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than other solvent fractions did. The EtOAc fraction was subjected to silica gel column chromatography elution with a chloroform and methanol gradient system (100 : 1 ${\rightarrow}$ 1 : 1) yielding 10 fractions. Three kinds of fractions (chloroform:methanol = 20 : 1, 10 : 1 and 5 : 1) showed high inhibitory activity on leukotriene production. We confirmed the major compounds with anti-inflammatory activity from S. plebeia R. Br. Conclusions: In this study, the major components of S. plebeia that showed leukotriene production inhibitory activity were isolated using solvent extraction and silica gel column chromatography. Rosmarinic acid, hispidulin and luteolin were identified as the major compounds with anti-inflammatory effect.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2004

This study was carried out to determine the antioxidative, antimutagenic, and anticancer effects of functional food manufactured from fermented soybean(FFMFS) using DPPH free radical donating method, Ames test and cytotoxicity, respectively. FFMFS extracted with ethanol and then further fractionated to n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate(EtOAc), butanol and water, stepwise. Among five fractions, the EtOAc fractions showed highest electron donating activities (31.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL). The inhibition rate of ethanol extract(200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) of FFMFS in the S. typhimurium TA100 strain showed 84.8% against the mutagenesis induced by MNNG. In addition, the suppression of EtOAc fractions with same concentration of FFMFS the S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 strains showed 88.7% and 92.8% inhibition against Trp-P-l, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of FFMFS against the cell lines with human lung carcinoma(A549), human gastric carcinoma(AGS) and human breast adenocarcinoma(MCF-7) were inhibited with the increase of the extract concentration. The treatment of 1.0 mg/mL FFMFS of EtOAc fraction showed strong cytotoxicities of 84.5%, 88.7% and 85.6% against A549, AGS and MCF-7, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.394-400
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• 2003

This study was earned out to investigate the antimutagenic and cytotoxic effects of Eleutherococcus senticosus Maxim fruits ethanol extract on Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100 and cancer cell lines using Ames test and SRB assay, respectively. They were extracted with ethanol and then fractionated with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water to get active fractions. In the Ames test, most of the extracts had strong antimutagenic effects against the mutagenesis induced by MNNG, 4NQO, B(${\alpha}$)P and Trp-P-l. The ethanol extract (200 $\mu\textrm{g}$/plate) of Eleutherococcus senticosus fruits showed 87.2％ inhibitory effect on the mutagenesis induced by MNNG against TA100. And also, The suppression ratio against B(${\alpha}$)P and Trp-P-l in the TA100 showed 96.1％ and 95.5％, respectively. In the cytotoxic effects against human cancer cell lines (A549, AGS, MCF-7, Hep3B), the value of inhibition were mostly above 60％ for each fraction (1 mg/mL). Hexane fraction (1 mg/mL) against showed the strongest cytotoxic effects of 92.7％ compared to those of other fraction and butano fraetion against Hep3B was relatively high growth inhibitory effect of 82％.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2004

The antimicrobial substances from Rhodiola sachalinensis were extncted, isolated and identified. The highest level of antimicrobial activity and its yield were obtained in methanol extract. The minimum inhibition concentrations of the methanol extract were 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$mL on agar plate and 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$mL in broth media for four gram positive and four gram negative microbials. The methanol extract was fractionated by n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and butanol, orderly. The separate was developed on the TLC plate with different solvent system ratio of chloroform and methanol. Nine substances were isolated from chloroform and methanol mixture(9:1, v/v). Among them, three isolates showed antimicrobial activity. Three substances separated by HPLC were identified by GC/MS(EI) spectrum and $^1$H, /sup13/C-NMR spectrum. They were gallic acid, (-)-epicatechin and kaempferol. The antimicrobial activities of each substances were shown gallic acid, (-)-epicatechin, kaempferol orderly.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.39-50
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• 2009

Objectives : Smilacis glabrae rhizoma (SG) has been traditionally used as a herbal medication of musculoskeletal disorders like arthritis, pain, convulsions, and syphilis in traditional Korean medicine. This study was investigated anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effect of fractionated extracts of Smilacis Glabrae Rhizoma in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC). Methods : SG extract prepared with methanol, and then fractionated with hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and water. Inhibitory effect of SG onto free radical generation was determined by measuring DPPH, superoxide anions and nitric oxide scavenging activities in vitro. Cytotoxic activity of extracts on RAW 264.7 cells was measured using 5-(3-caroboxymethoxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. Intracelluar oxidation was analysed by DCF-DA assay. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess reagent system. The levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression were confirmed by western blot. And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. Results : Our results indicated that fractionated extracts, especially ethyl acetate (EA) extract, significantly inhibited free radical generation, the TNF-$\alpha$-induced intracellular oxidation. Furthermore, the EA extract protected TNF-$\alpha$-induced adhesion to THP-1, expression of adhesion molecules accompanied by an attenuation of IL-6 and IL-8 formation in HUVEC. Conclusions : These results indicate that EA extract of SG have potential as an agent of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases including diabetes, hypertension, and arthritis.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.46-46
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• 2021

The first purpose of this study was to evaluate the scavenging capacity (SC) of DPPH and ABTS free radicals for ethanol extract (STR-E) and its active fractions from Sophora tonkinensis root (STR). Four different fractions from STR-E were prepared by using different types of solvents such as chloroform (STR-E-C), ethyl acetate (STR-E-EA), n-butanol (STR-E-B), and water (STR-E-W). STR-E-C showed the highest value of total phenolic content, while STR-E showed the highest value of total flavonoid and terpenoid content. In STR-E and its four fractions, STR-E-EA showed the strongest SC with the lowest SC50 values of the DPPH radicals and ABTS radicals. The second purpose of this study was to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with STR-E, STR-E-C, and STR-E-EA, respectively. No cytotoxic effect to RAW 264.7 cells was observed at 20 ~ 25 ㎍/ml of STR-E, 10 ㎍/ml of STR-E-C, and 5 ㎍/ml of the STR-E-EA, presenting cell viability values close to that of the untreated control (100%). STR-E, STR-E-C, and STR-E-EA significantly suppressed the LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) in a dose-dependent manner. Results of reverse-transcription (RT)-qPCR analysis showed that the peak mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, IL-6, and IL-10 were observed in the LPS-stimulated macrophages at 4 h, 2 h, 12 h, 12 h, and 12 h, respectively. The peak mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6 were significantly reduced in the LPS-stimulated macrophages co-treated with 20 ㎍/ml and 25 ㎍/ml of STR-E, respectively. In the case of IL-10, its peak mRNA level slightly increased without statistical significance. Compared with the LPS-stimulated macrophages, the peak mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6 reduced in the LPS-stimulated macrophages co-treated with 10 ㎍/ml and 20 ㎍/ml of STR-E-C, respectively. In contrast, the peak mRNA level of IL-10 significantly increased at 8 h. Compared with the LPS-stimulated macrophages, the peak mRNA levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-6 reduced in the LPS-stimulated macrophages co-treated with 5 ㎍/ml and 10 ㎍/ml of STR-E-EA, respectively. In contrast, the peak mRNA level of IL-10 increased at 4 h. Taken together, our data indicated that STR-E, STR-E-C, and STR-E-EA activate macrophages to secrete both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.236-245
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• 2003

The study was performed for elucidating angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and comparing antioxidative activity of Panax ginseng extracts prepared at different conditions. Total phenolic content, inhibitory activity on ACE and antioxidative effects were tested on 10 ethanolic extracts and correlation coefficient between total phenolic content and physiological activity was calculated. Yield and total phenolic content of 50% ethanolic extract prepared at $85^{\circ}C$ exhibited the highest value as 42.52% and 0.82%, respectively. Among the fractions obtained from 50% ethanolic extract prepared at room temperature, water fraction showed the highest value in yield as 72.08% and ethyl acetate fraction did in total phenolic content as 6.59%. In the test on ACE inhibitory activity, 50% ethanolic extract obtained at room temperature indicated the strongest effect of 93.8% which was higher than 85.2% of commercialized ACE inhibitor and solvent fractions showed potent inhibitory activity in order of hexane fraction, diethyl ether fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, butanol fraction and water fraction at concentration of $4000{\mu}g/ml$. 50% Ethanolic extract prepared at $85^{\circ}C$ had the most potent inhibition effect on human LDL oxidation as 78.2% at $200{\mu}g/ml$ and the other extracts also did above 60%. Diethyl ether fraction and ethyl acetate fraction showed strong inhibition activity $(34.38%{\sim}78.13%)$ on LDL oxidation at concentration of $10{\sim}200\;{\mu}g/ml$. From the statistical analysis via SAS program, correlation coefficient between total phenolic content and ACE inhibitory effect was 0.6353 at P<0.05. Conclusively, this report showed that the most efficient extraction condition for elevating inhibitory activity on ACE and LDL oxidation, phenolic content and yield from Panax ginseng was 50% ethanol extraction at room temperature or high temperature condition. And Panax ginseng would be used for preventing hypertension or atheroscrelosis for man via inhibitory action on ACE and LDL oxidation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2004

To investigate antioxidative effects of phenolic compounds separated from persimmon leaves(PL)(Diospyros kaki Thunb.) on the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rat, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100-150 g were divided into 5 groups; control group(CON), PL(70 mg/kg) administered group(PEl), ethanol(5 mL/kg, 25％) administered group(ETH), PL(70 mg/kg) and ethanol administered group (PE2), and PL(140 mg/kg) and ethanol administered group(PE3), respectively. The antioxidative activity of persimmon leaves decreased in order of ethylacetate>interphase materials>n-butanol>chloroform>n-hexane>water fraction. The growth rate and feed efficiency ratio decreased by ethanol were gradually increased to the adjacent level of CON by administering PL. The serum activities of ALT, alkaline phosphatase and lactic acid dehydrogenase elevated by ethanol were decreased significantly. It was also observed that the activities of SOD, catalase, and GSH-Px of rat liver increased by ethanol were markedly decreased in PL administered group as compared to ETH. The GSH content of liver was decreased by ethanol, but that was increased in PE1 and PE2 compared with ETH as a dose-dependant manner. These results suggested that phenolic compounds separated from persimmon leaves have a possible protective and relievable effect on the ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine the radiolabeling and biodistribution of $^{188}Re(V)$-DMSA as a therapeutic cancer radiopharmaceutical. We made a DMSA kit($NaHCO_3$ 1.5 mg, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid 1.0 mg, L(+)-ascorbic acid 0.7 mg, $SnCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ 0.34 mg, pH 2.9) for labeling with $^{188}Re$. In this kit, $^{188}ReO_4{^-}$ 5 mCi/2 ml added and boiled at $100^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr in water bath. The final pH adjusted to 7.5 with 7% $NaHCO_3$ solution. We checked the labelling efficacy with TLC-SG(n-butanol : acetic acid : $H_2O$ = 3 : 2 : 3) and examined the stability both in room temperature and in serum at $37^{\circ}C$. Biodistribution(1, 3, 13, 24, 48 hr) of $^{188}Re(V)$-DMSA compound was evaluated in Sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice. Each labeling efficiency and stability at room temperature for 48 hours was over 98% and 95%, respectively. The stability in serum were 82%(6 hr) and 85%(48 hr). Tumor uptake of $^{188}Re(V)$-DMSA in Sarcoma 180-bearing mice were $0.66{\pm}0.15%$(1 hr), $0.51{\pm}0.10%$(3 hr), $0.19{\pm}0.05%$(24 hr) and $0.13{\pm}0.02%$(48 hr). These result are consistent with those of $^{99m}Tc(V)$-DMSA which were reported previously. In conclusion, $^{188}Re(V)$-DMSA may be a useful therapeutic radiopharmaceutical for treating some cancers and metastatic bone lesion.