• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.87-95
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• 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to share the experience of clinical performance examinations (CPXs) using standardized patients, which was to test comprehensive clinical competence of fourth-year nursing students for four years. Methods: The assessment strategies for CPXs were developed. It included clinical scenarios, the roles of standardized patients, and appraisal criteria in the areas of fundamental and comprehensive nursing care. The CPXs were implemented to about 60-70 fourth-year nursing students of C University in G-city, South Korea, during every second semester from the year of 2006 to 2009. Results: The effects of CPXs were measured by 10 or 25-item rating checklist. Internal reliability of the checklists was distributed from .511 to .956 and interrater agreement between faculties and standardized patients was moderate (r=.250-.949). Students' satisfaction level was 4.27 out of 5 points for four years. Conclusion: The use of CPXs was an innovative educational strategy to evaluate nursing students' comprehensive performance ability including knowledge, skills and attitude. Further studies are needed to evaluate the levels of critical thinking and problem solving skills of clinical nurses who were taken CPXs as well as employers' satisfaction.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

Based on surface energy balance climatology, surface temperatures should respond to drying conditions well before plant response. To test this hypothesis, land surface temperatures (LST) derived from MODIS data were analyzed to determine how the data were correlated with climatic water balance variables and NDVI anomalies during a growing season in Western and Central Kansas. Daily MODIS data were integrated into weekly composites so that each composite data set included the maximum temperature recorded at each pixel during each composite period. Time-integrated, or cumulative values of the LST deviation standardized with mean air temperatures had significantly high correlation coefficients with SM, AE/PE, and MD/PE, ranging from 0.65 to 0.89. The Standardized Thermal Index (STI) is proposed in this study to accomplish the objective. The STI, based on surface temperatures standardized with observed mean air temperatures, had significant temporal relationships with the hydroclimatological factors. STI classes in all the composite periods also had a strong correlation with NDVI declines during a drought episode. Results showed that, based on LST, air temperature observations, and water budget analysis, NDVI declines below normal could be predicted as early as 8 weeks in advance in this study area.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.349-364
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• 1991

Recognition of the usefulness and the importance of the nursing diagnosis is increasing. There is a prevailing opinion that nursing diagnosis should be used to improve the quality of nursing care. Developing standardized nursing care palns based on nursing diagnoses is therefore considered one of the most essential projects for professional growth and improvement in the nursing world of Korea. Consequently, in the first stage of this research project, the ten nursing diagnses used most frequently with patients on medical and surgical wards were determined and related nursing care plans were developed, implemented and evaluated. The application of the standardized nursing care plans raised the nurses' confidence and proved to be effective in enhancing the quality of nursing care. This study was initiated as the next stage, to develop, test, and determine the validity of nursing care plans for the remaining nursing diagnoses. Nineteen medical and surgical wards were selected for the study ; the 176 staff nurses working on those wards and 1211 patients hospitalized there (603 patients during the nursing care plan use) took part in the project. The following summarizes the results of the study : 1. After listing all the nursing diagnoses up to the 20th in frequency from each ward except the ten used in the first study, 22 nursing diagnoses were selected. Two related to ‘self care deficit’, were combined into one. Standardized nursing care plans were established for these 21 nursing diagnoses. 2. The first page of each nursing care plan lists the related factors and defining characteristics as supporting data. The application rate distribution revealed that the majority were recorded less than 50% of the time. For each nursing diagnosis, only one to three related factors were recorded more than 50% of the time regardless of the number of suggested related factors, and similarly, only one to five defining characteristics were recorded more than 50% of the time regardless of the number of suggested defining characteristics. Therefore, these factors and defining characteristics were proposed as the common related factors and the typical signs and symptoms for each nursing diagnosis. 3. The application rate distribution for the expected outcomes, and the nursing orders that were the main data of each nursing care plan occurred more than 50% of the time, unlike the related factors and the characteristics that occurred less frequently. These findings supported the clinical validity. 4. In an effort to evaluate indirectly the effect of the use of the standardized nursing care plans, nurses' job satisfaction and perceptions of their ability in the use of the nursing process were measured and compared. Scores after the use of the plans were significantly higher than those before. The experience in actually using the standardized nursing care plans with patients increased the nurses' professional and emotional satisfaction and their confidence in using the nursing process. Also when the nurses who actually used the nursing care plans were asked to rate their effectiveness, the highest score was given to ‘the ease of establishing the nursing goal’, followed by ‘improved professional advice and care for patients’, ‘the efficiency and systemization of charting’, ‘the definite recognition of the nursing problem’, and ‘the selection of effective and appropriate nursing interventions’ in descending order. The results indicate the nurses were very positive about the effect of the real clinical application of standardized nursing care plans, and that the objective of this study to utilize the nursing diagnosis to strengthen the nursing process was attained.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2014

The objective of this study is to project and analyze drought conditions using future climate and hydrology information over South Korea. This study used three Global Climate Models (GCMs) and three hydrological models considering the uncertainty of future scenario. Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), Standardized Runoff Index (SRI) and Standardized Soil moisture Index (SSI) classified as meteorological, hydrological and agricultural droughts were estimated from the precipitation, runoff and soil moisture. The Mann-Kendall test showed high increase in future drought trend during spring and winter seasons, and the drought frequency of SRI and SSI is expected higher than that of SPI. These results show the high impact of climate change on hydrological and agriculture drought compared to meteorological drought.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.185-188
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• 1997

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.3-10
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to design the instructional model to develop logical thinking competency of engineering students and to investigate the effect of the model. The instructional model is composed of the virtual context (films were provided), problem solving, feedback, another problem solving with different perspectives, feedback. The process is looped. The results showed statistically significant improvements between pre- and post-test. The first standardized test of critical thinking showed the improvement from pre-test to post-test (d=0.646). The second test of logical thinking showed the improvement from pre-test to mid-term test (d=0.753) and improvement from mid-term to post-test (d=1.529).

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.222-225
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• 2006

Pull-off test is widely used to evaluate bond performance between concrete and FRP composite. However, reliability of experiment result declines due to many difference between test methods of each national standards. This study analyzed problems of various existing test methods for pull-off test and suggested standardized test method. In addition, since tensile strength of concrete is smaller than bond strength of epoxy resin, maximum bond strength of epoxy resin shall be limited within tensile strength of concrete. Alternative testing method, therefore, which decrease FRP adhesion areas than concrete adhesion areas is suggested to widen test range of bond strength in pull-off test. In the experimental results, bond performance can be estimated up to two times of tensile strength of concrete by reducing FRP adhesion areas by 1/3.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.31-36
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• 2019

Objectives : In this animal study, we performed the single oral dose toxicity test of Standardized Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. and Psoralea corylifolia L. 30% ethanol extract (SCP) in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats owing to aims for verifying approximate lethal dose (ALD). Methods : According to OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals section 4 health effects test No. 420 acute oral toxicity study - fixed dose procedure (17 December 2001), single oral dose toxicity test was performed. Animals were divided into two groups: Group 1, vehicle-treated rats (Control); Group 2, SCP 5000 mg/kg treated rats. SCP is composed of two medicinal herbs: Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. (650 g) and Psoralea corylifolia L. (350 g) in 30% ethanol. SCP was once orally administered to female and male SD rats at dose levels of 5000 mg/kg. Animals were monitored on the mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and necropsy findings for 14 days. Results : After single oral treatment of SCP, we could not find any mortality up to 5000 mg/kg. Compared with the control group, there were also no significant differences in clinical sign, weight change, weight gain and gross abnormalities in SCP 5000 mg/kg-treated group. Conclusions : Taken together, these results suggest that the ALD of SCP in both female and male SD rats were considered as over 5000 mg/kg. Results from this study provide scientific evidence for the safety of SCP.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.542-545
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• 2013

State-of-the-art voice codecs have been developed to extend the input bandwidth to enhance quality while maintaining interoperability with a legacy codec. Most of them employ a modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) for coding their extended band. We propose a source filter model-based coding algorithm of MDCT spectral coefficients, apply it to the ITU-T G.711.1 super wideband (SWB) extension codec, and subjectively test it to validate the model. A subjective test shows a better quality over the standardized SWB codec.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.299-308
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of child nursing simulation using standardized patient on nursing student's anxiety, self-efficacy, and critical thinking disposition. A one group pre test-post test design was used. The subjects of the study were 62 students in the nursing department and 4th year students at the university in C city. The hospitalized child nursing simulation was conducted for approximately 3.5 hours, including 60 minutes of pre-study and orientation, 60-80 minutes of hands-on scenarios, and 30 minutes of reflection diary writing and debriefing. The data collection was conducted from March to December 2016. Statistical analyses of the collected data were conducted, including t-tests, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. Analyses were conducted using SPSS 21.0. The results of the study showed that anxiety (p <.001) was significantly lower and self-efficacy (p<.001) and critical thinking disposition (p<.001) were higher. Therefore, we propose that various scenarios for simulation practice that utilize standardized patients to enhance core nursing abilities be developed.