• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.93-103
• /
• 2019

Objectives : The aim of this study is to review the current trends in experimental studies on the acupuncture moxibustion treatment for visceral hypersensitivity. Methods : PubMed was searched for experimental studies about visceral hypersensitivity and acupuncture/moxibustion. Data were extracted and tabulated from the selected articles about experimental method, intervention, result and mechanism. Results : Total 23 articles were reviewed. Chronic visceral hypersensitivity animal model was applied in 17 studies (74%). Visceral hypersensitivity was measured by abdominal withdrawal reflex scoring or/and abdominal electromyogram. Acupoints like ST25, ST36, ST37, BL25, LI11, BL32 and PC6 were treated by electroacupuncture or moxibustion. All articles reported that electroacupuncture or moxibustion treatment is significantly effective in reducing visceral hypersensitivity. Treatment mechanisms were studied, related to mast cell, serotonin (5-HT) and receptor (5-HT3R and 5-HT4R), substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), c-fos positive cell, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), purinergic 2X (P2X)2, P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NR1 and NR2B), prokinectin (PK) 1 and PK2. Conclusions : Evidences on acupuncture/moxibustion treatment for visceral hypersensitivity in animal studies warrant more research on effective acupoins, electro-acupuncture methods and treatment durations.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제20권3호
• /
• pp.204-212
• /
• 2007

사망사건 중 부패된 생체시료(혈액, 뇨 등)에서 음주여부를 판단하고자 할 때 부패된 사체의 경우 glucose를 비롯한 생체물질들이 미생물에 의하여 alcohol로 대사전환 될 수 있으므로 검출되는 ethanol의 전체 농도를 사망 전의 음주량으로 판단할 수 없다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 감정 의뢰된 사체의 혈액과 뇨를 임의로 선택하여 ethanol의 농도 및 n-propanol의 농도를 측정하여 상대적인 생성 비를 비교하여 보았으며, 5-hydroxytryptophol(5-HTOL)/5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid(5-HIAA)의 비를 이용한 음주여부의 판별법을 확립하기 위해서 5-HIAA 및 5-HTOL의 농도 측정법을 확립하였다. 혈액에서 검출되는 ethanol과 n-propanol의 상대적 농도비는 뇨에서 ethanol이 검출되지 않은 시료를 기준으로 할 경우, 약 11~20:1의 농도비를 나타난다. 음주를 한 것으로 판단되는 뇨의 경우 5-HTOL/5-HIAA의 비율은 1 이상으로 나타났고, 음주를 하지 않은 것으로 판단되는 뇨의 경우 5-HTOL/5-HIAA의 비율이 1 미만으로 측정되어, 혈액검사와는 달리 5-HTOL/5-HIAA의 비율이 1 이상인 경우 음주를 한 것으로 간주할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.314-320
• /
• 2010

The previous reports have showed that ginseng saponins, which are the active ingredients of Panax ginseng, cause the relaxation of artery that are contracted due to a various of hormones or potassium ($K^+$). Recently, we also showed that ginsenosides differentially regulate channel activity. The purpose of this study was to examine whether ginseng saponins affect contraction induced by $K^+$, serotonin (5-HT), or acetylcholine (Ach) in porcine coronary vessel. Treatment with concentrations of ginseng saponins caused a relaxation of 25 mM KCl-induced porcine coronary artery contraction. Also, ginseng saponin induced a significant dose-dependent relaxation of $3\;{\mu}M$ 5-HT-induced porcine coronary artery with the endothelium. In the porcine artery with the endothelium, ginseng saponins induced a relaxation by $3\;{\mu}M$ 5-HT in a concentration-dependent pattern. Ginseng saponins induced relaxation of both 25 mM KCl- and $3\;{\mu}M$ 5-HT-induced coronary artery contraction in the absence and presence of the endothelium. In contrast, treatment with $100\;{\mu}g/mL$ ginseng saponin did not induce relaxation in coronary artery contraction induced by Ach ($0.01\;{\mu}M$ to $30\;{\mu}M$) in the presence of the endothelium, but did cause significant relaxation of coronary artery contractions by Ach ($0.01\;{\mu}M$ to $30\;{\mu}M$) in the absence of the endothelium. These findings indicate that ginseng saponin (> $100\;{\mu}g/mL$) significantly inhibits porcine coronary artery contractions caused by $K^+$, 5-HT, and Ach. Therefore, in this study, we demonstrated that ginseng saponin may show beneficial roles on abnormal coronary contraction.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.733-738
• /
• 2003

홍화의 식품재로로서 이용성을 높이고자 홍화의 부위별 성분분석 및 DPPH radical소거 활성을 조사하였다. 단백질은 어린싹 부위에 28.39%, 지방은 씨부위에 20.47%로 많이 함유되어 있었다. Glucose는 어린싹에 1253.6 mg%, fructose는 어린싹에 970.7 mg%, sucrose는 꽃봉오리 부위에 912.0 mg%로 많이 함유되어 있었다. Succinic acid는 꽃잎부위에 2795.3 mg%, malic acid는 잎과 어린싹 부위에 각각 2054.8 mg%와 934.2 mg%로 많이 함유하고 있었다. 무기질로는 K이 잎과 어린싹 부위에 각각 2826.8 mg%와 1999.8 mg%, Ca 또한 잎과 어린싹 부위에 각각 2613.6 mg%와 1160.9 mg%로 많이 함유하고 있었다. Llinoleic acid는 어린싹과 씨부위에 각각 80.01%와 78.27%로 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다. 총페놀함량은 꽃잎, 어린싹, 잎 부위에 각각 5.8%, 4.4% 및 2.5%, 총플라보노이드 함량은 꽃잎, 어린싹, 잎 부위에 각각 4.7%, 6.5%및 2.0%로 많이 함유하고 있었다. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT)화합물인 serotonin-I 은 홍화씨 부위에 147.7 mg%, serotonin-II또한 홍화씨 부위에 155.4mg%를 함유하고 있었고, flavonoid화합물인 acacetin도 홍화씨 부위에 116.5 mg%를 함유하고 있었다. 또한, luteolin은 어린싹 부위에 388.3 mg%, luteolin 7-g1ucoside는 잎 부위에 692.3 mg%로 많이 함유하고 있었다. DPPH radical 소거활성은 꽃잎과 잎의 80% 에탄올 추출물이 114.2%와 113.6%의 높은 활성을 나타내어 기존의 합성항산화제인 BHA 100ppm 농도의 88.05%의 활성보다 높은 항산화 활성을 가지고 있음을 확인하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제25권5호
• /
• pp.449-457
• /
• 2021

The sleep-wake cycle is regulated by the alternating activity of sleep- and wake-promoting neurons. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) secretes 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin), promoting wakefulness. Melatonin secreted from the pineal gland also promotes wakefulness in rats. Our laboratory recently demonstrated that daily changes in nitric oxide (NO) production regulates a signaling pathway involving with-no-lysine kinase (WNK), Ste20-related proline alanine rich kinase (SPAK)/oxidative stress response kinase 1 (OSR1), and cation-chloride co-transporters (CCC) in rat DRN serotonergic neurons. This study was designed to investigate the effect of melatonin on NO-regulated WNK-SPAK/OSR1-CCC signaling in wake-inducing DRN neurons to elucidate the mechanism underlying melatonin's wake-promoting actions in rats. Ex vivo treatment of DRN slices with melatonin suppressed neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression and increased WNK4 expression without altering WNK1, 2, or 3. Melatonin increased phosphorylation of OSR1 and the expression of sodium-potassium-chloride co-transporter 1 (NKCC1), while potassium-chloride co-transporter 2 (KCC2) remained unchanged. Melatonin increased the expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2, serotonin-synthesizing enzyme). The present study suggests that melatonin may promote its wakefulness by modulating NO-regulated WNK-SPAK/OSR1-KNCC1 signaling in rat DRN serotonergic neurons.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• 제37권1호
• /
• pp.26-33
• /
• 2024

Background: Sitagliptin is an antidiabetic drug that inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme. This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of sitagliptin in formalin and carrageenan tests and determine the possible mechanism(s) of its antinociceptive activity. Methods: Male Swiss mice (25-30 g) and male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were used for formalin and carrageenan tests, respectively. In the formalin test, paw licking time and in the carrageenan test, paw thickness were considered as indexes of pain behavior and inflammation respectively. Three doses of sitagliptin (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) were used in these tests. Also, several antagonists and enzyme inhibitors were used to evaluate the role of adrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and opioid receptors as well as the NO/cGMP/K_ATP pathway in the antinociceptive effect of sitagliptin (5 mg/kg). Results: Sitagliptin showed significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in the formalin and carrageenan tests respectively. In the carrageenan test, all three doses of sitagliptin significantly (P < 0.001) reduced paw thickness. Pretreatment with yohimbine, prazosin, propranolol, naloxone, and cyproheptadine could not reverse the antinociceptive effect of sitagliptin (5 mg/Kg), which indicates that adrenergic, opioid, and serotonin receptors (5HT₂) are not involved in the antinociceptive effects. L-NAME, methylene blue, glibenclamide, ondansetron, and sulpiride were able to reverse this effect. Conclusions: NO/cGMP/K_ATP, 5HT₃ and D₂ pathways play an important role in the antinociceptive effect of sitagliptin. Additionally significant anti-inflammatory effects observed in the carrageenan test might contribute in reduction of pain response in the second phase of the formalin test.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제26권11호
• /
• pp.1701-1705
• /
• 2005

We have established an efficient method for the synthesis of the arylpiperazine derivatives in which the acylation of 2-aminopyridine, the coupling reaction of the acyl compound with piperazines, and reduction of the arylpiperazines were performed under a microwave irradiation (300 W) to afford the corresponding target compounds in quantitative yields. In all cases, the reaction times were remarkably reduced when compared with those of the conventional method.

• 생명과학회지
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.142-148
• /
• 1996

Aloe(Aloe arborescens M$_{ILL}$) has been used as a home medicine for the past several thousand in the world, and has been studied on anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activities, hypotension, atherosclerosis, myocardiac infartion, apoplexy, diabetes as a chronic digenerative disease, tumors, gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas' diseases, and genitourinary tract etc. SAMP8 as a learing and memory impairment animal model were fed basic and/or experimental diets with 1.0% freezing dried(FD)-aloe for 8 months. The passive avoidance tests such as acqusition trial and retention test were significantly higher in aloe group than in control group. Grading score of senescence resulted in a marked decreases in aloe group compared with control group. Acetylcholinesterase(AChE) activity was remarkably increased in aloe group compared with control group. Neurotransmitters such as dopamine(DA) and serotonin(5-HT) almost did not change by the feeding of aloe-added diet, but their metabolites such as homovanillic acid(HVA) and 5-hydroxy-indole acetic acid(5-HIAA) in aloe group were significantly increased compared with control group. Therefore, the ratios of HVA/DA and 5-HIAA/5-HT as a ratio of metabolite on neurotransmitter were significantly increased by the feeding of aloe-added diet. These results suggest that aloe vara may be activated acetylcholinesterase, the metabolite of neurotransmitter, and ratios of metabolite on neurotransmitter, resulting ina greater prevention of learning and memory impairments such as Alzheimertype dementia.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• 제25권1호
• /
• pp.17-21
• /
• 2009

The effects of aqueous extract of Schizandra Chinensis Fruit (AESC) on cadmium-induced changes of monoamine neurotransmitters in the different brain regions of adult rats were investigated. Male rats were received intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CdCl2 (0.6 mg/kg/d) for 21 days and sacrificed 7 days after the last administration. Concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) in striatum and serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in cortex were measured by HPLC. There were significant decreases of NE, DA, 5-HT and 5-HIAA in Cd intoxicated rats (P < 0.05), while pretreatment with AESC (20 mg/kg/d or 60 mg/kg/d, p.o., 30 min before $CdCl_2$) greatly inhibited the decrease of monoamine transmitters, respectively (P < 0.05). Also, AESC significantly increased the reduction of glutathione contents and superoxide dismutase activities in cortex induced by $CdCl_2$. These results suggest that AESC ameliorates Cd-induced depletion of monoamine neurotransmitters in brain through its antioxidant activity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.2008-2014
• /
• 2011

Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine subtype 2C ($5-HT_{2C}$) receptor belongs to class A amine subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) super family and its ligands has therapeutic promise as anti-depressant and -obesity agents. So far, bovine rhodopsin from class A opsin subfamily was the mostly used X-ray crystal template to model this receptor. Here, we explained homology model using beta 2 adrenergic receptor (${\beta}$2AR), the model was energetically minimized and validated by flexible ligand docking with known agonists and antagonists. In the active site Asp134, Ser138 of transmembrane 3 (TM3), Arg195 of extracellular loop 2 (ECL2) and Tyr358 of TM7 were found as important residues to interact with agonists. In addition to these, V208 of ECL2 and N351 of TM7 was found to interact with antagonists. Several conserved residues including Trp324, Phe327 and Phe328 were also found to contribute hydrophobic interaction. The predicted ligand binding mode is in good agreement with published mutagenesis and homology model data. This new template derived homology model can be useful for further virtual screening based lead identification.