• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2013

Background: Colleges of Pharmacy in Korea have increased the number of years required for the degree from 4 years to 6 years in 2009. These changes are demanding revolution of education in pharmacology. The center of gravity is moving from medicine to application, theory to work. Problem-Based Learning is "learn to learn" working cooperatively in groups to seek solutions to real problems. PBL process cheers students to think critically to find optimal solution using appropriate learning resources. Method: Eighteen students in college of pharmacy are selected to participate in PBL lecture and take part in the survey about the effect of PBL in clinical pharmacy education. Results: General satisfaction score was high as four on a five-point scale, and students have improved on anxious about communication since the PBL classes compared to before of the lecture (P=0.037). Conclusion: PBL could be applied in clinical pharmacy education to progress student's participation and satisfaction. In addition this is improved communication skill in medical team during pharmacy practice.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.216-223
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• 2000

A robot arm with free joints has some advantages over conventional ones. A light weight and low power consumed arm can be made by a reduction of the number of joint actuators. And this arm can easily overcomes actuator failure due to unexpected accident. In general such underactuated arm does not have controllability because of the lack of joint actuators. The two-link arm with a free joint introduced in this paper is also uncontrollable in the sense of linear system theory. However, the linearized system sometimes can not represent the inherent dynamic behavior of the nonlinear system. In this paper the dynamic characteristics of the two-link arm with a free joint in view of global motion including damping and friction effect of the joints is investigated. In the case of considering only the damping effect, the controllable goal positions are confined to a specific trajectories. But in the case of considering the friction effect, the system can be controlled to arbitrary positions using the friction of the free joint as a holding brake. Also numerical example of position control is presented.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.107-120
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• 1995

This study aims at seeking how to activate and operate vocational home economics curriculum efficiently. We collected data from school district offices in the nation and questionaries to 37 high school teachers in charge of vocational home economics, 30 teachers in charge of vocational course, 305 students of vocational school, and 135 students on vocational course for the recognition of and request for vocational home economics curriculum. Collected data were analysed by frequency, percentage, and X(sup)2, and SPSS/PC(sup)+ program are used for the statistical analysis. Followings are the outcomes of this study. 1. The number of classes in which vocational home economics is operated has been on the rise since 1986. As for curriculum of vocational high school, 79 classes for clothing, tourism, and childhood education are being operated in 8 schools. 2. Teachers acknowledge vocational training should keep complete and sustaining education and that it should aim ar conduction education which enables students to acquire technical knowledge and to seek a gob. Both teachers and students admit vocational home economics should be carried out so that vocational training can be combined with general education. 3. Teachers put more emphasis on its major field than that general field. As for laboratory classes, teachers complained about the financial lack, while students need for field practice for the purpose of opening the way for combing theory with practice and proposing for scientific study of industrial sites. As for the contents, students considered the technical course size appropriate and they though it is desirable that the ratio of practical class should be increased by more than 60% of that of the current class ratio.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.375-399
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• 2005

In this article, I identified many points of commonness and differences at)feared in the fraction units of three conspicuous textbooks -McLellan, MiC and Korea. After that, 1 evaluated these results with reference to more general didactics on which each text-book is based. A background theory of Mc-Lellan's textbook was Dewey's experientialism, and that of MiC was Freudenthal's realistic mathematics education. Through this study, I have reached the fact that these three textbooks could not exhibit the phenomenological wholeness of fraction. Driven by measuring number model which is very abstractive, McLellan's text-book is disregarding the lower level context. MiC textbook, driven by real context, is ignoring higher level model which is close to rational number concept. From an excess of formulation and practice of algorithm, Korea's textbook is overlooking the real context. It is necessary that a textbook which would display the phenomenological wholeness of fraction is developed.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.32.1-32.1
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• 2018

Searching for low surface brightness (LSB) dwarf galaxies in low density environments (isolated and group) can help us resolve the discrepancy between observation and theory known as the 'missing satellite' problem. They are also important to study the evolution of low mass galaxies in these environments. Although the number of dwarfs in such environments is rapidly increasing in many recent studies, it is still not easy to characterize their general properties. Motivated by this, we present preliminary results of our search for LSB dwarf galaxies around 60 nearby galaxies (D<50Mpc) using deep optical images. Imaging data from Maidanak Astronomical Observatory (MAO) in Uzbekistan as a part of Intensive Monitoring Survey of Nearby Galaxies (IMSNG; Im in prep.) and other archival data are used to find previously unknown LSB dwarf galaxies. Extended LSB sources (central surface brightness ${\mu}_0$ > $23mag/arcsec^2$) are first selected in the ${\mu}_0$ - magnitude plane (Rines & Geller 2008). The dwarf galaxy candidates are chosen by visual inspection. We discuss whether these candidates are actual satellite galaxies, by measuring the projected number densities in group environments and in the field. Also, their structural and photometric properties are compared with those of previously discovered dwarf galaxies in the literature.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.77-93
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• 2011

Jisuguimundo(地數龜文圖) is a magic hexagon created by Suk-Jung Choi in his book about three hundreds years ago in Korea. Recently attention is focused on jisuguimundo, and it is known that jisuguimundos exist when magic number is from 77 to 108, however a general method making jisuguimundos is not known so far. Up to now, methods of making jisuguimundos using computers are known. In this study, a method making jisuguimundos is suggested using pairs of two numbers with sum p and q ($p{\neq}q$) alternately when magic number is from 88 to 92, and from 94 to 98, without using computer in elementary math class as a task for problem solving. Mathematical theory is introduced for this method, and jisuguimundos are presented which are found out through this method. Elementary students are expected to make their own jisuguimundo using this method.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.7
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• pp.71-76
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of action learning methods and practices, which have a research focus on learner-centered teaching after training students to use collaborative learning practices from the viewpoint that the learners acquire English skills through peer correction activities based on sociocultural learning theory[1]. From March 1, 2018 to June 15, 2018, one control class and one experimental group were selected from the general freshman English courses. The experimental group attended classes centered on collaborative writing activities using action learning and cooperation techniques, and the control group attended classes lecture style and rote learning methods to teach writing. The result of study has shown that, for the experimental group, there have been statistically significant results in the production of writing, such as the number of words, the number of sentences, and sentence length. Learners could share the knowledge or ideas of others in their learning relationships with more regular basis.

• Korean small business review
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.67-93
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• 2009

The purpose of this paper is to explore the relations between financial constraints and dividend smoothing of innovative small and medium sized enterprises(SMEs) listed on Korea Securities Market and Kosdaq Market of Korea Exchange. The innovative SMEs is defined as the firms with high level of R&D intensity which is measured by (R&D investment/total sales) ratio, according to Chauvin and Hirschey (1993). The R&D investment plays an important role as the innovative driver that can increase the future growth opportunity and profitability of the firms. Therefore, the R&D investment have large, positive, and consistent influences on the market value of the firm. In this point of view, we expect that the innovative SMEs can adjust dividend payment faster than the noninnovative SMEs, on the ground of their future growth opportunity and profitability. And also, we expect that the financial unconstrained firms can adjust dividend payment faster than the financial constrained firms, on the ground of their financing ability of investment funds through the market accessibility. Aivazian et al.(2006) exert that the financial unconstrained firms with the high accessibility to capital market can adjust dividend payment faster than the financial constrained firms. We collect the sample firms among the total SMEs listed on Korea Securities Market and Kosdaq Market of Korea Exchange during the periods from January 1999 to December 2007 from the KIS Value Library database. The total number of firm-year observations of the total sample firms throughout the entire period is 5,544, the number of firm-year observations of the dividend firms is 2,919, and the number of firm-year observations of the non-dividend firms is 2,625. About 53%(or 2,919) of these total 5,544 observations involve firms that make a dividend payment. The dividend firms are divided into two groups according to the R&D intensity, such as the innovative SMEs with larger than median of R&D intensity and the noninnovative SMEs with smaller than median of R&D intensity. The number of firm-year observations of the innovative SMEs is 1,506, and the number of firm-year observations of the noninnovative SMEs is 1,413. Furthermore, the innovative SMEs are divided into two groups according to level of financial constraints, such as the financial unconstrained firms and the financial constrained firms. The number of firm-year observations of the former is 894, and the number of firm-year observations of the latter is 612. Although all available firm-year observations of the dividend firms are collected, deletions are made in the case of financial industries such as banks, securities company, insurance company, and other financial services company, because their capital structure and business style are widely different from the general manufacturing firms. The stock repurchase was involved in dividend payment because Grullon and Michaely (2002) examined the substitution hypothesis between dividends and stock repurchases. However, our data structure is an unbalanced panel data since there is no requirement that the firm-year observations data are all available for each firms during the entire periods from January 1999 to December 2007 from the KIS Value Library database. We firstly estimate the classic Lintner(1956) dividend adjustment model, where the decision to smooth dividend or to adopt a residual dividend policy depends on financial constraints measured by market accessibility. Lintner model indicates that firms maintain stable and long run target payout ratio, and that firms adjust partially the gap between current payout rato and target payout ratio each year. In the Lintner model, dependent variable is the current dividend per share(DPS_t), and independent variables are the past dividend per share(DPS_t-1) and the current earnings per share(EPS_t). We hypothesized that firms adjust partially the gap between the current dividend per share(DPS_t) and the target payout ratio(Ω) each year, when the past dividend per share(DPS_t-1) deviate from the target payout ratio(Ω). We secondly estimate the expansion model that extend the Lintner model by including the determinants suggested by the major theories of dividend, namely, residual dividend theory, dividend signaling theory, agency theory, catering theory, and transactions cost theory. In the expansion model, dependent variable is the current dividend per share(DPS_t), explanatory variables are the past dividend per share(DPS_t-1) and the current earnings per share(EPS_t), and control variables are the current capital expenditure ratio(CEA_t), the current leverage ratio(LEV_t), the current operating return on assets(ROA_t), the current business risk(RISK_t), the current trading volume turnover ratio(TURN_t), and the current dividend premium(DPREM_t). In these control variables, CEA_t, LEV_t, and ROA_t are the determinants suggested by the residual dividend theory and the agency theory, ROA_t and RISK_t are the determinants suggested by the dividend signaling theory, TURN_t is the determinant suggested by the transactions cost theory, and DPREM_t is the determinant suggested by the catering theory. Furthermore, we thirdly estimate the Lintner model and the expansion model by using the panel data of the financial unconstrained firms and the financial constrained firms, that are divided into two groups according to level of financial constraints. We expect that the financial unconstrained firms can adjust dividend payment faster than the financial constrained firms, because the former can finance more easily the investment funds through the market accessibility than the latter. We analyzed descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, and median to delete the outliers from the panel data, conducted one way analysis of variance to check up the industry-specfic effects, and conducted difference test of firms characteristic variables between innovative SMEs and noninnovative SMEs as well as difference test of firms characteristic variables between financial unconstrained firms and financial constrained firms. We also conducted the correlation analysis and the variance inflation factors analysis to detect any multicollinearity among the independent variables. Both of the correlation coefficients and the variance inflation factors are roughly low to the extent that may be ignored the multicollinearity among the independent variables. Furthermore, we estimate both of the Lintner model and the expansion model using the panel regression analysis. We firstly test the time-specific effects and the firm-specific effects may be involved in our panel data through the Lagrange multiplier test that was proposed by Breusch and Pagan(1980), and secondly conduct Hausman test to prove that fixed effect model is fitter with our panel data than the random effect model. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. The determinants suggested by the major theories of dividend, namely, residual dividend theory, dividend signaling theory, agency theory, catering theory, and transactions cost theory explain significantly the dividend policy of the innovative SMEs. Lintner model indicates that firms maintain stable and long run target payout ratio, and that firms adjust partially the gap between the current payout ratio and the target payout ratio each year. In the core variables of Lintner model, the past dividend per share has more effects to dividend smoothing than the current earnings per share. These results suggest that the innovative SMEs maintain stable and long run dividend policy which sustains the past dividend per share level without corporate special reasons. The main results show that dividend adjustment speed of the innovative SMEs is faster than that of the noninnovative SMEs. This means that the innovative SMEs with high level of R&D intensity can adjust dividend payment faster than the noninnovative SMEs, on the ground of their future growth opportunity and profitability. The other main results show that dividend adjustment speed of the financial unconstrained SMEs is faster than that of the financial constrained SMEs. This means that the financial unconstrained firms with high accessibility to capital market can adjust dividend payment faster than the financial constrained firms, on the ground of their financing ability of investment funds through the market accessibility. Futhermore, the other additional results show that dividend adjustment speed of the innovative SMEs classified by the Small and Medium Business Administration is faster than that of the unclassified SMEs. They are linked with various financial policies and services such as credit guaranteed service, policy fund for SMEs, venture investment fund, insurance program, and so on. In conclusion, the past dividend per share and the current earnings per share suggested by the Lintner model explain mainly dividend adjustment speed of the innovative SMEs, and also the financial constraints explain partially. Therefore, if managers can properly understand of the relations between financial constraints and dividend smoothing of innovative SMEs, they can maintain stable and long run dividend policy of the innovative SMEs through dividend smoothing. These are encouraging results for Korea government, that is, the Small and Medium Business Administration as it has implemented many policies to commit to the innovative SMEs. This paper may have a few limitations because it may be only early study about the relations between financial constraints and dividend smoothing of the innovative SMEs. Specifically, this paper may not adequately capture all of the subtle features of the innovative SMEs and the financial unconstrained SMEs. Therefore, we think that it is necessary to expand sample firms and control variables, and use more elaborate analysis methods in the future studies.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.105-120
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• 2018

Current neuroscience views the mind-body problem from the monistic perspective which claims that the human mind is the result of brain activity and that the mind shuts down when the brain does. However, a considerable number of lay people still believe in the existence of the soul and the afterlife, concepts that are hard to explain from the monistic perspective. This study examines whether lay people think that the mind of the dead is capable of exceeding the physical constraints if they believe that such mind exists. After reading one of three vignettes which describes the state of the protagonist as alive, dead, or brain dead, the participants evaluated the protagonist's general mental capacity and transcendental ability to obtain new information. The participants rated that the dead protagonist had more 'transcendental ability to obtain new information' than the alive one if they evaluated high general mental capacity to the protagonist. In addition, unlike the alive condition, in the dead and the brain dead condition, there was a correlation between the general mind capacity rating and the transcendental ability rating. The results suggest that lay people expect the mind of the alive and the dead to be different, as they believe the latter's general mind capacity connotes transcendental ability. We also found that the participants' religiosity affected their beliefs about the transcendental ability of dead person.

• Archives of design research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2001

A shopping mall sie is the area which males use of the Internee activity as a medium in business transactions, But their growth rate of revenues does not keep up with the growth rate in the number of internet users. One of the reasons why they fall behind of the expected earning proportionate to the growing number of internet user is that the shopping sites do not satisfy various need of customers on the web. This comes from that there has been not enough efforts on a shopping site design satisfying their needs. This paper is to find the elements of the shopping site design to affect the my customers purchase goods on the internet on the premise that a design being closely related with a marketing strategy makes a good design. This paper consists of three parts. The first chapter is about related works inducing e-commerce, marketing as wet as design theory. In the second chapter, data are analyzed to find the elements of a good design. The data are categorized by criteria of general properties, elements in design theory, demographic characteristics and hypothesis tests are done. The third chapter is the conclusion.