• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.608-614
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• 2017

Background: Ginsenoside Rg1 belongs to protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides and has diverse pharmacological activities. In this report, we investigated whether Rg1 could upregulate muscular stem cell differentiation and muscle growth. Methods: C2C12 myoblasts, MyoD-transfected 10T1/2 embryonic fibroblasts, and HEK293T cells were treated with Rg1 and differentiated for 2 d, subjected to immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, or immunoprecipitation. Results: Rg1 activated promyogenic kinases, p38MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and Akt signaling, that in turn promote the heterodimerization with MyoD and E proteins, resulting in enhancing myogenic differentiation. Through the activation of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, Rg1 induced myotube growth and prevented dexamethasone-induced myotube atrophy. Furthermore, Rg1 increased MyoD-dependent myogenic conversion of fibroblast. Conclusion: Rg1 upregulates promyogenic kinases, especially Akt, resulting in improvement of myoblast differentiation and myotube growth.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.380-386
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• 2008

During embryonic and cancer development, the Hedgehog family of proteins, including Sonic Hedgehog, play an important role by relieving the inhibition of Smo by Ptc, thus activating the Smo signaling cascade. Recently, a purine compound, purmorphamine, has been reported to target the Hedgehog signaling pathway by interacting with Smo. Interestingly, both Sonic Hedgehog and purmorphamine were found to promote the osteogenic differentiation of mouse chondroprogenitor cells. However, there is insufficient information as to how the activation of this seemingly unrelated signaling pathway, either by Sonic Hedgehog or purmorphamine, contributes to osteogenesis. Using alkaline phosphatase assays, we screened 125 purmorphamine derivatives from the Korea Chemical Bank for effects on the differentiation of preosteoblast C2C12 cells. Here, we report that two purine derivatives modulate ALP activity as well as the expression of genes whose expression is known or suggested to be involved in osteogenesis.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.63 no.2
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• pp.426-439
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• 2021

It is already well known that castration improves marbling quality but exact timing of castration is still highly debated in beef cattle production industry. After castration, blood hormonal changes occur in steer and objective of this study was to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) levels on adipocyte differentiation in stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and transdifferentiation into adipocytes in C2C12 myoblasts. Total GH concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 24 male calves and 4 female calves. Cell proliferation, cellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation, and the cell's lipolytic capability were measured in C2C12 myoblasts and SVCs. Myogenic, adipogenic, and brown adipocyte-specific gene expression was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using SYBR green. Serum GH levels were the highest in late-castrated calves. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH resulted in greater TG accumulation as well as increased CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH also resulted in lower myogenin (myo)G and myoD expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 after treatment with 5 ng/mL GH was higher than that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. But carcass characteristics data showed no significant difference between early and late castrated steers. Therefore, our results indicate that castration timing does not seem to be inevitable determinate of carcass qualities, particularly carcass weight and marbling score in Hanwoo beef cattle.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.800-806
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• 2012

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by oxidative stresses which cause various chronic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mayer) has been reported to contain various biological activities such as anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, radioprotective, anti-amnestic and anti-aging effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of Panax ginseng, treated with high temperatures and high pressures, on oxidative stress in C2C12 myoblasts and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Oxidative stress was induced in the C2C12 cells through the introduction of $H_2O_2$ (1 mM), and cells were then treated with various ginseng preparations: dried white ginseng (DG), steamed ginseng (SG) and high temperature and high pressure treated ginseng (HG). In addition, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with various ginsengs for up to 8 days following standard induction of differentiation. Our results show that HG treatment significantly protected oxidative stress in both cell lines and enhanced gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effects of ginseng on the oxidative stress of adipocytes and muscle cells.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2010

The palpation of spinous process and transverse process of vertebra are important part of the assesment and treatment from Orthopedic manual therapy. But the palpation area is descriptive differently each of literatures. So we generally got these outcomes. : There are C2, C3, C4 and C6 process as a bony landmarks and these are important part of establish the precise location of pain appears from cervical spine. Even though C7 process regard a prominent part, it is hard to distinguish C6 and process of T1. Thru that differentiation, grab the patient's forehead and try them cervical and hyper-extension check any movement of process or put on the fingers on C7 preocess and check the movement. The palpation of thoracic spine process is the land mark which determines general level orientation in the spine easily, there are T2, T7 spinous process. However, It is depends on how do you test the patient's arm when you palpate it and it can effect on spinous process. The transverse process of C1 is the only spot for palpation in cervical spine, and T1-3, T12 transverse process can palpate it when it stands on the process. The end of T4-6, T11 is placed on middle on vertebra of transverse process and transverse process. T7-9, T10 transverse process is place on same position as spinous process which is upper part of the spine.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.169-182
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• 2003

To understand the structure and regulation of bovine ADRP (Adipocyte Differentiation Related Protein) gene, we have isolated the genomic clone of bovine ADRP and determined its sequence. A genomic Southern blot analysis confirmed that ADRP gene is present as a single copy in bovine genome and the ADRP gene spans 12 kb. Bovine ADRP genomic clone, HwADRPg-1, had 8 exons and 7 introns, and all splicing sites conformed to the GT/AG rule with the exon-intron boundaries located exactly. Analysis of the upstream 649 bp of the sequence of HwADRPg-1 showed that it does not contain any canonical TATAA boxes; however Sp1 binding sites and CAAT boxes are found. The promoter contained potential binding sites for AP-1, AP-2 and several putative transcription factor binding sites. The 5'-flanking region of HwADRPg-1 contained muscle specific transcription activator Myo G and C/EBP (CCAAT/ enhancer binding protein) recognizing site. These results suppose that the Myo G transcription activator regulate the transcription of bovine ADRP gene in muscular tissue and its transcriptional activity was triggered by degree of muscular development. Our results provide the necessary analysis for other flanking sequences are needed in addition to the proximal cis elements of this promoter to confer adipocyte differentiation-dependent or growth-dependent transcriptional control.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2011

By a series of positional cloning, we successfully narrowed down the AM candidate region to approximately 1.2 Mbp on GGA2q including 7 functional genes. Subsequently, we identified WWP1 gene as the most likely AM candidate by sequence comparison. The amino acid sequence around the candidate mutation was highly conserved among tetrapods, suggesting that WWP1 is the causative gene of chicken muscular dystrophy. Transfection of mutated WWP1 gene into $C_2C_{12}$ myoblasts disrupted muscle differentiation process. The abnormal muscle differentiation is a characteristic of chicken muscular dystrophy, so we could demonstrate a part of phenotype of the disease. Furthermore, western blotting revealed that accumulation of caveolin-3 protein is limited in damaged muscle of muscular dystrophic chicken, suggesting caveolin-3 may be associated with the pathological change of the disease. We could conclude that WWP1 gene is the responsible one for chicken muscular dystrophy from these results, but the mechanism leading the onset should be clarified in the future. The information will contribute to the study of chicken muscular dystrophy and the corresponding human dystrophies.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 1991

Treating 12-O-tetradecanoyIphorboI 13-acetate -TPA) or platelet~derived growth factor(PDGF), the signal transduction of protein Idnase C (PKC) is occurred by the phosphoryladon. However the targeting proteins phosphorylated by PKC were found to be different proteins in molecular weights when WA or PDGF wa~ treated to the myoblast. In the WA-treated myoblast cells, the protein of Mr. 20 I(d was phosphorylated. In the PDGF-treated cells, the protein of Mr. 40 Kd was phosphrylated, while the protein of Mr. 20 Kd which phosphorylated in the WA-treatment was dephosphorylated. These results indicate that not only WA and PDGF &e different in activating the signal transduction pathways, but also they may involve in the down reguladon of PI(C during the long-term treatment But PDGF gave rise more rapidly down reguladon than in the case of WA. Using immunocytochemical approach, two disdnct PKC isozymes, PKC II and PKC III, have been localized in cytoplasm and both cytoplasm and nuclsolus, respectively. Ther'efore, the expression of two types of PKC in the myoblast suggests that the isozymes of PKC may involve in each different pathway of signal transduction or down-reguladon.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 1998

CS-2l lymphoma cells that preferentially metastasize to lymph nodes after s.c. inoculation into BALB/c mice were grown in vitro in the presence of CA- 12 stromal cells isolated from lymph nodes. In order to obtain fundamental data on the identification and characterization of the soluble factors produced by CA-12 stromal cells, the conditioned medium of CA-12 stromal cells that inhibited apoptosis of CS-21 cells was examined. Various analytical treatments revealed that the soluble factors in CA-12 conditioned medium are very sensitive to heat treatment and trypsinization. Moreover CA-12 conditioned medium has an affinity with heparin but not with Con-A. In addition to these, the activity of CA-12 conditioned medium was blocked by H-7, a PKC inhibitor, but the conditioned medium could not induce the differentiation of thymocytes. We concluded that CA-12 conditioned medium contains stromal cell-derived apoptosis-inhibitory molecules that play an important role in proliferation of CS-2l cells by suppressing cell apoptosis.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2010

We determined the effects of temperature shifts on the kinetics of the numbers of antibody-secreting cell (ASC) in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus immunised with formalin-killed Edwardsiella tarda. When fish that were acclimated to $22^{\circ}C$ and immunised at that temperature were transferred to a lower temperature ($12^{\circ}C$) at a various times (immediately, 1, 2 or 4 weeks) after immunisation, both further differentiation of B cells and secretion of antibody from the ASC developed at $22^{\circ}C$ were suppressed at $12^{\circ}C$. However, in the converse experiment ($12^{\circ}C$ to $22^{\circ}C$), the magnitude of the humoral immune response was recovered independent of the time of the transfer after immunisation at low temperature, even though the peak levels of each transferred group did not reach the level found in $22^{\circ}C$ control group. The results were confirmed by counting the number of specific antibody secreting cells (SASC) in the spleen. This study provides the evidences of the immune reaction that the potential for antibody production in B cells of flounder, the most important species in aquatic industry of Korea, immunized at high temperature is suppressed by subsequent exposure to low temperature and that low temperature-induced humoral immuno suppression can be reversed by exposure to a higher temperature.