Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5187/jast.2021.e26

The difference of castration timing of Korean Hanwoo bulls does not significantly affect the carcass characteristics  

Hong, Heeok (Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University)
Baatar, Delgerzul (Laboratory of Genetics, Institute of Biology)
Hwang, Seong-Gu (School of Animal Life Convergence Science, Hankyong National University)
Publication Information
Journal of Animal Science and Technology / v.63, no.2, 2021 , pp. 426-439 More about this Journal
Abstract
It is already well known that castration improves marbling quality but exact timing of castration is still highly debated in beef cattle production industry. After castration, blood hormonal changes occur in steer and objective of this study was to investigate the effects of growth hormone (GH) levels on adipocyte differentiation in stromal vascular cells (SVCs) and transdifferentiation into adipocytes in C2C12 myoblasts. Total GH concentrations were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 24 male calves and 4 female calves. Cell proliferation, cellular triglyceride (TG) accumulation, and the cell's lipolytic capability were measured in C2C12 myoblasts and SVCs. Myogenic, adipogenic, and brown adipocyte-specific gene expression was measured via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using SYBR green. Serum GH levels were the highest in late-castrated calves. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH resulted in greater TG accumulation as well as increased CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. Treatment with 5 ng/mL GH also resulted in lower myogenin (myo)G and myoD expression compared to that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. The expression of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 7 after treatment with 5 ng/mL GH was higher than that after treatment with 15 ng/mL GH. But carcass characteristics data showed no significant difference between early and late castrated steers. Therefore, our results indicate that castration timing does not seem to be inevitable determinate of carcass qualities, particularly carcass weight and marbling score in Hanwoo beef cattle.
Keywords
Adipogenesis; Stromal vascular cells; C2C12 myoblast; Growth hormone; Transdifferentiation; Castration timing;
Citations & Related Records
연도 인용수 순위
  • Reference
1 Mwangi FW, Charmley E, Gardiner CP, Malau-Aduli BS, Kinobe RT, Malau-Aduli AEO. Diet and genetics influence beef cattle performance and meat quality characteristics. Foods. 2019;8:648. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8120648   DOI
2 Lee B, Choi YM. Correlation of marbling characteristics with meat quality and histochemical characteristics in longssimus thoracis muscle from Hanwoo steers. Food Sci Anim Resour. 2019;39:151-61. https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2019.e12   DOI
3 Vettor R, Milan G, Franzin C, Sanna M, De Coppi P, Rizzuto R, et al. The origin of intermuscular adipose tissue and its pathophysiological implications. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;297:E987-98. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00229.2009   DOI
4 Porter C. Quantification of UCP1 function in human brown adipose tissue. Adipocyte. 2017;6:167-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/21623945.2017.1319535   DOI
5 Okla M, Ha JH, Temel RE, Chung S. BMP7 drives human adipogenic stem cells into metabolically active beige adipocytes. Lipids. 2015;50:111-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-014-3981-9   DOI
6 Saini S, Duraisamy AJ, Bayen S, Vats P, Singh SB. Role of BMP7 in appetite regulation, adipogenesis, and energy expenditure. Endocrine. 2015;48:405-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0406-8   DOI
7 Knight TW, Cosgrove GP, Death AF, Anderson CB. Effect of interval from castration of bulls to slaughter on carcass characteristics and meat quality. New Zealand J Agric Res. 1999;42:269-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1999.9513376   DOI
8 Marti S, Realini CE, Bach A, Perez-Juan M, Devant M. Effect of castration and slaughter age on performance, carcass, and meat quality traits of Holstein calves fed a high-concentrate diet. J Anim Sci. 2013;91:1129-40. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-5717   DOI
9 Bretschneider G. Effects of age and method of castration on performance and stress response of beef male cattle: a review. Livest Prod Sci. 2005;97:89-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.04.006   DOI
10 Ryan KJP, Daniel ZCTR, Craggs LJL, Parr T, Brameld JM. Dose-dependent effects of vitamin D on transdifferentiation of skeletal muscle cells to adipose cells. J Endocrinol. 2013;217:45-58. https://doi.org/10.1530/JOE-12-0234   DOI
11 Wang J, Chen J, Zhang J, Gao B, Bai X, Lan Y, et al. Castration-induced changes in the expression profiles and promoter methylation of the GHR gene in Huainan male pigs. Anim Sci J. 2017; 88:1113-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12739   DOI
12 Skarda J. Effect of bovine growth hormone on growth, organ weights, tissue composition and adipose tissue metabolism in young castrated male goats. Livest Prod Sci. 1998;55:215-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(98)00138-9   DOI
13 Bolamperti S, Guidobono F, Rubinacci A, Villa I. The role of growth hormone in mesenchymal stem cell commitment. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:5264. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215264   DOI
14 Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE, Puri V, Lee KY, Jorgensen JOL. The effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue: old observations, new mechanisms. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16:135-46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0280-9   DOI
15 Burton JL, McBride BW, Block E, Glimm DR, Kennelly JJ. A review of bovine growth hormone. Can J Anim Sci. 1994;74:167-201. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-027   DOI
16 Han S, Sun HM, Hwang KC, Kim SW. Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells: update on clinical utility and efficacy. Crit Rev Eukaryot Gene Expr. 2015;25:145-52. https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevEukaryotGeneExpr.2015013057   DOI
17 Luo W, Li E, Nie Q, Zang X. Myomaker, regulated by MYOD, MYOG and miR-140-3p, promotes chicken myoblast fusion. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:26186-201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161125946   DOI
18 Baatar D, Hwang SG. Effect of testosterone on the differentiation control of stromal vascular cells isolated from longissimus muscle of Hanwoo beef cattle. Meat Sci. 2020;159:1079616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107916   DOI
19 Ge X, Yu J, Jiang H. Growth hormone stimulates protein synthesis in bovine skeletal muscle cells without altering insulin-like growth factor-I mRNA expression. J Anim Sci. 2012;90:1126-33. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2011-4358   DOI
20 Sarjeant K, Stephens JM. Adipogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2012;4:a008417. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a008417   DOI
21 Meadows E, Cho JH, Flynn JM, Klein WH. Myogenin regulates a distinct genetic program in adult muscle stem cells. Dev Biol. 2008;322:406-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.07.024   DOI
22 Tapscott SJ. The circuitry of a master switch: myod and the regulation of skeletal muscle gene transcription. Development. 2005;132:2685-95. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.01874   DOI
23 Miao ZG, Zhang LP, Fu X, Yang QY, Zhu MJ, Dodson MV, et al. Invited review: mesenchymal progenitor cells in intramuscular connective tissue development. Animals. 2016;10:75-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115001834   DOI
24 Choi SM, Tucker DF, Gross DN, Easton RM, DiPilato LM, Dean AS, et al. Insulin regulates adipocyte lipolysis via an akt-independent signaling pathway. Mol Cell Biol. 2010;30:5009-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.00797-10   DOI
25 Nielsen TS, Jessen N, Jorgensen JO, Moller N, Lund S. Dissecting adipose tissue lipolysis: molecular regulation and implicatins for metabolic disease. J Mol Endocrinol. 2014;52:R199-222. https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-13-0277   DOI
26 Singh NK, Chae HS, Hwang IH, Yoo YM, Ahn CN, Lee HJ, et al. Conversion of C2C12 myoblast into adipoblast with thiazolidinediones: a possible basis for intramuscular fat generation in meat animals. Asian Australas J Anim Sci. 2007;20:432-9. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.432   DOI
27 Aronowitz JA, Lockhart RA, Hakakian CS. Mechanical versus enzymatic isolation of stromal vascular fraction cells from adipose tissue. Springerplus. 2015;4:713. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-015-1509-2   DOI
28 Lee EJ, Bajracharya P, Lee DM, Kang SW, Lee YS, Lee JL, et al. Gene expression profiles during differentiation and transdifferentiation of bovine myogenic satellite cells. Genes Genom. 2012;34:133-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-011-0096-z   DOI
29 Shan T, Liang X, Bi P, Zhang P, Liu W, Kuang S. Distinct populations of adipogenic and myogenic Myf5-lineage progenitors in white adipose tissue. J Lipid Res. 2013;54:2214-24. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M038711   DOI
30 Zhu Y, Yang R, McLenithan J, Yu D, Wang H, Wang Y, et al. Direct conversion of human myoblasts into brown-like adipocytes by engineered super-active PPARy. Obesity Soc. 2015;23:1014-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21062   DOI
31 Wang C, Liu W, Nie Y, Qaher M, Horton HE, Yue F, et al. Loss of myoD promotes fate transdifferentiation of myoblasts into brown adipocytes. EBioMedicine. 2017;16:212-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.01.015   DOI
32 Kalinovich AV, de Jong JMA, Cannon B, Nedergaard J. UCP1 in adipose tissues: two steps to full browning. Biochimie. 2017;134:127-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2017.01.007   DOI
33 Boon MR, van den Berg SAA, Wang Y, van den Bossche J, Karkampouna S, Bauwens M, et al. BMP7 activates brown adipose tissue and reduces diet-induced obesity only at subthermoneutrality. PLOS ONE. 2013;8:e74083. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0074083   DOI