The purpose of this study is to suggest a brassiere sizing chart for elderly women. 2 control dimensions(under bust girth and cup size) were chosen as 2 axes of brassiere size chart. A loss function was used to determined intervals of under bust girth and cup size of size chart, because the loss function introduces the concept of frequency to size chart for better customer's satisfaction. From the dual distribution table whose intervals had been determined by a loss function. The 15 sizs, which had more than 2% of appearance were suggested for brassiere size chart. The suggested brassiere sizes covered 87.6% of all subjects. Considering that KS brassiere size chart consisting of 32 sizes covers 88.5%, the suggested brassiere size chart would be considered quite feasible. Also it is suggested supply reference measurement chart relevant to brassiere manufacturing for 10 most frequent sizes.

To generate workspace analytically using the robot kinematics, data on range of human joints motion, especially range of two degrees of freedom motion, are needed. However, these data have not been investigated up to now. Therefore, in this research, we are to investigate an interaction effect of motions with two degrees of freedom occurred simultaneously at the shoulder, virtual hip(L5/S1) and hip joints, respectively, for 47 young male students. When motion with two degrees of freedom occurred at a joint such as shoulder, virtual hip and hip joints, it was found from the results of ANOVA that the action of a degree of freedom motion may either decrease or increase the effective functioning of the other degree of freedom motion. In other words, the shoulder flexion was decreased as the shoulder was adducted or abducted to $60^{\circ}C$TEX>or abducted from $60^{\circ}C$TEX>to maximum degree of abduction, while the shoulder flexion increased as the joint was abducted from $60^{\circ}C$TEX> to $60^{\circ}C$TEX> The flexion was decreased as the virtual hip was bent laterally at the virtual hip joint, and also did as the hip was adducted or abducted from the neutral position. It is expected that workspace can be generated more precisely based the data on the range of two degrees of joint motion measured in this study.

The purposes of the present study were: (1) to investigate aeromedical dissorders prevalent among ROK air force pilots and (2) to evaluate their detrimental effects on flight performance. The study examined the eight flight-induced disorders primarily responsible for permanent grounding and flying restrictions. According to the survey of 600 randomly selected pilots, 80.2% of the respondents have experienced low back pain, which was 20% higher than the lifetime prevalence in Swedish male workers. Bradyacusia ranked second (56.0%) resulting from continuous exposure to high aircraft noise. The cardiovascular disorders, the most common cause for permanent grounding of Canadian forces pilots, were found in 16.0% of the Korean pilots. Due to the high prevalence of the disorders, in 1993 the Korean pilots received medical treatments 10 times as many as factory workdes. Compared to the flight performance of Israeli and British pilots in wars, the flight performance of the Korean pilots was found to be inferior. Such poor performance can be attributable to the high incidence rates of disorders. Statistical analyses revealed that the aeromedical disorders were related to personal variables such as age, flight career- related factors, and fatigue. Cigarette smoking and drinking habit contributed to worsening back pain, barotitis media, and pulmonary disorders. More comprehensive research was recommended to identify health hazards, combined with intervention to minimize disorders that could lead to early termination of flight careers or excessive loss of flight time. This study further suggests that aeromedical institutions in Korean air force should be fostered more professionally and financially.

Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) of Horne & Ostberg(1976) was translated into a Korean version, and MEQ and life habit inventory was administrated with approximately 900 university students. The distribution of MEQ score was normal. Arising time and bedtine for weekdays and holidays came in the order of morning type, intermediate and evening-type. And the deviation for the evening-type was greatest. Also, the deviation of sleep length for the evening-type was greater than the morning- type. There were tendencies that the bed time and arising time of the male were slightly later than those of the female, and the sleep length of the male was a little longer than that of the female. It also appeared that the arising time was later in the male who completed the military services than those who did not in the chronotype. And the sleep length of the non-served male was longer than that of the served one. Such tendencies noticeably appeared especially the evening-type. The evening-type was subject to heavy variability in bedtime. arising time, and sleep length. The sleep latency of the evening- type was longer and mood on arising was worse. And the ratio of nap or light sleep was higher in these subjects than in others. These results suggested that evening-type students had more irregular and/or flexible sleep-wake habits than the morning-type.

This research utilized the psychophysical methodology, where secrw drivers are used, to determine the effects of i) the location and orientation of work objects, and ii) wearing gloves, on ratings of perceived exertion at various body parts. The validity of the psychophysical methodology in determining a preferred work pace was also studied. The subjects drove screws with a screw driver into thick wooden sheet at three vertical and three horizontal locations. They drove serews for 3 minutes at each location and assessed the condition using the psychophysical scale. The results showed that only the vertical location was a significant factor in determining the discomfort ratings. Driving screws at elbow height on the vertical surface and with the lower arm close to the body on the horizontal surface were the work locations with the smallest ratings of perceived discomfort. Wearing gloves had significant effects on reducing the pain of the hand. From the experiment in which a comfortable work pace was identified using 20 minute psychophysical adjustment, it was found that the psychophysical method is sensitive to workers perception of the physical stress when the upper limbs are employed. This was confirmend by the high correlation between the psychophysical results and EMG measurement.

This paper is concerned with a chronological analysis of the simple limb movement and the performance of a selective response for Korean adults. The cybernetical control number(C.C.No) tester is used to perform the experiment for 103 males and 96 females aged from 20s to above 60s. For the selective response ecperiment, judgement speed has decreased with age. The judgement speed was slowed down more rapidly with age for female than for male. Both the limb movement and the judgement speed showed significantly different trends according to age groups. Especially, it was shown that simple limb movement decreased beginning with 50s for male and 40s for female. It is expected that the results can be applied to the job design of aged people.

For understanding skin temperature based on clothing design from a viewpoint of comfortable wearing, the skin temperature, physiological reactions(body temperature, blood pressure and pulse) and physilolgical response(thermal sensation, comfort sensation and perceptive sweaty sensation) were measured on condition tha t5 naked healthy male exposed to serveral environmental temperatures,( $20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ ,$28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ and $32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$). As the results of this testing, the regional skin temperature was varied for 90min just after expose to those the environment but was generally stabilized for the nest 90min. It was proved the difference of the regional skin temperature at low temperature environmental($20{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$) was larger than at high temperature environmental($32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$) and inder serveral environmental temperature,the degree of the regional skin was not equal. Except in case of the thigh, the front of all regional skin temperature turned out higher than the back of them. According to change of environmental temperature, body temperature and pulse were altered. In the pshycological response, 'thermal sensation-comfort sensation' was felt to 'slightly warm - comfortable' at $28{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$of the environmental temperature, and 'perceptive sweaty sensation', wneh it was said 'sweat' at only $32{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ of it.

The objective of this study was to make comparison of the physical work capacities with different types and methods of tasks. To produce standard work loads, a bicycle ergometer and a treadmill were used for the purpose of two different types of tasks. Maximal oxygen uptake measurement tests are usually performen (1) continuously - with no rest between work load increments, or (2) discontinuously - with the subjects resting several minutes between work periods. Continuous test protocol with two different methods of work load increments, (1) ramp test- with 3 to 5 minutes of work period for each work load, and (2) incremental test - where exercise intensity was increased progressively in 2 minutes interval, were used. Predicted physicala work capacities (PWCs) were compared with the one by Kim(1990), and Lee(1995), and the NIOSH physiological criteria. For ergometer test, the PWC based on the ramp test was 89.65% of the one based on the incremental test. The PWC values were 2553.88 ml/min for the ramp test and 2848.82 ml/min for the incremental test. For treadmill test, the PWC based on the ramp test was 97.54% of the one based on the incremental test. The PWC values were 2786.89 ml/min for the ramp test and 2857.24 ml/min for the incremental test. The PWC obtained with a bicycle ergometer was 91.64% of the one obtained with a treadmill for the ramp test, and 99.71% for the incremental test.

In today's highly automated aircraft, the role of the pilot has changed from an airplane controller to a system manager. As a system manager in a cockpit, today's pilot is in charge of a management-level activity called cockpit task management( CTM). According to earlier studies, pilot errors in performing CTM activities were significant factors in a large number of aircraft accidents and incidents. The primary objective of this research was to reduce CTM-related pilot errors. A prototype pilot- vehicle interface called the cockpit task management system (CTMS) was developed and its effectiveness in improving CTM performance was evaluated. After the CTMS was implemented, it was integrated into a PC-based flight simulator to perform an experiment to evaluate its effectiveness. Eight volunteer subjects were used to collect performance data. The results of the experiment indicated that a statistically significant improvement was observed when the subjects flew with the assistance of the CTMS.

This study was initiated to suggest the optimal size intervals for mail-order clothing. The questionnaire survey was carried at 360 women and 50 men who purchased apparels by mail-order. The garment sizes providing at the various mail-order companies in Korea were compared. The garment sizes that consumers wanted to purchase were also investigated. The collected data were analyzed and optimal size intervals for mail-order clothing were decided by the loss function. The results are as follow. 1) The optimal size intervals were varied from 4cm to 7cm. The total expected loss of the apparel sizes suggested in this study was less than that of the current mail-order apparel sizes. When the number of sizes for mail-order clothing is increased, the expected loss was reduced considerably. 2) The mail-order clothing is made for consumers with average body size. 30 The number of garment sizes available by mail-order was under three. 4) Subjects tend to select larger size garments, when the right size garments are not available.

The purpose of this research is to measure range of virtual hip joint and lower limb joints motion such as the hip, knee and ankle joints for 47 young male students. The results of ANOVA revealed that anthropometric dimensions including weight and stature did not show any significant effects on the range of virtual hip joint and lower limb joints motion and the range of motion with two degrees of freedom at the shoulder, virtual hip and hip joints. Anthropometric dimensions such as age, weight, statuire, arm length, shoulder height and leg length were found to be lowly correlated with the range of virtual hip joint and lower limb joints motion. It is expected that the data on the range of joint motion suggested in this study can be used as a valuable input data when designing workplace, predicting human posture and reach volume, etc.

It is known fact that the CTS patients have lower pinch strength than the normal people. And we can assume that the sensory nerve action potential(SNAP) and the nerve conduction velocity(NCV) of the CTS group are lower or slower than the normal subjects. This paper analysed the grip strength and performed EMG experiment for the group Norm, G1 and G2. The results are as follows: 1) CTS patients have lower pinch strength than normal people. 2) There was no significant difference on SNAP between the CTS group and the normal group. 3) There was significant difference on NCV among Norm, G1, and G2 group. Especially, significant level was higher in the evening after the continuous use of wrist.

The purpose of this study is to provide basic information for elderly women's clothing design and to develop dress forms that can reflect the characteristics of their bodies. Three hundered twenty subjects, between the ages of 60 .approx. 85, were chosen and the data were collected from anthropometric data. Principal component analysis which is one of the basic methods in factor analysis was applied to the interpretation of anthropometric data. As a result of analysis, the data are able to be decided into appropriate group.

A single line display menu (SDM) is widely used for the user interface of many electronic consumer products, and the designers need useful guidelines applicable to the SDM. In many studies on menus, major focus has been placed on the optimal menu structure, but only a few standard menu structures, such as $64^{1},8^{2},4^{3}$,and $2^{6}$ are usually tested for optimality. In many cases, however, ill defined or asymmetric structures are suggested as design alternatives. To determine the optimal menu structure, user performance should be obtained in terms of quantitative measures. Hence, a model is needed to provide a predicted value of user performance for a given menu structure. Altough several models have been proposed for ordinary menus, none is available for the SDM yet. To solve this problem a performance model was developed in this study using the neural network approach. This model is capable of providing quantitative measures of human performance for any menu structures without conducting additional experiments, which will save much time and reduce the design cost.

Hand posture and force, which define aspects of the way an object is grasped, are features of robotic manipulation. A means for specifying these grasping "flavors" has been developed that uses an instrumented glove equipped with joint and force sensors. The new grasp specification system is being used at the Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) in a Virtual Reality based Point-and-Direct (VR-PAD) robotics implementation. In the Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) Laboratory at Penn State, hand posture and force data were collected for manipulating bricks and other items that require varying amounts of force at multiple pressure points. The feasibility of measuring desired grasp characteristics was demonstrated for a modified Cyberglove impregnated with FSR (Force Sensitive Resistor) pressure sensors in the fingertips. A joint/force model relating the parameters of finger articulation and pressure to various lifting tasks was validated for the instrumented "wired" glove. Operators using such a modified glove may ultimately be able to configure robot grasping tasks in environments involving hazardous waste remediation, flexible manufactruing, space operations and other flexible robotics applications. In each case, the VR-PAD approach improved the computational and delay problems of real-time multiple- degree-of-freedom force feedback telemanipulation.

In light-weight hand tools, static posture may result in postural fatigue. Psotural tremor of the upper extremity in a static posture was measured to provide guidelines for hand tool weight. Postural tremor was measured on five levels of tool weitht : no weight, 400g, 800g, 1200g, and 1600g. Three types of camcorder recording postures were selected. For each condition, postural tremor was measured together with ENG of biceps, deltoid and pectoralis major, and Borg's CR-20 ratings of perceved exertion. Results of the experiment are as follows : frequency analysis of tremor revealed increased amplitude of frequency bands of 2-4Hz and 10-14Hz. Postural tremor of the upper extremeity maintained the initial level until fatigue developed. After the development of fatigue, the rate of change of postural tremor significantly increased. Different tool weights and hand postures showed different rates of tremor increase. Time tp fatigue and corresaponding endurance time were positively correlated with Borg's RPE scores.

EEG(electroencephalogram) is characterized with auditory emotion in this study. Twenty university students participated in this study. The auditory stimulus was the natural sounds such as creek sound, clash, machining noise, and etc. They can cause the positive and negative emotion. EEG characteristics according to positive and negative auditory stimuli is tried to observe statistic difference. The significant difference is shown depending on the localized area. The auditory paraameters of EEG variation is examined for defining human emotion qualitatively. The results shows that the alpha and the beta at temproal area may be thd determinat of human auditory emotion.