• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2020

Objective: The effects of Pleurotus ostreatus on the feed utilization of broad bean stalks (BBS), rape straw (RS), paddy straw (PS), and corn stalk (CS) was examined. Methods: The four roughages were co-cultured with Pleurotus ostreatus. The chemical composition; enzyme activities of laccase, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and xylanase; carbohydrate and protein fractions (based on The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System [CNCPS]) were assessed at different days after inoculation (7, 14, 21, 28 d) and un-inoculated roughages (control, 0 d). The digestibility of nutrient components and the gas production of roughage with various incubation times were monitored at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h using an in vitro ruminal fermentation method. Results: A higher CMCase activity (0.1039 U/mL) and earlier time to peak (14 d) were detected in Pleurotus ostreatus cultured with CS (p<0.05). Significantly, the incubation length-dependent responses of cumulative gas production were observed from 24 to 72 hours post fermentation (p<0.05), and these incubation length-dependent effects on cumulative gas production of PS and CS appeared earlier (24 h) for PS and CS than those (48 h) for BBS and RS (p<0.05). The fast-degradable carbohydrate (CA) content for all four roughages significantly increased over time (p<0.05). Nonetheless, increased degradation efficiency for CA treated with Pleurotus ostreatus was detected at both 21 and 28 days of incubation (p<0.05). With the exception of PS (p<0.05), there were no significant difference among the roughages (p>0.05) in slowly-degradable carbohydrate (CB2) at different incubation times (p<0.05). Conclusion: Assessment of the alterations in chemical composition, CNCPS system fractions, and the fermentation kinetics after biological pretreatment may yield a valuable database for evaluating the biological pretreatment of Pleurotus ostreatus in ruminant feed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.77-90
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to isolate cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic anaerobic bacteria inhabiting from gut of ruminants and investigate their hydrolytic enzyme activities. Extracellular CMCase activities of H-strains isolated from the rumen of a Holstein dairy cow were higher than those of D- and DC- strains from the rumen and large intestine of Korean spotted deer. Most isolated bacteria utilized more efficiently Dehority's artificial medium containing starch, glucose and cellobiose (DAS) than those in Dehority's artificial medium containing cellulose only (DAC). The results of biochemical reactions and sugar fermentation indicated that the isolated bacteria belong to one of bacterial strains of Peptostreptococcus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Prevotela ruminicola/buccae, Clostridium beijer/butyricum and Streptococcus intermedis which are not highly cellulolytic. Activities of Avicelase, xylanase, β-D-glucosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase and β-xylosidase of the isolated anaerobic bacteria in DAS were higher than those in DAC. In conclusion, the results indicated the higher enzyme activities of the isolated strains cultured in DAS medium were mainly caused by their specific carbohydrate utilization for enzyme production and growth rate. The highly cellulolytic bacteria were not isolated in the present experiment. Thus further research is required to investigate characteristics of gut bacteria from Korean spotted deer.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.363-370
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• 2007

In order to identify probiotic microorganisms, 25 isolates of Lactobacillus sp. were selected from kimchi based on their growth rates, lactic acid production and salt tolerance. The isolate JK-01 was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum by the API kit and 16S rDNA analysis (99.9% of homology), and named as L. plantarum JK-01. The maximum number of L. plantarum JK-01 was reached at 18 hr fermentation in MRS broth and the pH gradually decreased to 4.5. L. plantarum JK-01 showed high enzyme activities for xylanase, amylase, protease, and phytase on MRS agar plates containing each substrate. L. plantarum JK-01 showed high resistance to acidic pH and bile salts, and grew well even at pH 2.0 and 1.0% bile salt. In particular, L. plantarum JK-01 showed high heat stability as shown by $3.3{\times}10^3$ CFU/mL at $60^{\circ}C$. The isolate showed remarkable antimicrobial activity against E. coli in MRS broth based on its disappearance after 18 hr and clear zone formation using a paper disk assay. These results suggest that L. plantarum JK-01 may be probiotic in nature.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.357-364
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• 2005

To search probiotic microorganisms, we isolated Lactobacillus sp. from kefir, The Lactobacillus sp. strain showed $99.5\%$ of identity to species Lactobacillus rhamnosus by API kit. Lactobacillus rhamnosus showed high resistances to acidic environment, which grew well even at pH 2.0 and $1.0\%$ bile salt Enzyme activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus was higher in amylase ($0.673\;{\mu}mol/min/mg$) than that in xylanase ($0.288\;{\mu}mol/min/mg$), cellulase($0.117\;{\mu}mol/min/mg$) and phytase($0.269\;{\mu}mol/min/mg$). Especially, the Lactobacillus rhamnosus showed high heat stability which remained $1{\times}10^6\;CFU/ml$ at $60^{\circ}C$. The maximum numbers of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on growth owe was reached at 24 h fermentation and pH was decreased to 4.6. The resistances of Lactobacillus rhamnosus to acidic pH and bile salt were better than that of Lactobacillus acidophilus used as control. When Lactobacillus rhamnosus was cultured with E. coli in MRS broth, E. coli was disappeared after 18 h. These result suggest that the isolated Lactobacillus rhamnosus has a useful probiotics properties.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.307-314
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• 2006

To search direct fed microbials, we isolated a Candida sp. from kefir grain. The isolated Candida sp. strain showed 99.8% of identity to the species of Candida kefyr by API 20C kit. Enzyme activity of Candida kefyr was higher in amylase (0.33±1.12μmol/min/mg) than that in phytase (0.052±0.98μmol/ min/mg) cellulase(0.051±μmol/min/mg) and xylanase (0.011±0.98mol/min/mg). The maximum numbers of Candida kefyr in growth curve were reached at 30 h fermentation. Candida kefyr showed high resistances to acidic environment, which was not perfectly extincted even at pH 2.0. And it showed high tolerance to bile salt which had almost 97.2% of survival in the presence of 1.0% bile salt.Especially, Candida kefyr showed high heat stability which remained 10% of initial microorganisms at 60℃. Candida kefyr was not generally inhibited by most of 11 antibiotic agent which contained tetracycline groups. These results suggest that the isolated Candida kefyr has a useful properties as probiotics.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.69-79
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• 2011

This study was conducted to estimate effects of by-products of medical herbs replacing rice straw on in vitro fermentation characteristics. Each trial was composed of five treatments including medical herbs : rice straw (%) = 20 : 80 (T1), 40 : 60 (T2), 50 : 50 (T3), 100 : 0 (T4) and the control. Each treatment had eight fermentation times (3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72 hours) with three replications. The gas production and DM degradation were significantly (P<0.05) increased by supplementation, especially T4, during the whole fermentation periods. Methane production increased along with addition of by-products similar to the gas production and DM degradation. The pH values ranged from 5.39 to 6.80 and were significantly (P<0.05) decreased by supplementation of by-products of medical herbs. Microbial growth rates reached the peak at between 36 and 48h, thereafter tended to decrease. Although there were no significant differences in the enzyme activities, there was a tendency of increase in T4 treatment. From above results, the replacement levels, particularly 100% replacement of rice straw by by-products of medical herbs, resulted in improving the in vitro fermentation characteristics such as increasing gas production, microbial growth and DM degradation. Also it may help digestion by increasing enzyme activities.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.1157-1168
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different amounts of wheat bran (WB) inclusion and postbiotics form by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and phytase co-fermented wheat bran (FWB) on the growth performance and health status of broilers. Methods: Study randomly allocated a total of 300 male broilers to a control and 4 treatment groups (5% WB, 5% FWB, 10% WB, and 10% FWB inclusion, respectively) with each pen having 20 broilers and 3 pens per treatment. Results: The WB does not contain enzymes, but there are 152.8, 549.2, 289.5, and 147.1 U/g dry matter xylanase, protease, cellulase and β-glucanase in FWB, respectively. Furthermore, FWB can decrease nitric oxide release of lipopolysaccharide stimulated chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells by about two times. Results show that 10% FWB inclusion had significantly the highest weight gain (WG) at 1 to 21 d; 5% FWB had the lowest feed conversion rate at 22 to 35 d; 10% WB and 10% FWB inclusion have the highest villus height and Lactobacillus spp. number in caecum; and both 5% and 10% FWB can increase ash content in femurs. Compared to control group, all treatments increase mucin 2, and tight junction (TJ), such as occludin, claudin-1, zonula occludens-1, and mRNA expression in ileum by at least 5 folds. In chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase-1 mRNA expression decreases from 2 to 5 times, and glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit mRNA expression also increases in all treatment groups compared to control group. The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor-κB, and IL-1β, decreases in 5% and 10% FWB groups compared to control group. Conclusion: To summarize, both WB and FWB inclusion in broilers diets increase TJ mRNA expression and anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation, but up to 10% FWB groups have better WG in different stages of broiler development.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.66 no.2
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• pp.398-411
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• 2024

Upregulation of the nutritional value of feed is the major target of various studies in the livestock industry, and dietary enzyme supplementation could aid in digesting the nondegrading nutrients of grains in feed ingredients. Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of the fermentation process in the beverage industry and can be used as a large supply source of fiber in feed. Therefore, we conducted an experiment with male broiler chickens to investigate the effect of various types of enzymes on DDGS and compare the efficacy of single enzyme and multienzyme complexes on growth performance and gut environments in broiler chickens. We used 420 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308), and they were allotted into 4 dietary treatments with seven replications (CON, corn-soybean meal [SBM] diet; NC, DDGS supplemented diet; SE, 0.05 % of mannanase supplemented DDGS-based diet; MC, 0.10% of multienzyme complex (mannanase and xylanase, glucanase) supplemented DDGS-based diet. The dietary exogenous enzyme in the DDGS-supplemented diet could improve growth performance as much as the growth of the control group, and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly increased by enzyme addition in groups of chicks fed DDGS-supplementation diet. Moreover, the populations of pathogenic bacteria, coliforms, and Bacteroidetes were significantly decreased by enzyme supplementation, which might lead to improved gut mucus-secreting cells and inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum. Collectively, dietary single enzyme and multienzyme complexes could improve gut environments, including intestinal immune responses and gut microbial population, and lead to improvement of growth performance in broiler chickens.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1426-1434
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementation of synbiotics manufactured with anaerobic bacteria, yeast and mold on preservation of total mixed ration (TMR) by exposing days. Eight treatments were composed of untreated synbiotics(US), bacterial synbiotics (BS), yeasty synbiotics (YS), moldy synbiotics (MS), bacterial and mouldy synbiotics (BMS), yeasty and moldy synbiotics (YMS), bacterial and yeasty synbiotics (BYS), and bacterial, yeasty and moldy synbiotics (BYMS). After 7 days of anaerobic fermentation, fermented-TMRs were exposed to the air during 1, 3, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days. One hundred forty four (8 treatments${\times}$6 days${\times}$3 replications) fermented-TMRs were manufactured by vinyl bag ($43\;cm{\times}58\;cm$). Although no significant differences in the activities of carboxymethylcellulase, xylanase and amylase were observed among treatments, theirs acivities were seemed to increase by treatment of BYS or YMS containing yeast. Total bacterial and mold counts also decreased in the treatments containing yeast. Potential pathogenic bacteria were less detected in BYS and BMYS for E. coli, BMYS and YS for Salmonella, and BMS and BMYS for Shigella than those of the other treatments, MS was, however, contaminated easier than US by pathogenic bacteria. From above results, synbiotics containing facultative anaerobic yeast have effects for preservation of TMR fermented anaerobically. Particularly, BMYS treatment having good results in nutrient contents, dry matter loss and pathogenic bacteria amounts was a resonable synbiotics for preservation of the fermented-TMR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of exogenous enzymes as a potential means of improving the ruminal digestion (i.e., degradability) of alfalfa hay and rice straw. Twenty six enzyme-additives were examined in terms of protein concentration and enzymic activities on model substrates. The exogenous enzymes contained ranges of endoglucanase, xylanase, ${\beta}$-glucanase, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and protease activities. Six of the enzyme additives were chosen for further investigation. The enzyme additives and a control without enzyme were applied to mature quality alfalfa hay substrate and subsequently incubated in rumen batch cultures. Five of the enzyme additives (CE2, CE13, CE14, CE19, and CE24) increased total gas production (GP) at 48 h of incubation compared to the control (p<0.05). The two additives (CE14 and CE24) having the greatest positive effects on alfalfa hay dry matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) degradability were further characterized for their ability to enhance degradation of low quality forages. The treatments CE14, CE24, a 50:50 combination of CE14 and CE24 (CE14+24), and control (no enzyme) were applied to mature alfalfa hay and rice straw. For alfalfa hay, application of the two enzyme additives, alone and in combination, increased GP compared to the control at 48 h fermentation (p<0.05), whereas only CE14 and CE14+24 treatments improved GP from rice straw (p<0.05). Rumen fluid volatile fatty acid concentrations throughout the incubation of rice straw were analyzed. Acetate concentration was slightly lower (p<0.05) for CE14${\times}$CE24 compared to the control, although individually, CE14 and CE24 acetate concentrations were not different from the control. Increases (p<0.05) in alfalfa hay NDF degradability measured at 12 and 48 h of incubation occurred only for CE14 (at 12 h) and for CE14+24 (at 12 and 48 h). Similarly, ADF degradability increased (p<0.05) with CE14 and CE14+24. As for rice straw, increased DM degradability was observed at 12 and 48 h of incubation for all enzyme treatments with an exception for CE14 at 12 h. The degradability of NDF was improved by all the enzyme treatments at either incubation time, while ADF degradability was only enhanced at 48 h. Overall, the enzymes led to enhanced digestion of mature alfalfa and there was evidence of improved digestibility of rice straw, an even lower quality forage.