• Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.341-351
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• 2003

Digital image watermarking is the method that can protect the copyright of the image by embedding copyright information, which is called watermark. Watermarking must have robustness to intentional or unintentional data changing, called attack. The conventional watermarking schemes are robust to waveform attacks such as image compression, filtering etc. However, they are vulnerable to geometrical attacks such as rotation, scaling, translation, and cropping. Accordingly, this paper proposes new watermarking scheme that is robust to geometrical attacks by using invariant centroid. Invariant centroid is the gravity center of a central area in a gray scale image that remains unchanged even when the image is attacked by RST including cropping and proposed scheme uses invariant centroids of original and inverted image as the template. To make geometrically invariant domain, template and angle compensated Log -Polar Map(LPM) is used. Then Discrete Cosine Transform(DCT) is performed and the watermark is embedded into the DCT coefficients. Futhermore, to prevent a watermarked image from degrading due to interpolation during coordinate system conversion, only the image of the watermark signal is extracted and added to the original image. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is especially robust to RST attacks including cropping.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.1687-1698
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• 2021

This study is to produce multiple layers of liposomes in a supercritical state and encapsulates active ingredients in order to stably encapsulate thermodynamically unstable active ingredients. In order to form a liposome in a supercritical state, a mixed surfactant development including vegetable-derived hydrogenated phosphatidyl choline and their delivative, hydrogenated sucrose distearate was synthesized as high purity. It describes a manufacturing method of injecting liquid carbon dioxide into a reactor to create a supercritical state and stirring to produce a giant liposome, and adding and loading genistein and quercetin. The HLB of the mixed lipid complex (SC-Lipid Complex) was 12.50, and multiple layers of liposome vesicles were formed even at very low concentrations. This surfactant had a specific odor with a pale yellow flake, the specific gravity was 0.972, and the acid value was 0.12, indicating that it was synthesized with high purity. As a result of the emulsifying capacity experiment using 20 wt% capric/capric triglyceride and triethylhexanoin using SC-Lipid Complex, it was found to have 96.2% emulsifying power. SC LIPOSOME GENISTEIN was confirmed that a multi-layer liposome vesicle was formed through a transmission electron microscope (Cryo-TEM) for the supercritical liposome encapsulated with genistein. The primary liposome particle size in which genistein was encapsulated was 253.9 nm, and the secondary capsule size was 18.2 ㎛. Using genistein as the standard substance, the encapsulation efficiency of supercritical liposomes was 99.5%, and general liposomes were found to have an efficiency of 93.6%. In addition, the antioxidant activity experiment in which quercetin was sealed was confirmed by the DPPH method, and it was found that the supercritical liposome significantly maintained excellent antioxidant activity. In this study, thermodynamically unstable raw materials were sealed into liposomes without organic solvents in a supercritical state. Based on these results, it is expected that it can be applied to various forms such as highly functional skincare cosmetics, makeup cosmetics, and scalp protection cosmetics.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.499-508
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• 2019

Based on the preliminary surveys for the occurrences of the Muwellut chrome-nickel mineralized zone ($800km^2$) in northwestern Myanmar, Bophivum area was selected as the detailed exploration area after considering data source, geological potential, metallogenic province, necessity of resource development on target mineral, exploration activity, grade, ore deposit type, nearby operating mine, infrastructure and exploration prediction effect. From 2013 to 2016, KIGAM and DGSE carried out geological and geochemical survey with 1:1,000 scale, magnetic survey(areal extent, $1.672km^2$), trench survey(19 trench, total length 392 m), pitting survey(18 pit, total depth 42.6m), exploration drilling(6holes 600m, 2015; 13holes 617.4m). We analyzed Cr and Ni contents of 77 drill cores with specific gravity in Yangon DGSE analytical center. Considering surface geological survey, geochemical exploration, magnetic survey, trench survey and drilling data, we divided Bophivum area into 8 blocks. Resource estimation are divided into measured and indicated resources. Measured resource is about 9,790t and indicated resource is about 12,080t with the average grade of Cr 11.8% and Ni 0.34%. In case of Bophivum area, if we develop by tying up Webula chrome mineralized zone in the south, it will be possible to upgrade the medium-scale mine. Geologically, the ophiolite belt are distributed in the western and eastern part in Myanmar. So, the exploration technology obtained from exploation in Bophivum area will be helpful to discover the hidden chromitite ore body in Myanmar ophiolite belt in the future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.20 no.4 s.49
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• pp.212-216
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• 1981

This experiment was carried out to investigate the penetration velocity and diffusion ability of methyl bromide fumigants under the condition of natural gravity, and the effect of in control of yellow corn in the vortical silo. The results were as fallows 1. The methyl bromide remainded concentration on the surface of the vertical silo was rapidly reduced from over 100mg/l to under 20mg/l, within 2 hours after supplying methyl bromide fumigant 2. Even 3m depth place from the surface of the vertical silo filled with yellolw corn was well penetrated within 30 minutes, but its remained methyl bromide gas was reduced gradually from over 100mg/l to 30mg/l after 12 hours duration. 5. In case of 13m place tile penetration ability of methyl bromide was over 100mg/l within one hour and kept the same concentration of it for 12 hours, its remainded methyl bromide preserved over 40mg/l until 48 duration time. 4. Less methyl bromide gas was detected at the bottom place than 3m and 13m depth of the vertical silo. It showed bellow 20mg/l of methyl bromide gas only through the whole duration time. 5. Comparing to the vertical penetration velocity of mehtyl bromide gas, the horizontal diffusion ability was not so good. Therefore, remained methyl bromide gas of 3m depth at the wall side of silo was about half than that of center circle where the nearer place from the methyl bromide supplying point, and the methyl bromide gas of 13m depth placed center circle was detected about 15 to 20 times than that of wall side. 6. For the purpose of examining the mortality of methyl bromide, the testing insects (Lesser Rice weevil and confused flour beetle) placed on the surface and bottom side of the silo were killed completely after 24 hrs fumigation, and the same results showed also at the 3m, 7m and 13m depth after 48 hrs fumigation.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.893-905
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• 2020

This study is a study on solubilization and emulsifying power of tocopheryl acetate using vegetable surfactants. High purity polyglyceryl-10 isostearate and polyglyceryl-10 oleate were mixed to synthesize a vegetable surfactant with excellent solubilizing power and emulsifying power. The mixed raw material was named Solubil EWG-1100. The appearance of this raw material was a pale yellowish paste with a specific smell, specific gravity of 1.12, and acid value of 0.085. The HLB value of this surfactant was calculated by the Griffin's equation with an average value of 15.17. The behavior of this surfactant to solubilize tocopheryl acetate was mechanically verified. The performance of solubilization was evaluated by a method of visual evaluation and was measured by a transmittance rate at 650 nm using a UV spectrophotometer. As a result, in the formulation using 3% ethanol as a co-solvent, the concentration of surfactant was required to solubilize tocopheryl acetate was required about 5 times of natural surfactant. In the formulation without ethanol as a co-solvent, the concentration of surfactant was required to solubilize tocopheryl acetate required about 7 times of natural surfactant. In addition, the concentration of surfactant required to make an emulsifivation 10 % of tocopheryl acetate was 1 wt% of Solubil EWG-1100, and the emulsified particle size was 3.5 mm in cream formula. In order to obtain stable and fine emulsified particles, it was found that as the concentration of tocopheryl acetate increased, the concentration of Solubil EWG-1100 also was to increase. As a result of testing the solubilizing power of the surfactant according to the pH various change, it showed stable solubilizing power in the acidic region of pH=3.2, the neutral region of pH=7.0, and the alkaline region of pH=11.8. As application, based on these results, it is expected that it can be widely applied to the cosmetics field that develops skin care prescriptions, sensitive skin products, and heavy dry skin products.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.51-63
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• 2002

This study sought to identify the kinematic characteristics at entrance to the straight course from the curvilinear course in the 200m-track game. For this purpose, this study was conducted for 4 sprinters by setting the 10m-section combined from the curvilenear track to the straight course and shooting them with the camcorder. It was set up to include all the sections of analysis by using the framework of the control point knowing the coordinate of the space and actual analysis was conducted on the motion showing the best records by conducting it for each subject five times. As a result, the following conclusion was drawn: It was found that the subjects showed the average stride of 4.5${\pm}$0.41 times at the 10-meter section and the required time of 1.42${\pm}$0.04sec. They showed the ratio average stride to height of 1.25${\pm}$0.20% and the average speed of 7.06${\pm}$0.19m/s. The displacement in the center of gravity of the human body at the section combined from the curvilinear course to the straight course was moving along the inward course of the curvilinear course, and the displacement of the leg located at the outward direction(right) was found to be larger than that of the leg located at the inward direction(left). In the speed of the left and right hand segments, it was found that the speed of the right hand located in the outward direction was faster than that of the left hand located at the inward, and it was found that the subjects progressed in the curvilinear course. The subjects showed the larger angle of the shoulder joint when the upper arm was located in the forward direction than when the it was located in the backward direction. In the curvilinear course, they showed the lower value of the lateral angle of the trunk when the right foot located at the outward direction left the ground than when the left foot located at the inward direction left the ground. And it was found that the lateral angle of the trunk became lower with approaching the straight course.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.191-203
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• 2005

It was to study a following research of "A Kinematical Traits Analysis when Performing Uchimata(inner thigh reaping throw) by Posture and Voluntary Resistance Levels(VRL) of Uke in Judo[1]" and. "A Case Study of Center of Gravity(COG) when Performing Uchimata(inner thigh reaping throw) by Posture and Voluntary Resistance Levels(VRL) of Uke in Judo[II]". The purpose of this study was to analyze an angular momentum of trunk and lower extremity when performing uchimata by two postures and voluntary resistance levels(VRL) of uke(reciver) in Judo. The subjects, who were one male judoka(YH) for 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games Olympian(silver medalist), was filmed on two S-VHS 16mm video cameras(60fields/sec.) through 3-dimensional motion analysis methods, that postures of uke were shizenhontai (straight natural posture:NP) and jigohontai (straight defensive posture:DP), VRL of uke were 0% and 100%, respectively. The variables were angular momentum of trunk, lower extremity of attacking leg and supporting leg of tori(the thrower). The data of this study collection were digitized by SIMI Motion Program computed the mean values and the standard deviation calculated for each variables. When performing uchimata according to each posture and VRL of uke and classifying. From the data analysis and discussion, the conclusions were as follows : Angular momentum of trunk when performing uchimata was showed the largest among another angular momenta, and the posture displayed more different than resistant of uke(reciver), but the pattern similar in judo. Angular momentum of trunk of X axis was the largest and Y, Z axis order. Angular momentum of attacking the thigh-leg when performing uchimata was showed the largest among another angular momenta, and the posture displayed more different than resistant of uke(reciver), X axis and Y axis similar, but angular momentum of Z axis of thigh-leg the largest, in kake(application) event in 0% resistance of DP than other variables. Angular momentum in X,Y axis of attacking the lower-leg when performing uchimata was showed that the resistance level displayed more different than posture, but Z axis the largest, in kake(E3) phase in 0% resistance of DP than other variables as same thigh-leg, and the largest from tsukuri(set-up:E2) to kake(E3) phase. X and Z axis Angular momentum of supporting the thigh-leg were similar, regardless of posture and resistance of uke, but Y axis was resistance level. Angular momentum of supporting the thigh-leg was showed the largest in X axis, increased from EO event to E2, and decreased in E3, and angular momenta of Y, X axis were showed the largest in kuzushi(balance breaking) phase when performing uchimata. Angular momentum of supporting the lower leg were similar pattern, regardless of posture and resistance of uke, in Y axis, resistance displayed more difficult the position in NP, and showed opposite angular momentum in tsukuri phase. In conclusion, angular momentum of trunk when performing uchimata was showed the largest, and pattern was similar, regardless of posture than resistant of uke(reciver), magnitude and direction were different each other, and uchimata was Ashi -waza(foot and leg techniques) division but important of trunk action.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.649-657
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• 2011

This study had targeted the Manjong Junction~Hongchun interchange section of Jungang highway in order to analyze the efficiency and improvement of the highway wild-life fences. Being analyzed wild-life fence as an effective facility for the prevention of road-kill, it had founded that the wild animals did not jump over even the two layer guardrail, concrete barrier and noise barrier, fence for rock fall. For the section with high road-kill decrease effect after installing the wild-life fence, the effect was higher at wild-life fence with the height of 1.0m where the door had not been installed and the well connected points of road facility than the area with fence height of 1.5m. The road-kill decrease effect was also high at the well managed areas even if the door has not been installed. Also, road-kill had occurred by concentrating around the end of wild-life fence after installing the fence, Moreover road-kill had also occurred around the cutting section. The door of wild-life fence had higher amount of road-kill occurrence as the installation interval was closer. it was analyzed that the door management has a lot of effect on road-kill decrease. The fence for rock fall, two layer guardrail and concrete barrier having the effect of wild-life fence installed on the road would have to be installed by connecting with wild-life fences through proper facility improvement. Although the door should not be installed if possible, it should be installed as automatic door or gravity door to prevent the door from leaving the door open. An escape route has to be formed for the prompt escape away from the road for the animals entered through the ending section of the fence. The eco-corridor has to be made by restoring the soil layer of dual purpose eco-corridor forming a planting area. Also, the dead body after the accident has to be disposed to the outer section of the road immediately in order to prevent the secondary road-kill by the predator from the road-kill. The fence has to be installed as 500m or longer in both ways, in other words 1,000m or longer, from the targeted spot of minimum accident prevention while connecting up to the bridge or box culvert, etc that are next road facilities if possible to guide wild animals safely to the eco-corridor.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.643-654
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• 2023

The West Philippine Basin, an oceanic basin half the size of the Philippine Sea Plate, lies in the western part of the plate and south of the Korean Peninsula on the Eurasian Plate. It subducts beneath the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Islands bordering the Ryukyu Trench and the Philippine Trench with 25-50% of this basin already consumed. However, the history of the opening of the basin's southern region has been a topic of debate. The non-transform discontinuity formed during the seafloor spreading is similar to the transform fault boundaries normally perpendicular to mid-ocean ridge axes; however, it was created irregularly due to ridge propagations caused by variations of mantle convection attributable to magma supply changes. By analyzing high-resolution multi-beam echo-sounding data, we confirmed that the non-transform discontinuity due to the propagating rift evolved in the entire basin and that the abyssal hill strike direction changed from E-W to NNW-SSE from the fossil spreading center. In the early stage of basin extension, the Amami-Sankaku Basin was rotated 90 degrees clockwise from its current orientation, and it bordered the Palau Basin along the Mindanao Fracture Zone. The Amami-Sankaku Basin separated from the Palau Basin while the spreading of the West Philippine Basin began with a counter-clockwise rotation. This indicates that the non-transform discontinuities formed by a sudden change in magma supply due to the drift of the Philippine Sea Plate and simultaneously with the rapid changes in the spreading direction from ENE-WSW to N-S. The Palau Basin was considered to be the sub-south of the West Philippine Basin, but recent studies have shown that it extends into an independent system. Evidence from sediment layers and crustal thickness hints at the possibility of its existence before the West Philippine Basin opened, although its evolution continues to be debated. We performed a combined analysis using high-resolution multi-beam bathymetry and satellite gravity data to uncover new insights into the evolution of the West Philippine Basin. This information illuminates the complex plate interactions and provides a crucial contribution toward understanding the opening history of the basin and the Philippine Sea Plate.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2024

In this paper, we present a DIP-MLS testing method that combines digital image processing with a rigid body-based MLS differencing approach to measure mechanical variables and analyze the impact of target location and image resolution. This method assesses the displacement of the target attached to the sample through digital image processing and allocates this displacement to the node displacement of the MLS differencing method, which solely employs nodes to calculate mechanical variables such as stress and strain of the studied object. We propose an effective method to measure the displacement of the target's center of gravity using digital image processing. The calculation of mechanical variables through the MLS differencing method, incorporating image-based target displacement, facilitates easy computation of mechanical variables at arbitrary positions without constraints from meshes or grids. This is achieved by acquiring the accurate displacement history of the test specimen and utilizing the displacement of tracking points with low rigidity. The developed testing method was validated by comparing the measurement results of the sensor with those of the DIP-MLS testing method in a three-point bending test of a rubber beam. Additionally, numerical analysis results simulated only by the MLS differencing method were compared, confirming that the developed method accurately reproduces the actual test and shows good agreement with numerical analysis results before significant deformation. Furthermore, we analyzed the effects of boundary points by applying 46 tracking points, including corner points, to the DIP-MLS testing method. This was compared with using only the internal points of the target, determining the optimal image resolution for this testing method. Through this, we demonstrated that the developed method efficiently addresses the limitations of direct experiments or existing mesh-based simulations. It also suggests that digitalization of the experimental-simulation process is achievable to a considerable extent.