• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.49-62
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• 2023

In order to create an organizational culture that prevents women's career breaks and promotes economic activities, this study aimed at developing educational content for workplace culture improvement for both male and female workers working at small and medium-sized enterprises in Jeollanam-do. The core content composition and content design specifically consider the characteristics of Jeollanam-do based on an advisory meeting of the field experts and researchers to ensure the on-site utilization of the content and the validity and consistency of the teaching content. The educational content is divided into three areas: understanding, effectiveness, and the implementation of a gender-sensitive work-life balance organizational culture. The aim of the content is for all employees to understand the meaning of work-life balance and to improve the organizational culture of their company from the perspective of individuals, families, companies, and society. In particular, the intention was to personally identify and implement measures to improve a gender-equal work-life balance, not only at work, but also with regard to domestic labor and leisure time. Furthermore, the content is presented from a gender-sensitive perspective that encompasses diversity, systems, and programs targeting women, men, single people, married people, young people, the elderly, and people with disabilities - all these groups are explained as examples. The content emphasizes that we should all actively participate in improving the organizational culture of our companies. In addition, the Women's New Work Center should seek ways to increase the motivation for the voluntary participation by companies and strengthen the expertise of instructors in work-life balance education.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.1580-1588
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• 2023

The desire for clear and clean skin is universal among both men and women. Women, in particular, seek the help of foundation to achieve beautiful and transparent skin. The choice of foundation is not determined by the race of an individual; instead, it varies based on personal skin color and undertone. Therefore, there is a need to surpass the stereotype of using foundation colors based on racial discrimination. The purpose of this study is to randomly select cosmetics brands from Korea, China, Japan, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom, considering the impact of each photo, environment, and equipment. The objective is to understand the differences in skin tones in foundation advertisement model images on websites. Analyzing the RGB values of foundation colors for each brand revealed that in Korea, the colors were 8.75R, 1.25YR, 2.5YR, 3.75YR, 5YR, and 6.25YR. Chinese brands showed similar colors with 2.5YR, 3.75YR, 5YR, 6.25YR, and 10YR. Japanese brands displayed colors such as 7.5R, 8.75R, 10R, 5YR, 6.25YR, and 7.5YR. American brands presented colors like 6.25R, 8.75R, 10R, 2.5YR, 3.75YR, 5YR, 6.25YR, 7.5YR, and 10YR. French brands featured 10R, 1.25YR, 3.75YR, 5YR. Lastly, British brands displayed 2.5YR, 3.75YR, 7.5YR. As a follow-up study, in-depth research on the reshaping and color changes of foundation over time is recommended. It is hoped that this research will serve as fundamental data for makeup companies' marketing and contribute to the development of both domestic and international color cosmetics markets.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 2014

Objectives: This study is intended to seek credible and efficient measurements on airborne asbestos concentrations that allow immediate action by establishing complementary data through comparative analysis with existing PCM and KF-100 method real-time monitoring equipment in working areas in Seoul where asbestos-containing buildings are being demolished, including living environment surroundings. Materials: We measured airborne asbestos concentrations using PCM and KF-100 at research institutes, monitoring networks, subway stations and demolition sites of asbestos-containing buildings. Through this measurement data and KF-100 performance testing, we drew a conversion factor and applied it via KF-100. Finally we verified the relationship between PCM and KF-100 with statistical methods. Results: The airborne asbestos concentrations by PCM for the objects of study were less than the detection limit(7 fiber/$mm^2$) in three (20%) out of 15 samples. The highest concentration was 0.009 f/cc. The airborne asbestos concentrations by PCM in laboratories, monitoring networks, subway stations and demolition sites of asbestos-containing buildings were respectively $0.002{\pm}0.000$ f/cc, $0.004{\pm}0.001$ f/cc, $0.009{\pm}0.001$ f/cc, and $0.002{\pm}0.000$ f/cc. As a result of KF-100 performance testson rooftops, the conversion factor was 0.1958. Applying the conversion factor to KF-100 for laboratories, the airborne asbestos concentrations ratio of the two ways was nearly 1:1.5($R^2$=0.8852). Also,the airborne asbestos concentration ratio of the two ways was nearly 1:1($R^2$=0.9071) for monitoring networks, subway stations, and demolition sites of asbestos-containing buildings. As a result of independent sample t-tests, there was no distinction between airborne asbestos concentrations monitored in the two ways. Conclusions: In working areas where asbestos-containing buildings are being demolished, including living environment surroundings, quickly and accurately monitoring airborne asbestos scattered in the air around the working area is highly important. For this, we believea mutual interface of existing PCM and a real-time monitoring equipment method is possible.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.944-951
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• 2011

An improved cholesterol analysis method was developed for powdered infant formula by gas chromatographic separation after liquid-liquid extraction and partition. In the official Korea Food Standard method for cholesterol analysis, the water phase and solvent phase were not well separated in the case of emulsified foods such as powdered infant formulas and baby foods. For the rapid and simple sample preparation method, an optimized direct saponification condition was established for heating temperature, heating time, and KOH concentration. From the results, the optimum conditions were as follows: heating temperature $90^{\circ}C$, heating time 60 min, and 16 M KOH 10 mL for a 2 g infant formula sample; improved separation condition for gas chromatography was as follows: the initial oven condition was $250^{\circ}C$ for 25 min, the oven temperature was increased to $290^{\circ}C$ by $10^{\circ}C$/min ratio, and finally the oven temperature remained at $290^{\circ}C$for 9 min. The developed method could be implemented for the study of cholesterol, providing the advantages of reduced inspection time and cost in emulsified foods such as infant formula.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.167-197
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• 1991

This paper is intended as an introductory essay to explain endogenous changes in the scope of firm activities in the competitive structure of a deregulated, multi-product financial industry. Recently, the global financial industry has been experiencing a widespread reshuffling in its activities, reflecting both consolidation and specialization. The spread of the universal banking system, which involves the integration of various kinds of financial activities, has resulted in the so-called financial supermarket. At the same time, the traditional set of banking activities has been unbundled into so-called financial boutiques. A relevant question is where the current reshuffling process of integration and disintegration in financial activities might lead the financial industry. However, presently popular theories of the financial industry are not really appropriate for the analysis of this issue. This paper attempts to integrate the theory of specialization [George J. Stigler, "The Division of Labor is Limited by the Extent of the Market," Journal of Political Economy, Vol. LIX, No.3, June 1951] and the theory of the multi-product firm [William J. Baumol, John C. Panzar, and Robert D. Willig, Contestable Markets and the Theory of Industry Structure, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1982] and to apply the resulting hybrid theory, a theory on the scope of financial activity, to the financial industry. The implications of this theory for the issues raised above are formalized under five hypotheses on the reshuffling of financial activities as listed below: Hypothesis I: The differences in the organization of financial industries among countries are determined by differences in the size of the financial markets, other things being equal. Hypothesis II: A financial firm will separate those financial activities simultaneously having relatively strong economies of scale and relatively weak economies of scope (alternatively, diseconomies of scope) from other activities. Conversely, the firm will integrate those activities simultaneously having relatively weak economies of scale (alternatively, diseconomies of scale) and relatively strong economies of scope with incumbent activities. Hypothesis III: A competitive equilibrium in the deregulated financial industry will consist of both specialized and multi-product financial firms, resulting in a mixed form of specialized and universal banking systems. Hypothesis IV: As world financial markets fully integrate and all countries consequently face this single, common world market, the financial structures of individual countries will become increasingly similar. Hypothesis V: A more universal banking system will dominate the deregulated financial industry in countries with relatively small financial markets, while a more specialized banking system will dominate in countries with relatively large financial markets. However, equilibrium will ultimately be mixed, with specialized and universal banks coexisting, as stated in Hypothesis III. Based on these hypotheses, this paper interprets the historical development of specialized vs. universal banking systems in major industrial countries as a process driven by the evolution of the financial market in each country - i.e. the change in the size of the financial market over time. In addition, this paper anticipates that the final equilibrium of the world financial industry, which is currently under the pressure of financial innovations and deregulation, will be a mixed equilibrium with both specialized boutiques and universal supermarket-type financial firms, instead of an exclusively specialized or universal banking system. Future research should seek continued theoretical elaboration and empirical verification of this paper's hypotheses.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.22
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• pp.91-111
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• 2010

Around the middle of the ninth century the strict bone-rank system of Silla frustrated many people who had political ambition but lacked nobility. They had to seek other ways, including maritime trade. Such an undertaking reflected and also increased their economic and military power. Trade prospered with T'ang China and with Japan as well. The threat of piracy to Silla's thriving maritime trade caused to create a succession of garrisons at important coastal points. Chonghae Jin (Chonghae garrison) was regarded as the most important of these. It was established in 828 by Chang Pogo. Chonghae Jin was on Wando, an island just east of the southwestern tip of Korea and a key place at this time in the trade between China, Korea, and Japan. From this vantage point Chang Pogo became a merchant-prince with extensive holdings and commercial interests in China and with trade contacts with Japan. Although piracy was rampant in East Asia at that time, either the Chinese or Silla government was not able to control it due to inner political strife and lack of policing resources. Infuriated by the piracy and the government's inability to control it, Chang Pogo came back to Silla to fight against the pirates and to protect maritime trade. He persuaded the king of Silla and was permitted to control the private armed forces to sweep away the pirates. In 829 he was appointed Commissioner of Chonghae-Jin with the mission of curbing piracy in that region. Chang's forces were created to protect people from pirates, but also developed into traders among Silla Korea, T'ang China, and Japan in the 9th century. This was geographically possible because the Chonghae Garrison was situated at the midpoint of Korea, China, and Japan, and also because Chang's naval forces actually dominated the East Asia Sea while patrolling sea-lanes. Based on these advantages, Chang Pogo made a great fortune, which might be collected from a charge for protecting people from pirates and the trades with China and Japan. Chang's forces could be termed the first private security company in the Korean history, at least in terms of historical documents. Based on historical documents, the numbers of private soldiers might be estimated to exceed tens of thousands at least, since Chang's forces alone were recorded to be more than ten thousand. Because local powers and aristocratic elites were said to have thousands of armed forces respectively, the extent of private forces was assumed to be vast, although they were available only to the privileged class. In short, the domination of Chang's forces was attributable to the decline of central government and its losing control over local powers. In addition it was not possible without advanced technologies in shipbuilding and navigation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.230-241
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to seek the optimum condition for effective separation of the chemical constituents of wood biomass by means of hydrolysis of acetone solution in presence of acid salt as a catalyst. Out of diverse acid salts the catalytic effect of aluminum sulfate ($Al_2(SO_4)_3$) was the most excellent during the hydrolysis of wood biomass in the acetone solution and the optimum concentration was 0.01 M (6.3 wt%). In the condition of mixture ratio of acetone and water to 9 : 1 as well as optimum concentration of aluminum sulfate two wood biomass species, oak wood (Quercus mongolica Fischer) and Pine wood (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.), was hydrolyzed for 45 minutes at $200^{\circ}C$ and the degree of hydrolysis was determined to 92.7% and 92.4%, respectively. Extending the reaction time to 60 minutes in the mixture ratio of acetone and water to 8 : 2 the degree of hydrolysis of oak wood was also ca. 92.7%. In the case of Pinus, however, the similar hydrolysis ratio was obtained at $210^{\circ}C$. As the temperature and hydrolysis time increased, the quantitative amount of lignin recovered from the hydrolysate clearly increased, whereas the total amount of carbohydrates in the hydrolysate decreased rapidly. Considering the recoverable amount of lignin and carbohydrate in the hydrolysate, the best condition for the hydrolysis of wood biomasses were confirmed to the mixture ratio of acetone and water to 8 : 2, the concentration of aluminum sulfate of 6.3 wt%, hydrolysis temperature of $190^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes. In this condition the total amounts of carbohydrate in the hydrolysates of oak wood and pine wood were estimated to 47.6% and 51.4%, respectively. The amount of lignin recovered from the hydrolysates were ca. 18.2% for oak wood and 13.7% for pine wood.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.5-16
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• 2012

In the case of using the soil materials created by cutting in-situ ground directly without adjusting particle size, it is recommendable to seek the compaction property or material constant required for filling design or density control through indoor test, and many studies on this subject have been carried out during that time. The researches conducted during that time, however, were focused on the mixed materials with different diameters that exist in a natural condition. There has been no study conducted using coal fly ash that is by-product of the thermal power plant that is actively considered as the building materials. Therefore, this study was aimed at implementing compaction test and examining the basic engineering property in order to explore the influence of crushing the particles through compacting the admixture of crushed stone and coal fly ash produced from thermal power plant on its engineering property, and then the impact of the admixture volume of each material on compaction property and material property by conducting the One-Dimensional Compression Test. As result of compaction test, the optimum moisture ratio of coal fly ash was shown to be approx. 23%. As result of compaction test in accordance with the mixed ratio of coal fly ash and crushed stone under the same compaction energy and moisture ratio, dry unit weight tended to drop when the mixed ratio of coal fly ash exceeded 30%, while it reached approx. $1.81gf/cm^3$ when the mixed ratio was 30%. As result of One-Dimensional Compression Test in accordance with the mixed ratio of crushed stone and coal fly ash, the change in void ratio by particle crushing was at the highest level in the case of coal fly ash 100%, while the lowest level in the case of crushed stone 100%. In the case of mixed materials of crushed stone and coal fly ash, compression index was at the lowest level in case of coal fly ash 30%, and therefore this ratio of mixed material was judged to be the most stable from an engineering aspect.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.151-158
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• 2007

The possibility of inadvertent introduction of therapeutic gene expressing viral vectors has raised safety concerns about germ-line infection. Particularly, for indications such as prostate cancer and ovarian cancer, the proximity of the point of viral administration to organs of the reproductive system raises concerns regarding inadvertent germ-line transmission of genes carried by the virus vector. To evaluate the safety of in vivo adenovirus mediated gene transfer, we explored the biodistribution, persistance and potential germ-line transmission of p53-expressing adenovirus (Ad-CMV-p53). Both male and female Balb/c mice were injected with $1{\times}10^9$ PFU of Ad-CMV-p53. The PCR analysis showed that there were detectable vector sequences in liver, kidney, spleen, seminal vesicle, epididymis, prostate, ovary, and uterus. The RT-PCR analysis for detecting inserted gene, p53 showed that Ad-CMV-p53 viral RNA were present in spleen, prostate and ovary. Direct injected male and female mice of adenovirus vector into testis and ovary were mated and their of offspring were evaluated for germ-line transmission of the adenoviral vector. The PCR and RT-PCR analysis showed no evidence of germline transmission, although vector sequences were detected in DNA extracted from gonadal tissues. Real-time PCR result confirmed a significant decrease of adenovirus in gonad tissues 1 week after injection. We have also analysed the cell specific localization of viral DNA in gonad tissues by using in-situ PCR. Positive signals were detected in interstitial tissue but not in seminiferous tubule in sperm. In the case of ovary, adenovirus signal were localized to the stromal tissue, but no follicular signals were observed. Together, these data provide strong evidence that the risk of the Inadvertent germ-line transmission of vector sequences following intraperitoneal or direct injection into genito-urinary system of adenovirus is extremely low.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.573-581
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the professionalism of dental hygienists in dental institutions and the influential factors for their professionalism in an attempt to seek ways of enhancing the professionalism of dental hygienists. The subjects in this study were 172 dental hygienists who worked in dental institutions in Busan and Gimhae. A self-administered survey was conducted to gather data, and an experimental analysis was carried out to analyze the collected data. The major findings of the study were as follows: First, concerning professionalism, self-regulation belief(3.70) ranked highest(3.42), followed by service belief(3.65), autonomy belief(3.31), a sense of vocational calling(3.30) and utilization of the professional organization as a standard(3.12). Second, the professionalism of the dental hygienists was significantly better when their title was higher, when they were older, when they got a larger monthly pay and when they intended to work for a longer time. Third, as for the influential factors for their professionalism, age, marital status, the estimated term of working at the workplace and opinion on reemployment were also identified as the significant variables that were up to the standard level of significance(p=0.05). The findings of the study suggest that in order to boost the professionalism of dental hygienists, it's required to take institutional measures to give them more responsibility, autonomy and authority, and how to improve personnel administration by providing strong motivation for them to look at their workplaces more favorably and keep on working for a long time should discreetly be considered.