• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.315-323
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• 2008

In this study, the backs with a hair cut of 6-week-old healthy ICR male mice were once exposed to a dose of $400\;mJ/cm^2$ UVB. An acute dermal inflammation was observed, and the certified 100% pure and natural lavender essential oil were applied to the UVB-exposed mice skin twice a day. It was observed that the mice exposed to UVB resulted in an acute inflammation, and when treated with lavender oil the degree of inflammation was much alleviated, and the inflamed skins of both the control and lavender oil-treatment groups were cured almost completely after 6 days of the UVB exposure. At 24 hours after UVB exposure, the epidermal keratinocytes in the control group showed a cell-membrane damage with the destruction of intercellular junctions, agglutination of tonofilaments within the cytoplasm and nucleus damage, while the lavender oil-treatment group had much less cell damage than the control group. While the control group showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in the activity of XO up to 144 hours, the lavender oil-treatment group did not show any significant increase except for 48 hours after the UVB exposure. Both the control and lavender essential oil-treatment groups had a significant decrease in the activities of CAT and SOD up to 96 hours. Particularly, the CAT activity was significantly lower(p<0.05) in the lavender oil-treatment group than the control group up to 48 hours, and higher than the control group at and after 96 hours. The GST activity was significantly decreased in both the control and lavender oil-treatment groups up to 96 hours after the UVB exposure except for the control group at 24 hours, and that of the lavender oil-treatment group was higher than the control group at and after 96 hours. Therefore, it is assumed that the application of the lavender oil to the ultraviolet-damaged mice skin can be effective in treatment for the damaged skin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.11
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• pp.1573-1579
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• 2010

This research was performed to determine the antioxidant activity, nitrite scavenging activity, and its inhibitory activity on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), xanthine oxidase, $\alpha$-glucosidase, and elastase of hot water extract from pine bud (WPB). Antioxidant activity of WPB was measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity of WPB were remarkably increased in a dose-dependent manner, and were about 71.4 and 85.4% at 2 mg/mL, respectively. The xanthine oxidase and ACE inhibitory activities were about 70.9 and 51.9% at 2 mg/mL of WPB, respectively. Nitrite scavenging activity of WPB was about 59.1, 53.8, and 39.5% on pH 1.2, 3.0, and 6.0 at 2 mg/mL, respectively. The WPB also showed elastase and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory effects. These results revealed that pine bud have strong antioxidant activity and positive effects on the inhibition of xanthine oxidase, ACE, and elastase.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.442-451
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• 2002

In oder to investigate the effects of pH and temperature on the formation of bromate ion, which is ozonation by-products of bromine containing natural water. At the same intial pH condition, the increase of pH shown similar trends even if the reaction variables such as temperature and reaction time of ozonation were changed. As pH and temperature were increasing, the bromate concentration was increased but bromine components (HOBr/OBr-) were decreased with increasing pH from 3 to 10. Lipid peroxide content in the kidney was increased by bromate which was ingestion with 0.4g/L for 24 weeks in drinking water. Renal cytosolic enzyme system (XO, AO) of bromate group were significantly increased in comparison with those of normal group. But microsomal enzyme system were not affected. BUN level and urinary ${\gamma}$-glutamyltransferase activity were significantly increased in comparison with those of the normal. But, urinary lactate dehydrogenase activity was not affected. Renal glutathione content of rat was significantly decreased in comparison with those of normal rat given bromate. Renal glutathione S-transferase and ${\gamma}$-glutamylcysteine synthetase activities were significantly decreased in bromate-treated group, but change in renal glutathione reductase activity was not significantly different from any other experimental group.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.668-683
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the contents of total polyphenol (TP), total flavonoid, and absorbance at 475 nm ($OD_{475}$) which may produced in solid-fermented leaf of Smilax china L. by Aspergillus oryzae as a new functional components with reddish brown color, contents of water soluble substance (WSS), electron donating ability (EDA), Hunter $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ values, sensory overall acceptability (OA) and also, the inhibitory activities (XOI and AOI) against partial purified xanthine oxidase (XO) and aldehyde oxidase (AO) from rabbit liver which were well known to relate the gout, and alcoholic liver disease, respectively in order to optimize water extraction using response surface methodology (RSM). All the $R^2$ values of the second-order polymonials ranged from 0.85 to 0.98, except for the EDA (0.69) and the XOI (0.78). However, the activities of the EDA and XOI were relatively high in the lower concentration of the fermented Smilax china L. leaf. The effects on the water extraction were highest in the concentration, among the dependent variables, and showed significant differences at the 1% level in the TP, TF and WSS contents and the $a^*$, $b^*$ and $OD_{475}$ values, but the OA showed significant differences at the 5% level. The optimal values of AOI, which was the most important functionality in the Smilax china L. that was predicted via RSM, were 59.48% at the 2.19% concentration, a $90.02^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature and a 4.03 minute extraction time ($R^2$: 0.93, p<0.007). The ranges of all the dependent variables of the optimal water extraction were 1.6~1.8% for the concentration, $83{\sim}93^{\circ}C$ for the temperature and 3.4~4.4 minutes for the extraction time; and the optimal water extraction conditions were a 1.7% concentration, an $88^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature and a 3.9-min extraction time.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.463-470
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• 2016

The enzymatic degradation of xylans is the most versatile way to obtain the high value-added functional compounds or the fermentable sugars for renewable energy. The endo-${\beta}$-xylanases are the major enzymes which hydrolyze the internal ${\beta}$-1,4-linkages of xylan backbones to produce the mixtures of xylooligosaccharides including xylobiose and xylotriose. Among them, glucuronoxylanase GH30 can exclusively hydrolyze the internal ${\beta}$-1,4-linkages of xylans decorated with methylglucuronic acid branches. In the present study, two xylanolytic enzyme (PaXN_10 and PaGuXN_30) genes were cloned from Paenibacillus amylolyticus KCTC 3005, and expressed in Escherichia coli, respectively. PaXN_10 (38.7 kDa) belongs to the endo-${\beta}$-xylanases GH10 family, while PaGuXN_30 (58.5 kDa) is a member of glucuronoxylanase GH30. They share the same optimal reaction conditions at $50^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0. Enzymatic characterization proposed that P. amylolyticus can utilize the hardwood glucuronoarabinoxylans via the cooperative actions of xylanases GH10 and GH30. The extracellular PaGuXN_30 is secreted into the medium and hydrolyzes glucuronoarabinoxylans to release a series of aldouronic acid mixtures with a methylglucuronic acid branch. The resultant products being transported into the microbial cell are successively degraded into the smaller xylooligosaccharides by the intracellular PaXN_10, which will be utilized for the cellular metabolism.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1675-1682
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• 2010

The biological activity of hot water extract from Ecklonia cava Kjellman (ECE) was investigated to assess antioxidative, anti-skin aging, and nitrite scavenging abilities, as well as alcohol metabolizing activities. Antioxidant activity of ECE was measured by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity. DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity of ECE increased in a remarkably dose-dependent manner, and were about 91.4% and 75% at 1 mg/ml, respectively. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity was indicated to be about 70% at 1 mg/ml of ECE. Nitrite scavenging ability of ECE showed to be 93.6% at 1 mg/ml and pH 1.2. The influence of ECE on alcohol metabolism was demonstrated through the generating activity of reduced-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). The facilitating rate of ADH and ALDH activity by ECE was 167.2% and 334% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, tyrosinase and elastase inhibitory activities of ECE were 58% and 72% at 10 mg/ml, respectively. These results indicated that ECE has valuable biological attributes owing to its antioxidant, nitrite scavenging, alcohol metabolizing, and elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2001

Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes the disease anthrax. The anthrax toxin contains three components, including the protective antigen (PA), which binds to eucaryotic cell surface receptors and mediates the transport of toxins into the cell. In this study, the entire 2,294-nucleotide protective antigen gene (pag) was sequenced from 4 of B. anthracis strains to identify potential variation in the toxin and to further our understanding of B. anthracis evolution in Korea. Sequence alignment of the entire PA gene from 30 strains representative of the four B. anthracis diversity groups revealed mutations. The mutation of B. anthracis BAK are located adjacent to a highly antigenic region crossing the junction between PA domains 3 and 4 shown to be critical to LF binding. The different mutational combinations observed in this study give rise to 11 PA genotypes and 4PA phenotypes. Three-dimensional analysis of all the amino acid changes (Ala to Val) observed in BAK indicated that these changes are not only close sequentially but also very close in three-dimensional space to the antigenic region importan tfor LF binding. Phylogenetic (cladistic) analysis of the pag corresponded with previous strain grouping based on chromosomal variation, suggesting that plasmid evolution in B. anthracis has occurred with little or no horizontal transfer between the different strains.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2013

In this study, we evaluated the hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of biotransformed soybean powder (BTS; Phellinus baumii-fermented soybean) on lipid metabolism in rats. Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were divided into basal diet group (BA), high fat diet group (HF), high fat diet containing 10% BTS group (10 BTS), and high fat diet containing 20% BTS group (20 BTS). Changes in the content of various isoflavones, including daidzein and genistein, within the soybean after fermentation to BTS were investigated. The levels of daidzein and genistein were $149.28{\mu}g/g$ and $364.31{\mu}g/g$, respectively. After six weeks experimental period, Food efficiency ratio in the 10 and 20 BTS group was significantly lower than the HF group (P<0.05). Total serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and atherogenic index ratio in the 10 or 20 BTS group were significantly lower than the HF group. The levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance were significantly lower in the groups that received 10% and 20% BTS than the HF. The activities of SOD and CAT were significantly higher in the 10 and 20 BTS group than the HF group. The activity of XO in the 10 and 20 BTS group was significantly lower than in the HF group by 20% and 23%, respectively. In conclusion, these data suggest that BTS is an effective agent in improving lipid metabolism and antioxidant enzyme system.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1388-1393
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• 2007

The protective effect of xBrassicoraphanus (BR) on liver inhury was evaluated in the rats with liver injury induced by i.p. injection of D-galactosamine (GalN) following 2 week oral treatment of ethanol extract of xBrassicoraphanus (EBR). EBR (200 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the levels of ALT, AST, SDH, ${\gamma}-GT$, ALP, LDH and lipid peroxidation compared with GalN treated control, while EBR at 100 mg/kg significantly suppressed AST and ${\gamma}-GT$. Similarly, EBR at 200 mg/kg significantly attenuated the levels of Phase I enzymes such as XO, AO, AH and AD as well as significantly increased the levels of Phase II enzymes such as SOD, catalase and GSH-Px in the GalN treated rats. Taken together, these results indicate that the ethanol extract of xBrassicoraphanus may have a hepatoprotective effect against GalN induced liver injury, suggesting the ethanol extract of xBrassicoraphanus can be applied as hepatoprotective functional food. However, its mechanism should be further studied in molecular and cellular view points.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.264-275
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• 2014

This study evaluated the improving efficacy of Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract on skin photoaging induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were respectively $134.98{\pm}1.70$ and $16.20{\pm}0.05$ mg/g, respectively. The superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and electron-donating ability of the extract were shown to be dependent on concentration, and the antioxidant ability was shown to be more effective in superoxide anion radical scavenging activity than in electron-donating ability under the same concentration conditions. In the in vivo test conducted using hairless mouse with skin photoaging induced by UVB irradiation, the skin erythema of the groups treated with the extract (AS) reduced to 28% of the control, and the skin moisture content increased to 131%.. The extract treatment of the UV-damaged skin improved the morphological and histopathological state of the skin. Furthermore, the SOD, GST and CAT activities in the skin tissue of the AS group increased, and the XO activity and TBARS generation decreased. With regard to the genes related to the photoaging skin, the expression of PAK, p38, c-Fos, c-Jun, TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-3 in the skin of the AS group were found to have decreased. It was therefore concluded that Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract can reduce wrinkle formation in the skin due to the regulation of the gene expression caused by the exposure to UVB light.