• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 1995년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.348-352
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• 1995

In the conventional linear elasticity, ultrasonic velocity is determined by elastic modulus and density of te medium which ultrasonic wave propagates through. But, practical ultrsonic wave depends on the stress acting in the medium, and as the stress increases such dependency becomes nonlinear. This nonlinear dependencyof ultrasonic velocity on stress can be identified by using nonlinear elastic modulus up to 4th order. In thid paper, with the above background relationships between nonlinear elastic modulus and the internalstatus of materials, normal, plastic deformed or heat stressed, are discussed. For this purpose, a new type of measuring system extended from the general nondestructive UT(ultrasonic test) equipment is constructed.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.53-60
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• 1996

In the conventional linear elasticity, sound speed is determined by only elastic modulus and density of the medium. In actual, however, sound speed depends on the stress and this dependency becomes nonlinear as the stress increases. These phenomena can be introducing nonlinear elastic modulus. In this paper, relationships between nonlinear elastic modulus up to 4th order and the internal status of materials are discussed through computer simulations and experiments. For the measurement of sound speed, a new type of measurement system using ultrasonic wave is proposed on the basis of ultrasonic pulse echo method which has been generally used in nondestructive ultrasonic test equipment. In order to confirm the stress dependency of sound speed, several experiments are carried out for alumina specimen.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제89권3호
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• pp.301-308
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• 2024

Concrete carbonation is a continuous and slow process from the outside to the inside, in which its penetration slows down with the increased depth of carbonation. In this paper, the results of the evaluation of the measurement of concrete carbonation depth using a non-destructive ultrasonic testing method are presented. According to the results, the relative nonlinear parameter caused more sensitivity in carbonation changes compared to Rayleigh's fuzzy velocity. Thus, the acoustic nonlinear parameter is expected to be applied as a quantitative index to recognize carbonation effects. In this research, combo diagrams were developed based on the results of ultrasonic testing and the experiment to determine carbonation depth using a phenolphthalein solution, which could be considered as instructions in the projects involving non-destructive ultrasonic test methods. The minimum and maximum accuracy of this method were 89% and 97%, respectively, which is a reasonable range for operational projects. From the analysis performed, some useful expressions are found by applying the regression analysis for the nonlinearity index and the carbonation penetration depth values as a guideline.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2017

The nonlinear ultrasonic technique is a potential nondestructive method to evaluate material degradation, in which the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter is usually measured. The ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter is defined by the elastic nonlinearity coefficients of the nonlinear Hooke's equation. Therefore, even though the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter is not equal to the elastic nonlinearity parameter, they have a close relationship. However, there has been no experimental verification of the relationship between the ultrasonic and elastic nonlinearity parameters. In this study, the relationship is experimentally verified for a heat-treated aluminum alloy. Specimens of the aluminum alloy were heat-treated at $300^{\circ}C$ for different periods of time (0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 h). The relative ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter of each specimen was then measured, and the elastic nonlinearity parameter was determined by fitting the stress-strain curve obtained from a tensile test to the 5th-order-polynomial nonlinear Hooke's equation. The results showed that the variations in these parameters were in good agreement with each other.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.621-625
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• 2020

Cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) is used for fabricating different components of the primary reactor coolant system of pressurized water reactors. However, the thermal embrittlement of CASS resulting from long-term operation causes structural safety problems. Ultrasonic testing for flaw detection has been used to assess the thermal embrittlement of CASS; however, the high scattering and attenuation of the ultrasonic wave propagating through CASS make it difficult to accurately quantify the flaw size. In this paper, we present a different approach for evaluating the thermal embrittlement of CASS by assessing changes in the material properties of CASS using a nonlinear ultrasonic technique, which is a potential nondestructive method. For the evaluation, we prepared CF8M specimens that were thermally aged under four different heating conditions. Nonlinear ultrasonic measurements were performed using a contact piezoelectric method to obtain the relative ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter, and a mini-sized tensile test was performed to investigate the correlation of the parameter with material properties. Experimental results showed that the ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter had a correlation with tensile properties such as the tensile strength and elongation. Consequently, we could confirm the applicability of the nonlinear ultrasonic technique to the evaluation of the thermal embrittlement of CASS.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.220-225
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• 2014

초음파 비선형 특성은 일반적으로 재료 내부를 전파한 초음파의 기본주파수 및 2차 고조파 성분 크기에 의해 결정되는 비선형 파라미터 ${\beta}$로 측정되며, 재료의 미세한 변질을 평가하는데 효과적인 인자로 알려져 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 인공시효된 Al6061-T6의 열처리 시간에 따른 초음파 비선형 특성을 평가하였다. 초음파가 시편을 투과하여 수신되는 신호를 분석하여 비선형 파라미터 ${\beta}$를 구하였고, 비선형 파라미터 측정 후 마이크로 비커스 경도를 측정하였다. 비선형 파라미터 측정 결과로부터 열처리 시간에 따른 재료 내 미세 구조적인 변화를 추정하였으며, 경도 측정 결과로부터 이러한 추정이 합당함을 증명하였다. 측정 결과 비선형 파라미터는 석출거동 메커니즘에 의한 재료 미세조직 변화와 매우 밀접한 상관관계를 나타냈다. 이로부터 초음파 비선형 파라미터를 이용하여 인공시효에 의한 재료 내 미세구조 및 상태 변화를 초음파 비선형 파라미터로 평가할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.345-351
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 고주기 피로를 받은 SUS316L 강에서의 초음파 비선형 특성평가를 위한 종파 경사입사기법을 연구하였다. Dog-bone형의 판상시편을 준비하여 시편 중심부에서 응력집중이 되며 각 위치마다 피로 손상이 다르도록 제작하였다. 수직투과법 외에 본 연구에서 새로이 제안한 경사입사법을 이용하여 초음파 비선형 파라미터를 측정하였다. 두 기법 모두에서 피로 손상 전보다 고주기 피로 손상 후 초음파 비선형 파라미터가 높게 나타났다. 특히, 응력 집중을 받은 시편 중심부에서 크게 증가하였다. 상대적인 초음파 비선형 파라미터는 피로 손상과 밀접한 상관성을 보였으며 결과적으로 종파를 이용한 경사입사기법은 피로 손상을 평가하는데 효과적인 기법이라 할 수 있다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.867-876
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• 2019

Second harmonic generation using nonlinear ultrasonic waves have been shown to be an early indicator of possible fatigue damage in nuclear power plant components. This technique relies on measuring amplitudes, making it highly susceptible to variations in transducer coupling and instrumentation. This paper proposes an experimental procedure for in-situ surface wave nonlinear ultrasound measurements on specimen with permanently mounted transducers under high cycle fatigue loading without interrupting the experiment. It allows continuous monitoring and minimizes variation due to transducer coupling. Moreover, relations describing the effects of the measurement system nonlinearity including the effects of the material transfer function on the measured nonlinearity parameter are derived. An in-situ high cycle fatigue test was conducted using two 304 stainless steel specimens with two different excitation frequencies. A comprehensive analysis of the nonlinear sources, which result in variations in the measured nonlinearity parameters, was performed and the effects of the system nonlinearities are explained and identified. In both specimens, monotonic trend was observed in nonlinear parameter when the value of fundamental amplitude was not changing.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.651-658
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• 2012

이번 연구에서는 비선형 음향효과를 기반으로 한 비선형 초음파 변조 기법을 통해 열손상 콘크리트의 미세균열 정도를 평가할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 화재 시 콘크리트 구조물은 물리적, 화학적 변화에 따른 콘크리트 내 미세균열이 발생하므로, 기존 초음파 비파괴 기법의 민감도 한계를 극복한 비파괴 기법의 도입이 필요하다. 비선형 초음파 기법은 초음파와 저주파의 변조파로부터 열손상 평가 인자인 비선형인자를 측정하며, 이는 열손상 콘크리트의 미세균열에 적합한 민감도를 가진다. 이 연구에서는 SEM 관측, 열손상 전후 콘크리트의 투수공극량 변화 측정으로부터 수열온도에 따라 미세균열이 급격하게 발생함을 보였으며, 수열온도별 콘크리트의 초음파 전파속도 측정을 통해 제안된 방법의 민감도를 검증하였다. 추가적으로 열손상에 따른 미세균열이 콘크리트의 성능저하에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 열손상 콘크리트 시편의 압축강도 측정을 수행하였다. 측정값 및 실험값의 연관성을 파악하여 비선형 초음파 변조 기법이 열손상 콘크리트의 미세균열 평가에 적합함을 보였으며, 향후 압축강도 추정에 대한 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.59-68
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• 2017

This study focused on modeling the behavior of the compressive stress using the average strain and ultrasonic test results in concrete. Feed-forward backpropagation artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to compare four types of concrete mixtures with varying water cement ratio (WC), ordinary concrete (ORC) and concrete with short steel fiber-reinforcement (FRC). Sixteen (16) $150mm{\times}150mm{\times}150mm$ concrete cubes were used; each contained eighteen (18) data sets. Ultrasonic test with pitch-catch configuration was conducted at each loading state to record linear and nonlinear test response with multiple step loads. Statistical Spearman's rank correlation was used to reduce the input parameters. Different types of concrete produced similar top five input parameters that had high correlation to compressive stress: average strain (${\varepsilon}$), fundamental harmonic amplitude (A1), $2^{nd}$ harmonic amplitude (A2), $3^{rd}$ harmonic amplitude (A3), and peak to peak amplitude (PPA). Twenty-eight ANN models were trained, validated and tested. A model was chosen for each WC with the highest Pearson correlation coefficient (R) in testing, and the soundness of the behavior for the input parameters in relation to the compressive stress. The ANN model showed increasing WC produced delayed response to stress at initial stages, abruptly responding after 40%. This was due to the presence of more voids for high water cement ratio that activated Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity (CAN) at the latter stage of the loading path. FRC showed slow response to stress than ORC, indicating the resistance of short steel fiber that delayed stress increase against the loading path.