• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-33
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• 2005

Acetaminophen, which causes acute liver min in humans and animals, has made useful inducer of hepatoxicity for studying hepatopreventive drugs. Injinhotang is known as one of the hepatopreventive drugs. However, its mechanism of recovery of hepatoxicity treated with acetaminophen is poorly understood. this study was performed to observe the antioxidative effect of injinhotang extract and its several combination groups. The results were obtained as follows:1. In the study on free radical scavenging effect in vitro(the suppressing effect on peroxidation of linoleic acid on concentration, the scavenging effect of DPPH radical, inhibitory effect of superoxide in xanthine-xanthine oxidase system and the inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation reaction by hydroxy radical in H2O2-Fe2+system, injinhotang have more effect than its components groups relatively. 2. In the study on antioxidants system in vivo(the level of serum LPO, the level of hepatic LPO, catalase, GSH, GST), only injnhotang has a significant effect. 3. In the study on hepatotoxicity(GOT, GPT, $\gamma$-GTP, ALP, LDH, b ilirubin), only injinhotang has a significant effect. These results suggest that injinhotang has the protective effect on acetaminophen-induced hepatoxicity. The mechanisms of these are supposed to be involved in antioxidant and three drugs' cooperative synergy effect.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.166-173
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• 2010

Oxidative stress to proteins, lipids, or DNA is higher in human autopsy tissue and in rodent models of a number of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. On the basis of this information, we established a screening system using N18-RE-105 cells to identify therapeutic agents that can protect cells from glutamate toxicity. During the course of our screening program, we recently isolated the active compound 9-hydroxy-$\alpha$-tocopherone ($\alpha$-TP), which prevents glutamate-induced cell death, from Viola mandshurica. The chemical structure of $\alpha$-TP was identified using spectroscopic methods and by comparison with literature values. Antioxidant activity and protective effects of $\alpha$-TP were evaluated by DPPH radical-scavenging assay, morphological assay, MTT reduction assay, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. These results suggest that $\alpha$-TP could be a new potential chemotherapeutic agent against neuronal diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.789-795
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• 2010

In order to set up an accurate quality criteria for the Boraginaceae that have been traditionally used for medical purposes and food colorant, and to assess its viability as functional food ingredient, antioxidant tests were conducted on the wild and cultivated plants. Variety of indicators including total contents of phenol, DPPH, SOD-liked effect, hydroxy radical-scavenging effect, lecithin oxidation inhibitory effect, etc were analyzed. Wild and cultivated gromwell's total contents of phenol in their methanol extracts were 0.14% and 0.13%, while they were most active in ethyl acetate extracts and n-hexane extracts, respectively. $IC_{50}$ values of methanol extract of the wild and cultivated plants were 794.41 ${\mu}g$/mL and 971.86 ${\mu}g$/mL, indicating that the wild plant is more responsive (p<0.05) to low concentration. Also the wild and cultivated plants were most active in ethyl acetate fraction and n-hexane extracts when their $IC_{50}$ values were measured by each solvent extracts. SOD-liked effects of both plants were concentration dependent while methanol extracts were more active (p<0.05) in 500 ${\mu}g$/mL than other solvent extracts. Hydroxy radical-scavenging effect of both plants showed less than 50% activity in concentration of 1,000 ${\mu}g$/mL except in chloroform fraction and n-hexane fraction. Lecithin oxidation inhibitory effects of the wild and cultivated plants were active in methanol and solvent extracts of 200~1000 ${\mu}g$/mL. Especially it showed 90% of high inhibitory effect in 1,000 ${\mu}g$/mL of chloroform fraction. Hence, both wild and cultivated Boraginaceae were analyzed to be viable as functional food ingredient.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.1018-1027
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• 2019

Natural-derived protein-derived low molecular weight peptides have been known to have physiological activities such as antioxidant, hypertension relief, immunomodulation, pain relief and antimicrobial activity. In this study, the low-molecular peptides were produced using commercial proteases (alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme, neutrase, papain, protamex), and the antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxy radical scavenging activity, and metals chelation capacity), constituent amino acid and molecular weight of the peptide were analyzed. Enzyme reaction was performed by adding 50 g of chopped Ogae meat slurry and 2%(w/v) protein enzyme into the enzyme reactor for 2 h at a pH of 6 and a temperature of $60^{\circ}C$. The degree of hydrolysis(%) after the reaction ranged from $36.65{\pm}4.10%$ to $70.75{\pm}5.29%$. The highest degree of hydrolysis of protamex was 46.3%, and the highest value of papain hydrolysate was $70.75{\pm}5.29%$. On the other hand, alcalase hydrolysate showed the lowest value of $36.65{\pm}4.10%$. Bromelain-treated low molecular weight peptides showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and the lowest scavenging activity of alcalase-treated peptides. Superoxide radical scavenging activity showed that bromelain treated low molecular peptide showed the highest radical scavenging activity of 50% or more. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity ranged from about 16.73 to 69.16%, the highest among bromelain-treated low molecular peptides. $Fe^{2+}$ chelation abilities showed a distribution between about 17.85 to 47.84%. The chelation capacity of the hydrolysates was not significantly different without any difference to the enzymes used. The results of amino acid analysis showed differences between hydrolysates of alcalase, bromelain, flavourzyme, neutrase, papain, and protamex enzymes. The most amino acid was glutamic acid. The molecular weight distribution of the enzyme hydrolyzates was in the range of 300-2,000 Da, although the molecular weight distribution differed according to the treated enzymes.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1376-1378
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• 2008

Tachioside (4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl-1-O-glucoside), a known phenolic glycoside, was isolated from various bamboo species. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity determined a significant antioxidant activity of tachioside which was comparable to L-ascorbic acid. Each culm and leaf extracts were tested and the culm of Phyllostachys bambusoides appeared to contain the highest amount of tachioside.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate total polyphenol contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidative activities of the methanol extracts from dried Citrus sunki and C. unshiu peels. The dried C. sunki peels displayed higher total polyphenol and flavonoid contents for older dried peels. In contrast, the dried C. unshiu peels displayed higher total polyphenol contents for more recently dried and displayed high total flavonoid contents by order of 2007, 2008 and 2006. DPPH radical scavenging activities of dried C. sunki peels were high by order of 2007 (0.25 mg/mL exception), 2006 and 2008, but C. unshiu peels could not confirm clear regularity. In particular, the dried C. sunki (2008, exception) and C. unshiu peels displayed very high activities of more than 86% in 1.0 mg/mL. Alkyl radical scavenging activities of dried C. sunki peels were higher for older dried peels (2007, 1.0 mg/mL exception), and that of dried C. unshiu peels were higher for more recently dried in below 0.5 mg/mL but were higher for older peels in 1.0 mg/mL. Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of dried C. sunki peels were higher for older peels (2007, 2.5 mg/mL exception), on the other hand, dried C. unshiu were higher for more recently dried. In particular, dried C. unshiu peels displayed high activities of more than 85% in 2.5 mg/mL. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activities of dried C. sunki and C. unshiu peels displayed low activities compared to other reactive oxygen species as the range of $49.9\pm2.2\sim63.5\pm0.9$% in 1.0 mg/mL.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.3 s.76
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• pp.400-408
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• 2006

Nutritional components of 4 kinds of red seaweeds, Meristotheca papulosa, Chondrus ocellatus, Gracilaria verrucosa, Gigartina tenella, were investigated to elucidate their functionality. Antioxidant activity and nitrite scavenging activity were analyzed from 70% ethanol extracted from these red seaweeds. Large difference in ash contents was found to exhibit among all samples analyzed in this study; $9.8{\pm}0.2g/100g$ for Gracilaria verrucosa and Gigartina tenella for $17.8{\pm}0.6g/100g$. While its crude fiber content was almost the same as those in other sample within a range between $2.0{\pm}0.4g/100g$ and $6.0{\pm}0.7g/100g$. Phenolic compounds content of Gracilaria verrucosa was also the highest as $78.4{\pm}1.0mg/g$, while the total flavonoids contents of Chondrus ocellatus and Gracilaria verrucosa were $14.9{\pm}0.5mg/g$ and $13.9{\pm}0.8mg/g$, respectively. These amounts were two folds higher than Meristotheca papulosa and Gigartina tenella. The total content of minerals was the highest in Meristotheca papulosa(12,107.7 mg/kg). The amount of glutamic acid was relatively high despite of small variation in measured levels of composition amino acid ($49.1{\sim}125.6mg/g$) for most samples investigated. SOD-like ability was significantly increased with increasing sample concentration, but its activity was lower. Gigartina tenella with highest electron donation ability exhibited increases in activity as $53.96{\pm}0.98%$ in concentration of 250 ${\mu}g/ml$ and $70.52{\pm}1.09%$ in 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In case of concentration of 100 ${\mu}g/ml$, particularly, the level of hydroxy radical scavenging activity were $57.87{\pm}1.70{\sim}62.07{\pm}0.87%$ which was significantly higher activity than ascorbic acid and BHT. Nitrite scavenging activity was the highest in Gracilaria verrucosa. Its activity was also increased from $24.04{\pm}1.9{\sim}27.52{\pm}0.82%$ in $100{\sim}500{\mu}g/ml$ concentration tp $34.81{\pm}1.36%$ in concentration of 1000 ${\mu}g/ml$.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.89-93
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• 2011

The solvent extracts of Sanguisorbae officinalis L. were investigated for the activities of antioxidants as a functional ingredient for cosmetic products. The electron donating effect of ethyl acetate layer and n-butyl alcohol layer was appeared similar activity with positive control butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) at all concentrations. In addition, in 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, ethyl acetate layer, n-butyl alcohol layer and water layer were over 99% effect at all concentrations and higher than that of BHA. Also in hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, ethyl acetate layer and n-butyl alcohol layer were higher than that of positive control ascorbic acid. The measured superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of n-butyl alcohol was more than 50% at concentration of 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$ and superoxide anion radical scavenging ability showed more than 45% at 1,000 ${\mu}g/mL$ of n-butyl alcohol layer. All these findings suggested that ethyl acetate layer and n-butyl alcohol layer have a great potential as a cosmeceutical ingredient with an antioxidant effect.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-55
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• 1988

A Study on the effect of the additives in lubricating oil was investigated on the basis of the thermal activated wear theory in terms of their wear behaviours, using four ballwear machine. The sample oils, which included diethyl-3, 5-di-t-butyi-4-hydroxy-benzyl phosphonate (DEP), ZDDP and TCP additives respectively, showed distinct wear characteristics depending upon the bulk oil temperature and the sliding velocity. The newly synthesized additive, viz., DEP showed excellent antiwear performance cornpared with the conventional additives, ZDDP and TCP. On the basis of the experimental results, it is reduced that the wear mechanism of the conventional additives, viz., ZDDP and TCP is the protective film formation and their antiwear capability is depending upon the shearing strength of the film formed. On the other hand, the new additive, DEP showed that the secondary activation energy was much eliminated and so, the thermal instability was reduced by the hydrogen scavenging reaction of the new additive, which was virtually an endothermic reaction process.In conclusion, a new concept of antiwear mechanism is estabilished and testified. And new chemical, which showed the function of hydrogen and free radical scavenging role, is synthesized and introduced as the new, highly antiwear effective lubricating oil additive.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.849-858
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• 2006

Previous screening of the pharmacological action of Gastrodia elata (GE) root (Orchidaceae) showed that methanol (MeOH) extracts have significant anti-inflammatory properties. The antiinflammatory agents of GE, however, remain unclear. In this experiment, MeOH extracts of GE were fractionated with organic solvents for the anti-inflammatory activity-guided separation of GE. Eight phenolic compounds from the ether (EtOEt) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fractions were isolated by column chromatography: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (I), 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (II), benzyl alcohol (III), bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) methane (IV), 4(4'-hydroxybenzyloxy)benzyl-methylether (V), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl alcohol (VI), 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde (VII), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid (VIII). To investigate the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of these compounds, their effects on carrageenan-induced paw edema, arachidonic acid (AA)-induced ear edema and analgesic activity in acetic acid (HAc)-induced writhing response were carried out in vivo; cyclooxygenase (COX) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL 2H3) cells and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydroazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were determined in vitro. These phenolic compounds not only had anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties in vivo, but also inhibited COX activity and silica-induced ROS generation in a dose-dependent manner. Among these phenolic compounds, compound VII was the most potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic. Compound VII significantly inhibited silica-induced ROS generation and compound VI significantly increased DPPH radical scavenging activity. Compounds I, II and III significantly inhibited the activity of COX-I and II. These results indicate that phenolic compounds of GE are anti-inflammatory, which may be related to inhibition of COX activity and to anti-oxidant activity. Consideration of the structure-activity relationship of the phenolic derivatives from GE on the anti-inflammatory action revealed that both C-4 hydroxy and C-3 methoxy radicals of benzyl aldehyde play an important role in anti-inflammatory activities.