• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.7-11
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• 2013

Objectives : Seungmagalgeun-tang (SMGGT) is traditional medicine widely used for inflammatory disease and flu. But SMGGT exhibits potent anti-inflammatory activity with an unknown mechanism. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of SMGGT water extract on pharmacological and biochemical actions in inflammation, we examined the effect of SMGGT on pro-inflammatory mediators in Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)+A23187-stimulated mast cells. Methods : In the present study, pro-inflammatory cytokine production was determined by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blot analysis to measure the activation of MAPKs. Cells were treated with SMGGT 1 h prior to the addition of 50 nM of PMA and $1{\mu}M$ of A23187. Cell viability was measured by MTS assay. The investigation focused on whether SMGGT inhibited the expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in PMA+A23187-stimulated mast cells. Results : SMGGT has no cytotoxicity at examined concentration (100, 250, and $500{\mu}g/ml$). Also, gene expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in HMC-1 cells stimulated by PMA+A23187 was down regulated by SMGGT. Furthermore, SMGGT suppressed the PMA+A23187-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-jun N-terminal Kinase(JNK). But, SMGGT could not regulate phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. Conclusions : These results suggest that SMGGT has inhibitory effects on PMA+A23187-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production. These inhibitory effects occur through blockades on the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.176-183
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• 2023

In this study, we investigated the effect of the extracts of Cyrtomium fortunei J.Sm. (CFJ) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation in mouse BV-2 microglial cells. Nitric oxide (NO) production and cell viability were measured using the Griess reagent and the (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) (MTT) assay. Inflammatory cytokines were detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in BV-2 microglial cells with and without CFJ extracts. Subsequently, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and antioxidant markers were assessed by western blot analysis. It was found that the CFJ extract significantly decreased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, and IL-1β) and NO in BV-2 microglial cells that were stimulated with LPS. In addition, the expression levels of the phosphorylation of the MAPK family (p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases [JNK], and extracellular-signal regulated kinase [ERK]) were reduced by CFJ. Also, treatment with CFJ significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase type 1(SOD1) and Catalase in BV-2 microglial cells. Our results indicate that CFJ has a potent suppressive effect on the pro-inflammatory responses of activated BV-2 microglia. Therefore, CFJ has the potential to be an effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases, as it can inhibit the production of inflammatory mediators in activated BV-2 microglial cells.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.519-527
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• 2017

Excessive activation of microglia causes the continuous production of neurotoxic mediators, which further causes neuron degeneration. Therefore, inhibition of microglial activation is a possible target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Balanophonin, a natural neolignoid from Firmiana simplex, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanism of balanophonin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells. BV2 microglia cells were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of balanophonin. The results indicated that balanophonin reduced not only the LPS-mediated TLR4 activation but also the production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), $Interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), in BV2 cells. Balanophonin also inhibited LPS-induced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) protein expression and mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAPK. Interestingly, it also inhibited neuronal cell death resulting from LPS-activated microglia by regulating cleaved caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage in N2a cells. In conclusion, our data indicated that balanophonin may delay the progression of neuronal cell death by inhibiting microglial activation.

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.201-208
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• 2022

Neuroinflammation is defined as a neurological inflammation within the brain and the spinal cord. In neuroinflammation, microglia are the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, which act as the first line of defense against harmful pathogens. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has an anti-inflammatory effect in many neurological conditions. Additionally, the microRNA-30a-5p (miR-30a-5p) mimic has been proven to be effective in macrophages in inflammatory conditions. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic anti-inflammatory effects of both miR-30a-5p and Dex in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BV2 cells. This study showed that miR-30a-5p and Dex decreased nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) translocation in LPS-induced BV2 cells. MiR-30a-5p and Dex alleviated tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), LPS-induced phosphorylation c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Also, the expression of the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome (NLRP3), cleaved caspase-1, and ASC was inhibited. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression were attenuated by Dex and miR-30a-5p. Our results indicate that a combination of Dex and miR-30a-5p, attenuates NF-κB activation, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and inflammatory mediators involved in LPS-induced inflammation and inhibits the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in LPS-activated BV2 cells.

• BMB Reports
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• 제46권12호
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• pp.594-599
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• 2013

The anti-inflammatory activity of eriodictyol and its mode of action were investigated. Eriodictyol suppressed tumor necrosis factor (mTNF)-${\alpha}$, inducible nitric oxide synthase (miNOS), interleukin (mIL)-6, macrophage inflammatory protein (mMIP)-1, and mMIP-2 cytokine release in LPS-stimulated macrophages. We found that the anti-inflammatory cascade of eriodictyol is mediated through the Toll-like Receptor (TLR)4/CD14, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), Jun-N terminal kinase (JNK), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 pathway. Fluorescence quenching and saturation-transfer difference (STD) NMR experiments showed that eriodictyol exhibits good binding affinity to JNK, $8.79{\times}10^5M^{-1}$. Based on a docking study, we propose a model of eriodictyol and JNK binding, in which eriodictyol forms 3 hydrogen bonds with the side chains of Lys55, Met111, and Asp169 in JNK, and in which the hydroxyl groups of the B ring play key roles in binding interactions with JNK. Therefore, eriodictyol may be a potent anti-inflammatory inhibitor of JNK.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.911-920
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• 2006

Phenolic antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is a commonly used food preservative with broad biological activities, including protection against chemical-induced carcinogenesis, acute toxicity of chemicals, modulation of macromolecule synthesis and immune response, induction of phase II detoxifying enzymes, as well as its undesirable potential tumor-promoting activities. Understanding the molecular basis underlying these diverse biological actions of BHA is thus of great importance. Here we studied the pharmacokinetics, activation of signaling kinases and induction of phase II/III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporter gene expression by BHA in the mice. The peak plasma concentration of BHA achieved in our current study after oral administration of 200 mg/kg BHA was around $10\;{\mu}M$. This in vivo concentration might offer some insights for the many in vitro cell culture studies on signal transduction and induction of phase II genes using similar concentrations. The oral bioavailability (F) of BHA was about 43% in the mice. In the mouse liver, BHA induced the expression of phase II genes including NQO-1, HO-1, ${\gamma}-GCS$, GST-pi and UGT 1A6, as well as some of the phase III transporter genes, such as MRP1 and Slco1b2. In addition, BHA activated distinct mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), as well as p38, suggesting that the MAPK pathways may play an important role in early signaling events leading to the regulation of gene expression including phase II drug metabolizing and some phase III drug transporter genes. This is the first study to demonstrate the in vivo pharmacokinetics of BHA, the in vivo activation of MAPK signaling proteins, as well as the in vivo induction of Phase II/III drug metabolizing enzymes/transporters in the mouse livers.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제62권1호
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• pp.57-66
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• 2019

The ethyl acetate fraction of Bat Faeces (Ye Ming Sha: natural products used in Chinese Medicine) after fermentation (EFBF-AF) showed enhanced anti-oxidative effects in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt assays. Fermentation of the Bat Faeces by using the crude enzyme extract from Aspergillus kawachii, significantly increased the anti-inflammatory effects. Fermented Bat Faeces markedly inhibited nitric oxide production, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase-2 expression in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The EFBF-AF reduced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) via $IKK{\alpha}$ and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$ phosphorylation, and decreased the phosphorylated the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and p38 expression in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. In addition, the EFBF-AF suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory genes, such as interleukin-$1{\beta}$, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$. These results suggest that fermented Bat Faeces may suppress pro-inflammatory responses in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages cells via ERK, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and $NF-{\kappa}B$ signaling pathways.

• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 LPS로 자극을 유도한 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 지칭개 추출물의 항염증 효능을 알아보기 위해 이와 연관된 다양한 인자(NO, PGE2, IL-6, 및 TNF-α)와 MAPK 신호전달 경로에 대해서 조사하였다. 먼저HL 처리에 따른 세포 생존율에 대해 조사한 결과, HL을 농도별로 처리했을 때 저농도인 25 ㎍/mL에서부터 고농도인 100 ㎍/mL까지 모두 90% 이상의 생존율이 나타났으며, LPS를 처리한 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서도 90% 이상의 생존율을 나타내 실험에 사용된 HL의 농도가 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 무독성임을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 무독성 조건에서 HL의 항염증 활성을 확인하기 위하여 염증 매개체(inflammatory mediators)로 잘 알려진 NO와 PGE2의 생성 변화를 확인한 결과, LPS로 염증반응이 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 NO와 PGE2의 생성이 농도 의존적으로 억제됨을 확인하였다. HL이 NO와 PGE2를 억제하는 항염증 효과가 있음을 관찰하였고, 이에 전 염증성 사이토카인 분비에도 유의성 있는 효과를 나타낼 것이라 판단되어 전 염증성 사이토카인(IL-6와 TNF-α)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 조사하였다. HL은 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포의 염증반응에서 IL-6의 생산을 유의적으로 억제함을 관찰할 수 있었다. 한편 다른 전 염증성 사이토카인인 TNF-α생산에는 아무 영향을 주지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 HL이 전 염증성 사이토카인 중 TNF-α조절에 관여하지 않고, IL-6 생성을 억제하여 염증 매개체의 생성을 억제한다고 추측할 수 있었다. HL이 NO, PGE2, 및 IL-6의 조절에 작용하는 메커니즘이 상위 시그널인 MAPK cascade의 억제를 통해 나타나는 효과인지 알아보기 위해 염증과 관련된 MAPK 시그널인 p38, ERK, 및 JNK의 발현 변화를 관찰하였다. HL은 p38과 ERK의 발현 활성화를 상당히 약화시켰지만 JNK는 p38과 ERK 보다 덜 민감하게 조절함을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 대식세포에서 HL은 MAPK 신호경로인 JNK 발현에 유의적인 영향을 주지 못해서 JNK와 관련된 TNF-α생산에 영향을 주지 못한 것으로 판단된다. 다른 MAPK 신호경로인 p38과 ERK의 발현을 약화시킴으로써 그 다음 기작인 IL-6, NO, 및 PGE2의 생산을 억제시켜 염증반응을 억제한 것으로 추측되어 진다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 HL이 항염 활성을 가지고 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이를 기반으로 HL의 MAPK 신호경로를 통한 염증성 사이토카인과 염증 매개체와의 연관성에 대한 기초자료로 활용할 수 있는 근거 자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한, 다양한 경로를 통한 염증 조절 기전 연구는 추가적으로 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.206-213
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• 2009

본 연구는 RBL-2H3 세포에서 고삼의 NF-${\kappa}B$ (p65) 활성 억제를 통한 과립감소와 전염증성 시토카인 억제 효과에 관한 것으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 본 연구에서는 PMA와 A23187로 유발된 흰쥐 백혈병(RBL-2H3) 세포에서 고삼의 항알레르기 효과에 대하여 알아보았다. 고삼은 투여량에 따라 $\beta$-hexosaminidase의 방출과 TNF-$\alpha$, IL-4, COX-2 등의 생성과 발현을 억제하였다. 실험결과 고삼은 $NF-{\kappa}B$ (p65)의 조절을 통하여 항알레르기 효과를 나타내었는데 이는 $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ 저해의 억제와 항염증 시토카인 발현 억제와도 관계가 있다는 내용이다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.898-904
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• 2021

본 연구는 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)로 자극된 RAW264.7 세포에 대한 풀무치 유래 항균 펩타이드 locustacin의 항염증 메커니즘을 조사하였다. Locustacin (50, 100, 200 ㎍/ml)은 세포 독성 없이 LPS로 자극된 대식세포의 nitric oxide (NO) 생성을 유의하게 감소시켰고, 단백질과 mRNA 수준에서 inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)와 같은 전염증 매개체의 발현을 억제하였다. Locustacin은 LPS 처리로 증가된 염증성 사이토카인인 interleukin (IL)-6 및 IL-1β 함량과 이들의 유전자 발현을 모든 처리 농도에서 농도의존적으로 감소시켰다. 한편, LPS에 의해 인산화된 extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK), p38 및 c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)는 locustacin (100, 200 ㎍/ml) 처리로 억제되었다. 또한, LPS에 의해 유도된 inhibitory kappa B alpha (IκB-α)의 분해를 locustacin이 단백질 수준에서 억제한다는 것을 발견했다. 결론적으로, locustacin은 LPS 처리된 대식세포에서 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) 인산화, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) 활성화 및 하위 염증 매개체를 억제함으로써 항염증 효과를 가지고 있음을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과들은 풀무치 전사체 분석을 통해 확인된 locustacin이 항염증제 후보물질로서 개발 가능성이 있음을 제시한다.