• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.587-595
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• 2006

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to differentiate the change in exercise behavior into different stages and to investigate differences in the process of change, self efficacy, decisional balances and depression according to the stages of exercise behavior change among middle aged women in Korea by using the transtheoretical Model. Methods. A convenience sample of 434 middle aged women (40-64 years) completed measures of all transtheoretical model constructs involved in exercise behaviors (stages and processes of exercise behaviors change, self efficacy and decisional balance) and depression. The data were analyzed by using the SPSS 10.0 program including descriptive statistics, and one-way ANOVA. Results. The subjects were distributed in each stage of change in exercise behaviors: pre-contemplation (n = 106; 24.4%), contemplation (n = 126; 29%), preparation (n = 88; 20.3%), action (n = 51; 11.8%), and maintenance (n = 63; 14.5%). The processes of change, pros (advantages of behaviors), self-efficacy and depression were significantly differentiated across the stages of exercise behavior change. Cons(disadvantage of behaviors) was not significantly differentiated across the stages of exercise behavior change. Conclusions. Results of this study suggested that discriminating of processes of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance, and depression could provide positive information to people about the stages of change in exercise behavior. Therefore, in designing interventions, the stage of a client's exercise behaviors change needs to be assessed prior to application of intervention programs in order to increase and maintain exercise behavior in middle aged women.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.74-81
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• 2002

Ihis landscape design was proposed for the Remodeling for the National Theater of Korea Competition. Today, the National Theater of Korea, located in Jangchoongfong, Joong-gu, Seoul, asks plans for renovation. The landscape design for the remodeling of the theater is conducted as part of comprehensive programs for its renovation. The Government sought design proposals through a design competition in April, 2002. The authors proposed a landscape design for remodeling the National Theater of Korea and won first place in the competition. The landscape design covers the following a survey of the present status, a site analysis, a schematic design, and design, development. In the authors'design, heavens, humans, earth and nature are symbolically expressed within the site. The outdoor spaces of the National Theater of Korea are organically composed of the following low spaces : 1) a field of creation; 2) a field of recreation; 3) a field of meeting; and 4) a field of contemplation. The field of creation consists of a main entrance, spaces for public performance and plays, spaces with symbolic water features, and resting areas. The field of recreation is composed of various exhibition spaces. The field of meeting consists of traditional Korean-style gardens and an outdoor cafeteria. The field of contemplation features lawns, grasses and trees, and provides an area for pedestrian strolling. The outdoor spaces of the National Theater of Korea would produce an atmosphere suited to a cultural and artistic place. In the spaces, people would perceive a unique sense of place through various types of fountains, pergolas, columns, walls, light poles and bollards. An example of the true meaning of a cultural space and a resting place is provided in these spaces. The renovated National Theater of Korea would be a new type of theater with regional context, cultural meaning, spatial identity, various amenities with symbolic images, function and beauty.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.377-382
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• 2003

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictor associated transitions with each stage of smoking cessation based on the Transtheoretical Model, and to provide basic data for smoking cessation programs for adolescents. Methods : The participants were 297 current and former smokers, obtained from stratified random sampling of 2nd graders from 127 high schools in B cities. The data were collected between April 6th and 16th 2002, using a structured self-report questionnaire, and analyzed using a multiple logistic regression, with the SPSS program for Windows (Version 10.0). Results : The predictors of transition from precontemplation to contemplation were consciousness raising (OR=1.22, 95% CI:1.07-1.40), coping pros (OR=.84, 95% CI:.70-1.00) and attitude of parents to smoking (OR=2.97,95% Cl: 94-9.24). The predictors of transition from contemplation to preparation were helping relationships (OR=.83, 95% CI:.72-.96), self-liberation (OR=1.15, 95% CI: 99-1.33) and nicotine dependence (OR=.76, 95% CI: 56-1.03). The only predictor of transition from preparation to action was the social pros (OR=.66, 95% CI:.57-.82). The predictors of transition from action to maintenance were self-reevaluation (OR=.81, 95% CI:.71-.92) and negative affective situation (OR=.85, 95% CI:.72-1.00). Conclusion : Adequate examination on the factors for predicting the transitional stages of change for smoking cessation in Koreans are presented in this study. The results of this study will become the pillar of smoking cessation Planning and application programs.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.421-431
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• 2004

Purpose: The study was performed to investigate the predictors associated transition with each stage of exercise behavior based to the Transtheoretical Model, and to provide basic data for exercise behavior programs for middle aged women. Methods: The subjects consisted of 434 women residing in B city by convenience sampling. The collected data were analyzed with multiple logistic regression using SPSS/WIN program. Results: The predictors of transition from precontemplation to contemplation were consciousness raising(OR=2.095, 95% CI: 1.305-3.363), Reinforcement management(OR= 1.903, 95% CI: 1.107-3.271), Stimulus control (OR=2.176, 95% CI:1.239-3.820), Menstrual status (OR=5.327, 95% CI: 1.110-25.562). The predictors of transition from contemplation to preparation were Helping relationship(OR= 1.671, 95% CI: 1.065-2.662), Pros(OR=2.500, 95% CI: 1.254-4.982), Perceived Health status (OR=.178, 95% CI: .041-.770). The predictor of transition from preparation to action was Stimulus control(OR=1.918, 95% CI: 1.103- 3.336). The predictors of transition from action to maintenance were Consciousness raising(OR= 1.939, 95% CI: 1.031-3.647), Dramatic relief (OR=2.249, 95% CI: 1.025-4.931). Conclusions: Adequate examination on the factors, which can predict the transitional stages of change exercise behaviors among middle aged women, which is presented in this study. The results of this study will become the pillar of exercise intervention program planning and application.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.315-321
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• 2020

This research explores the change of smoking cessation motivation, maintenance(6months) from the heavy smokers who have experienced residential treatment. Data was collected by the questionnaires about participates motivation from 1st August 2015 to 31st December 2018. Total participates were 1317 that 1248 males (94.8%) and 69 females (31.3%). The most of participants answered their period of smoking was 31-40years as 31.3% (413p) of total participants. Motivation improved after residential treatment, and the 6-month success group had overall cessation of smoking cessation (F=6.52, p=.011), In the subcategories, pre-contemplation(F=5.12, p=.024), contemplation(F=.90, p= .341), preparation-level1(F=5.79, p=.016) and preparation-level2(F=1.33, p=.249) were statistically significant. Thus, this research investigates that the residential program for smoking cessation actually works to the heavy smokers to increased their motivation and that the 6-month success group had stronger.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine factors related to different stages of mammography screening based on the transtheoretical model (TTM) and health belief model (HBM). Method: 143 women were recruited from community centers in W city. The mean age was 44.08 (SD=7.78) and 74 (51.7%) had experienced education on preventative behavior related to breast cancer. The Decisional Balance Scale (Pros and Cons of mammography) and Stages of Adoption of Mammography Scale by Rakowski et al. (1992) and the revised Health Belief Model Scale (Perceived Seriousness, Perceived Susceptibility and Health Motivation) by Champion (1993) were used. Result: According to the stage of adoption of mammography, 17.4% of the women were In pre-contemplation, 45.5% in contemplation, 24.5% in action, and 12.6% in maintenance. The mean differences for pros, and the decisional balances between the stages of mammography adoption were significant (F=8.84, p=.000; F=7.20, p=.000). Education related to prevention of breast cancer was the most important variable. Prevention education, history of breast disease and pros of mammography explained the stages of mammography adoption ($R^{2}=26%$). Conclusion: Findings support TTM as a useful tool for improving mammography adherence. Behavioral interventions that target decisional balance and health belief can effectively promote adherence to mammography.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.59-82
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• 2011

Based on travel literatures written by the Joseon literati, the different picture of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Buseok monastery from the one today emerges. Not only do the buildings removed from the monastery today reappear, but the quite different way of the monastic operation comes to light. This observation leads to a speculation that the monastery was functionally and spatially divided into two territories; that of the Immeasurable life hall and of the Dharma hall. The Immeasurable life hall's precinct was built at the site open to the west providing a grand vista of mountainous area. This siting, originally having a close relation with the visualization such as the Sixteen contemplation, not simply gave such a special attraction that the first built architectural composition has lasted through the centuries to the late Joseon, but also granted to the Chwiweon pavilion located at the western side of the precinct a special meditative quality. As the monastery has suffered from a number of heavy duties in the Joseon period, the architectural attraction of the precinct was mobilized to promote the monastic identity as the legitimate monastery first built by Uisang, the founder of Hwaeom Buddhsim. Especially, the Chwiweon pavilion offered a mental space so that the literati might form an affirmative attitude toward the monastery and the monks. The Dharma hall's precinct was built based on the direct replication of the architectural layout presented in liturgy books for the Water and Land rite as well as the Vulture Peak rite. This layout is generally called the Court-type enclosed by four buildings, which has been widely fashioned in the late Joseon period. This characteristic gave to the Dharma hall precinct an arbitrary and anonymous quality, which helped not only avoid the tourism of the literati, but also secure the sacrality and ritual efficacy at occasions of Buddhist rites. This division of territories of the monastery can be understood as the strategic reaction from the monks in order to survive in the age of oppression against Buddhism. In result, the identity of Buseok monastery in the late Joseon was established as the Nine-rank sanctuary where Bodhisattvas permanently resided.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.391-400
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• 2015

This research analyzes the actual condition and trend in 119 research papers about sadness mediation program for senior citizens, which were published from 1990 to 2014, to find an expansive way for seniors. And the result is as in the following: publish year of subjects is 2010 to 2014, research plan was done by experimental-control group plan, and we quoted the most of the yardstick from foreign research, in the case of the seniors stays in their own house. Art therapy is the most common way of mediation, and most programs were done less than 10 times, once in a week, and less than 60 minutes in once. And variable of efficacy is verified in the order of physical ability, self-worth, and cognitive function. As the first research that analyzes the trend of sadness mediation program for senior citizens, this research is expected to help setting the direction of future research. that is related to convergence.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.205-217
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• 2004

This study conducted a survey with the 67 students who are in their 2nd year at 3 vocational high schools. The researcher of this study developed and operated the smoking cessation program based on the Transtheoretical model. To evaluate the effects, experiments were repeatedly done. The data were collected from June 21, 2004 till July 9, 2004. The survey was done based on the questionnaire-interview before and after education. The collected date was computerized by using SPSS-WIN 10.0 program. The results are as follows: Firstly. before education, the smoking cessation stage of change shows precontemplation stage $37.3\%$, preparation stage $37.3\%$, and contemplation stage $25.4\%$ respectively. However, after education it shows preparation stage $44.8\%$, action stage $25.4\%$, contemplation stage $19.4\%$, precontemplation stage $10.4\%$. The positive result was $62.7\%$ and smoking cessation stage of change made a 0.9 step increase. Secondly, process of change rose in all the areas except helping relationship. It also shows statistical improvement in all the fields except the dramatic relief of the experiential process, the helping relationship of behavioral process and stimulus control Thirdly, negative affective situation temptation, positive social situation temptation, and habitual strength temptation's average points decreased but showed statistical differences. Weight control temptation's average points decreased after education but didn't show statistical differences. Self efficiency increased measurably after education. Fourthly, concerning the social pros and coping pros caused by smoking, the average points were low after education and showed statistic decrease. As for the cons due to smoking, the average points increased but didn't show any statistical differences. In conclusion, thanks to the smoking cessation program applied by the Transtheoretical model, the smoking rate of vocational high school students became low and their smoking temptation also dropped considerably. In conclusion, while the pros for smoking were lessened, its corns were heightened through the educational awareness offered by this program.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1009-1016
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• 2013

Background: The benefits of physical activity are well established and recognized to prevent adults from many chronic diseases and particularly some forms of cancers. Objectives: The present study was conducted to investigate the present status of physical activity among Saudi adults in Al-Ahsa, and to examine the association between the stages of change for physical activity and perceived barriers, and self efficacy. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 242 subjects (118 males and 124 females) attending health centers aged between 20-56 years, were personally interviewed for demographic data, anthropometric measurement, physical activity level, stages of change for physical activity, self efficacy and perceived barriers. Results: Forty eight percent of the females were overweight and 16.9% of the males were obese with no significant difference between the genders for BMI categories. More than half of the females were inactive and 39% of the males were physically active with a significant difference (P=0.007). Twenty percent of the males were in maintenance stage, while similar percentage of the females were in contemplation stage. However the majority of the subjects were in pre-contemplation stage with a significant difference across the stages. Males had a higher mean score of self efficacy and less external barriers of physical activity. The major barrier among the females was lack of time ($7.2{\pm}1.4$) and in the males, lack of motivation ($7.7{\pm}1.4$). The females had less internal ($21.2{\pm}3.8$) barriers comparable to the males ($23.08{\pm}4.7$). Both genders had a significant relationship between stages of changes of physical activity and perceived barriers (internal and external), but in the females no significant difference across the stages was observed for self efficacy unlike the males who had a significant difference for self efficacy and self efficacy categories. Conclusion: The present study provided useful data on stages of change for physical activity and some psychosocial factors (self efficacy and perceived barriers) that can help to tailor strategies aiming at increasing physical activity level according to self efficacy and to the barriers detected, to prevent many chronic diseases including certain types of cancer in Saudi Arabia.