• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.47 no.7
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

The device performances of accumulation-mode Pi-gate pMOSFETs with different fin widths have been characterized at high operating temperatures. The device fin height is 10nm and fin widths are 30nm, 40nm, and 50nm. The variation of the drain current, threshold voltage, subthreshold swing, effective mobility, and leakage current have been investigated as a function of operating temperatures. The drain current at high temperature is slightly larger than at room temperature. The variation of the threshold voltage as a function of the operating temperature is smaller than that of the inversion-mode MOSFETs. The effective mobility is decreased with the increase of operating temperature. It is observed that the effective mobility is enhanced as the fin width decreases.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.720-730
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• 2002

Automated design of large structures requires efficient and accurate optimization algorithms because of a large number of design variables and design constraints. The objective of this study is to examine the characteristics of the Kreisselmeier -Steinhauser envelope function and to investigate va tidily of accumulating constraint functions into a small number of constraint functions or even into a single constraint function. The commercial package DOT is adopted as a local optimizer. The optimum results using the envelope function are compared with those of the conventional method for a number of numerical examples and the differences between them are shown to be negligible.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Cadmium is a toxic metal that is an occupational and environmental concern especially because of its human carcinogenicity; it induces serious adverse effects in various organs and tissues. Even low levels of exposure to cadmium could be harmful owing to its extremely long half-life in the body. Cadmium intoxication may be prevented by the consumption of dietary components that potentially reduce its accumulation in the body. Dietary chitosan is a polysaccharide derived from animal sources; it has been known for its ability to bind to divalent cations including cadmium, in addition to other beneficial effects including hypocholesterolemic and anticancer effects. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the role of dietary chitosan in reducing cadmium accumulation using an in vivo system. MATERIALS/METHODS: Cadmium was administered orally at 2 mg (three times per week) to three groups of Sprague-Dawley rats: control, low-dose, and high-dose (0, 3, and 5%, respectively) chitosan diet groups for eight weeks. Cadmium accumulation, as well as tissue functional and histological changes, was determined. RESULTS: Compared to the control group, rats fed the chitosan diet showed significantly lower levels of cadmium in blood and tissues including the kidneys, liver, and femur. Biochemical analysis of liver function including the determination of aspartate aminotransferase and total bilirubin levels showed that dietary chitosan reduced hepatic tissue damage caused by cadmium intoxication and prevented the associated bone disorder. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that dietary chitosan has the potential to reduce cadmium accumulation in the body as well as protect liver function and bone health against cadmium intoxication.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 1971

Accumulation of soil organic matter and its vertical distribution at different latitudes in peninsular Korea were studied in the soil of four different forest types viz. Pinus densiflora forest, Castanea forest, Quercus acutissima forest and Carpinus laxiflora forest. Among them, accumulation of soil organic matter in Cheju sites, with a mean annual temperature of 15$^{\circ}C$, was maximum with increasing latitude, soil organic matter concentration decreased. Considering the relationship between concentration of soil organic matter and some climatic conditiions, it seems that concentrations of soil organic matter is a function of annual temperature, especially warmth index or cold index.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.39-57
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• 2022

This study aims to design an integral instruction method that follows the Abstraction in Context (AiC) framework proposed by Hershkowitz, Schwarz, and Dreyfus to help students in acquiring in-depth understanding of the relationship between indefinite integrals and definite integrals and to analyze how the students' understanding improved as a result. To this end, we implemented lessons according to the integral instruction method designed for eight 11th grade students in a science high school. We recorded and analyzed data from graded student worksheets and transcripts of classroom recordings. Results show that students comprehend three knowledge elements regarding relationship between indefinite integral and definite integral: the instantaneous rate of change of accumulation function, the calculation of a definite integral through an indefinite integral, and The determination of indefinite integral by the accumulation function. The findings suggest that the AiC framework is useful for designing didactical activities for conceptual learning, and the accumulation function can serve as a basis for teaching the three knowledge elements regarding relationship between indefinite integral and definite integral.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.201-208
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• 2010

The classical iterated hash function is vulnerable to a multi-collision attack. Gauravaram et al. proposed 3C and 3C+ hash functions, in which an accumulation chain is added to usual Merkle-Damgard changing. Their goal is to design composition schemes resistant to generic attacks of Joux's type, but Joscak and Tuma have shown that 3C and 3C+ schemes are not better than Merkle-Damgard scheme in term of security against multi-collision attacks under some mild assumptions. In this dissertation, in order to increase security of 3C hash function, we proposed secure double pipe hash function which was effectively using XOR and XNOR operations per blocks of message. We seek to improve on the work of Lucks in a way. Proposed secure double pipe hash function takes resistance to multi-block collision, fixed point and pre-image attacks.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.48 no.10
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• pp.1335-1343
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• 1999

This paper presents concrete pattern recognition method to identify the strength of concrete by evidence accumulation with multiple parameters based on artificial intelligence techniques. At first, zero-crossing(ZCR), mean frequency(MEANF), median frequency(MEDF) and autoregressive model coefficient(ARC) are extracted as feature parameters from ultrasonic signal of concrete. Pattern recognition is carried out through the evidence accumulation procedure using distance measured with reference parameters. A fuzzy mapping function is designed to transform the distances for the application of the evidence accumulation method. Results are presented to support the feasibility of the suggested approach for concrete pattern recognition.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.137-143
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• 2016

Purpose: Apartment housing should conduct a cyclic repair to keep and maintain the building performance since they are constructed. Therefore, the repair plan would be provided for long term period which explains the repair time, items and repair cost. Residents of apartment housing are responsible to pay for the repair activities. For repair cost, residents would reserve the money for repair little by little continuously until the required repair time because the repair cost takes a big burden for residents and lots of money a time. But, there is no systematic approach to provide the long term repair cost because it is no proper forecast of the repair cost to the upcoming repair time. In this study, it aimed at providing the monthly accumulation of the long term repair cost with the survey data in Seoul. Method: For these, the surveyed data are classified into 6 categories and number of data are 1,918. In addition, it developed the repair cost model for the 24 repair works and the cumulation function which is reflected with the each cost model. Result: This study are shown as follows : First, among the various estimation for the repair cost, the power function has a goodness of fit in statistics. Second, the monthly accumulation would be 12,840 won/household in size of $100,000m^2$ management area and $81.7won/m^2$ in size of the 1,000 household number during 40 years.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.824-828
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• 2011

Transmission line analysis of the surface a cumulation layer in injection-enhanced gate transistor (IEGT) is presented for the first time, based on per-unit-length resistance and conductance of the surface layer beneath the gate of IEGT. Lateral electric field on the accumulation layer surface, as well as the electron current injected into the accumulation layer, is governed by the well-known wave equation, and decreases as an exponential function of the lateral distance from the cathode. Unit-length resistance and conductance of the layer are expressed in terms of the device parameters and the applied gate voltage. Results obtained from the experiments are consistent with the numerical simulations.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and information Science
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• v.2 no.6
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• pp.20-27
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• 1997

We present a method of electromyographic(EMG) pattern recognition to identify motion commands for the control of a prosthetic arm by evidence accumulation with multiple parameters. Integral absolute value, variance, autoregressive(AR) model coefficients, linear cepstrum coefficients, and adaptive cepstrum vector are extracted as feature parameters from several time segments of the EMG signals. Pattern recognition is carried out through the evidence accumulation procedure using the distances measured with reference parameters. A fuzzy mapping function is designed to transform the distances for the application of the evidence accumulation method. Results are presented to support the feasibility of the suggested approach for EMG pattern recognition.