• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.43 no.5
• /
• pp.1115-1128
• /
• 2006

Let $so(3)\tilde{\times}R^3$ be the 6-dimensional nilpotent Lie group with group operation (s, x)(t, y) = $(s+t+xy^t-yx^t,\;x+y)$. We prove that the maximal order of the holonomy groups of all infra-nilmanifolds with $so(3)\tilde{\times}R^3$-geometry is 16.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.79-90
• /
• 1999

In this paper, we show that any product of a closed orientable n-manifold $N_1$ with finite fundamental group and a closed orientable asgerical m-mainfold $N_2$ with hopfian fundamental group, where X($N_1$) and X($N_2$) are nonzero, is a condimension 2 fibrator. Moreover, if <$\pi_i(N_1)$=0 for 1$N_1\timesN_2$ is a codimension k PL fibrator.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.661-669
• /
• 2018

In this paper, we introduce and study the notion of a pseudonorm on a generalized group. Let G be a topological generalized group and let the family $\{G_x\}_{x{\in}e(G)}$ be locally finite. Then, we show that G is completely regular. Also, some well known results are generalized.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.60 no.3
• /
• pp.733-746
• /
• 2023

Let (X, d) be a semimetric space. A permutation Φ of the set X is a combinatorial self similarity of (X, d) if there is a bijective function f : d(X × X) → d(X × X) such that d(x, y) = f(d(Φ(x), Φ(y))) for all x, y ∈ X. We describe the set of all semimetrics ρ on an arbitrary nonempty set Y for which every permutation of Y is a combinatorial self similarity of (Y, ρ).

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.19-31
• /
• 1996

This study was performed to determine the subacute toxicities of SKI306X, an antiinflammatory herbal extract, in rats. SKI306X was administered orally to rats once a day for 4 weeks at doses of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 g/kg/ day. Each group consisted of 20 male and 20 female rats, including 5 male and 5 female rats per group for an interim study at the end of 2-week administration and for a 2-week recovery study, respectively. Throughout the study, all rats survived and no adverse clinical signs were observed. Although male rats treated with high dose (3.0 g/kg/day) of SKI306X showed slight loss of body weight (approximately 5%) in comparison with control animals during the administration period, their body weight loss was normally restored during the recovery period. No significant change was found in all hematological parameters of SKI306X-treated groups except for the decreased number of red blood cells in all female groups at the interim study. Statistically significant changes were observed in several blood enzyme levels of SKI306X-treated groups; however, most of these significant changes were within normal range and statistically significant values did not show dose-related responses. In SKI306X-treated groups, the absolute and relative weights of liver, heart, and stomach were statistically different from those of control group, but these differences disappeared at the end of recovery period and also drug-related gross and histopathological findings in these organs were not found. No other drug-related gross and histopathological findings were observed. It is concluded from the results of this study that non-toxic dose of SKI306X was estimated to be between 0.3 and 1.0 g/kg/day and the maximum tolerated dose of SKI306X was assumed to be higher than 3.0 g/kg/day.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.73-79
• /
• 2009

This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of single and combined exposure of toluene (T) and xylene (X) on the cytochrome-450(CYP)-mediated metabolizing capacity, induction of CYP isozymes and the excretion of their metabolites in urine. Animal were adults male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and divided into 4 groups such as control, T (treated with 63.7 mg/body kg), X (treated with 65.9 mg/body kg) and TX(T=X). Organic solvents was administrated by intraperitoneal injection for 3 days. The contents of protein and CYP in liver microsomes of control group were $16.48{\pm}0.56 mg/m{\ell}$ and $0.744{\pm}0.025$ nmol/mg protein, respectively, and they contents were significantly lower than in derived from treated groups (p<0.01). The activities of PROD and ${\rho}NPH$ were significantly higher in single treated groups than in control and combined group (TX). When Western immunoblotting were carried out with two monoclonal antibodies (MAb 1-98-1 and MAb 2-66-3) which were specific against CYP2B1/2 and CYP2E1, respectively, a strong signal corresponding to CYP2B1/2 was observed in microsomes obtained from rats treated with X and TX. The color density against CYP2E1 was slightly increased in T and TX groups compared with C and X groups. The amounts of urinary hippuric acid in T single treated group was $3.29{\pm}1.97$ g/g creatinine and TX combined group was $2.91{\pm}1.76$ g/g creatinine, but was not significant. However, amount of urinary methy hippuric acid in X single treated group ($1.62{\pm}0.72$ g/g creatinine) was significantly higher than TX combined group ($0.93{\pm} 0.63$ g/g creatinine)(p<0.01). These results suggested that CYP2E1 isozyme might be responsible for the metabolism of T, and CYP2B1/2 isozyme is for X. And also, difference of metabolites level between single and combined group may be speculated that the intermediates of T and X interacted each other in the process of their metabolite formation reaction.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.153-171
• /
• 2007

Objective : The aim of this study was to investigate effects of Gagambosim-Tang(GBT) of focal brain ischemic injury induced by intraluminal filament insertion in the rats. Method : The ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery Eight-arm radial maze was designed for the behavioral task. Gagambosim-Tang was orally administrated in SD rats for 21 days. The task was started on the 4th week after focal brain injury, and performed two trials per day for 6days. The effects of Gagambosim-Tang on neuroprotective agents in cresyl violet, choline acetyltranferase(ChAT), nerve growth factor (NGF)-stain and c-Fos with ischemic injury were investigated. Results : The errors in the eight-arm radial maze task were significantly decreased in normal group compared with control group on 2-6days, GBT lX(42.2 mg/ml)orally administrated group on 1days, GBT 6X(253.2 mg/ml) on 3, 5, 6days. The rate of correct choice was increased in normal and GBT 6X groups. The neuroprotective effect in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in normal and GBT 1X, GBT 6X groups compared with control group. The density of ChAT in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in normal and GBT6X groups compared with control group. The density of NGF in the hippocampal CA1 was increased normal and GBT6X groups compared with control group. The number of c-Fos-positive neurons in the hippocampal CA1 was increased in normal and GBT 6X groups compared with control group. Conclusion : These results suggest that Gagambosim-Tang may have protective effect on dementia.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.599-605
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this work was to examine whether X-Y chromosome dissociation in the primary spermatocytes of mice could be used as an in vivo short-term assaying system that detect environmental mutagens. Four alkylating agents(EMS, MMS, MMC and MNNG) which were known as strong mutagens were administered to BALB/c male mice 3-4 months old. In the control group, the mean frequencies of previously dissociated X and Y chromosomes and autosomes were 7.17% and 2.12%, respectively. Compared to the control group, mutagen-treated groups have no significant differences in dissociation rate of autosomes, while these poops were about 1.2-2.5 times higher in the frequencies of X-Y dissociation. Generally, X-Y dissociation frequency increased consistently with the concentration of mutagens whereas the tendency of autosome dissociation frequency was variable among several mutagens. These results suggest that X-Y dissociation in the primary spermatocytes of mice is applicable as an vivo short-term assaying system for environmental mutagens. There were significantly distinct increase in dissociation of X-Y chromosome in both the hybrid and parents but the X-Y previous dissociation of hybrid appeared higher frequency than BALB /c and wild mice. These results indicate that the factor related to binding X-Y chromosome is specific to strains.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.20 no.1
• /
• pp.91-96
• /
• 1997

Male rats of Albino strain were divided into four groups. The radioprotective effect of treatment with S-2(3-aminopropylamino)ethylphosphorothioic acid(WR-2721) using the dose of 200 mg/kg by intraperitonial injection on rats for 20 min prior to whole body x-ray irradiation (8 Gy) was studied. The harzardous effects of x-ray irradiation were greatly corrected In the treated group. The concentrations of total serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid were greatly affected, showing insignificant changes in the treated group of animals. The drastic hyperglycemic effect of x-ray irradiation in the untreated group decreased to a normal level. These results show the potentiality of WR-2721 as a radioprotective agent.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.7 no.5
• /
• pp.391-395
• /
• 1986

MNDO calculations were carried out to determine reactant complexes and transition states of the $S_N2$ reactions of $CH_3X\;+\;Y^-\;{\to}\;CH_3Y\;+\;X^-$ where X = F, Cl, CN and Y = CN, OH, F, Cl. The leaving group ability was found to vary inversely with the activation barrier, which in turn was mainly ascribable to the deformation energies accompanied with bond stretching of C-X bond and inversion of $CH_3$ group. The nucleophilicity was shown to be in the order $Cl^->F^->OH^->CN^-$ but the effect on the activation barrier was relatively small compared with that of the leaving group. The bond breaking and bond formation indices and energy decomposition analysis showed that the TS for the reaction of $CH_3$Cl occurs in the early stage of the reaction coordinate relative to that of $CH_3$F. It has been shown that the potential energy surface (PES) diagrams approach can only accommodate thermodynamic effects but fails to correlate intrinsic kinetic effects on the TS structure.