• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.151-159
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• 2021

Cost information in the Korean construction industry is mainly controlled by the government agencies. However, there have been wild-spread speculations among participants on the adequacy of these unit prices and difference with the actual market condition. Korean public-led unit prices are developed using mainly a top-down approach by a few designated public institutions. Due to the rapid fluctuations in market prices and high-volume of information, it is impossible for a few public institutions to properly consider market conditions. However, there are almost none private cost reference while many are available in other countries to supplement the public cost references. Needs for private cost references have recognized, and this study can be seen as a pilot study to support them. This study attempts to identify the problem areas of Korean cost references and to provide guidance by benchmarking other countries. This study has confirmed the need of developing market-driven cost references by employing a bottom-up approach in which a large number of various construction participants are fostered to provide their own cost information and share with others. It is envisioned that this study provides foundations for further study on the development on-line construction market platform based on abundant and appropriate cost information.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.135-157
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• 2014

The present study investigated whether 6- and 12-month-old infants could infer an agent's social preference on the basis of intentions. In Experiment 1, 12-month-old infants were first familiarized with two kinds of event: the helping and the hindering events. In the helping event, an agent (either a square or triangle) tried to help a circle climb up the hill and the movie stopped right before the circle reached the top of the hill. Thus, the outcome of the helping behavior was made to be ambiguous. Similarly, in the hindering movie, another agent tried to hinder the circle from reaching the top of the hill and the movie stopped right before the circle slipped down to the base of the hill making the final outcome of the hindering behavior unclear. During the test trial, infants were either presented with an event in which the circle approached the helper (approach-helper condition) or an event in which the circle approached the hinderer (approach-hinderer condition). The results indicated that both 6- and 12-month-olds looked longer at the approach-helper event than at the approach-hinderer event. Thus, by 6 months of age, infants are sensitive to agents' intentions when reasoning about agents' social preference. The current findings add to the emerging evidence on social evaluation and moral reasoning during infancy.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.3-13
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• 2009

Knowledge management (KM) has been considered to be an effective means of learning from past projects to effect continuous performance improvement in the construction industry. Despite the growing importance of KM in the construction industry, the usage and effectiveness of IT tools for implementing KM are limited to some extent. Case studies of current KM practices in Korean construction sectors revealed that the chief causes of this problem are the top-down approach of the current practices. To address this challenging issue, this research proposes bottom-up approach, which motivates knowledge creation by shifting the ownership of contents, and facilitates effective reuse of knowledge by providing rich contextual information.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.49-58
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• 2009

Top-down approach in the intelligent robot research has focused on the single object intelligence however, it has two weaknesses. One is that has a high cost and a long spending time of sensing, calculating and communications. The other is the difficulty of responding to react changes in the unpredictable environment. we propose the collective intelligence algorithm based on Bottom-up approach for improving these weaknesses and the applied agent model and verify by simulation. The Modified Flocking Algorithm proposed in this research is the algorithm which is modified version of the concept of the Flocking (Craig Reynolds) which is used to model the flocks, herds, and schools in the graphics or games, and simplified the operation of conventional Flocking algorithm to make it easy to apply for the number of group robots. We modeled the Boid agent and verified possibility collectivization of the Modified Flocking Algorithm by simulation. And We validated by the actual multiple mobile robot experiment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.557-563
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• 2013

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is ranked as one of the top five causes of cancer-related deaths. ICC in Thai patients is associated with infection with the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, but the molecular basis for development remains unclear. The present study employed a microarray approach to compare gene expression profiles of ICCs and normal liver tissues from the same patients residing in Northeast Thailand, a region with a high prevalence of liver fluke infection. In ICC samples, 2,821 and 1,361 genes were found to be significantly up- and down-regulated respectively (unpaired t-test, p<0.05; fold-change ${\gep}2.0$). For validation of the microarray results, 7 up-regulated genes (FXYD3, GPRC5A, CEACAM5, MUC13, EPCAM, TMC5, and EHF) and 3 down-regulated genes (CPS1, TAT, and ITIH1) were selected for confirmation using quantitative RT-PCR, resulting in 100% agreement. The metallothionine heavy metal pathway contains the highest percentage of genes with statistically significant changes in expression. This study provides exon-level expression profiles in ICC that should be fruitful in identifying novel genetic markers for classifying and possibly early diagnosis of this highly fatal type of cholangiocarcinoma.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.9-14
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• 2018

This paper focuses on how the latest progress in digital media and technology affects the writing education environment. In the contemporary era, collecting numerous pices of information online, and arranging them to create new knowledge is important. There is also a need to seek new methods for writing education to stay in tune with the times. To that end, this paper suggests an open writing model using hypertexts. This writing model consists of a total of five stages, which are use of information, compilation of information, open mutual discussion, search of additional information and writing to recreate knowledge. The final outcome of such writing is writing using footnotes. By describing the gist of the keyword and adding numerous footnotes, such writing opens up an infinite possibility of re-creating information into new knowledge. This method can help university students who are accustomed to the digital society to proactively use information and improve multi-disciplinary communication skills required today. This author applied such a model to university writing education and found that more than 82% of the students were satisfied. Through the process of collaboration and recreation of knowledge in writing, learners found distinct benefits and noted their horizons had broadened. Given this effect, the open writing model using hypertexts is meaningful in that it forms a learning community that goes beyond a one-way feedback from instructor to student and instead nudges students to realize collective intellect. Moreover, it is meaningful in that it moves away from a top-down approach of the instructors passing down knowledge about writing and its rules, and towards a more proactive involvement by students in creating knowledge.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.1341-1347
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• 2007

The displacement field (Optical flow) has been calculated by bottom-up approaches based on local processing. In contrast with them, in this paper, a top-down approach based on expanding in turn from the lowest order mode the whole motion in an image pair of sequential images is proposed. The intensity of medical images usually represents a quantity which is conserved during the motion. Hence sequential images are ideally related by a coordinate transformation. The displacement field can be determined from the generalized moments of the two images. The equations which transform arbitrary generalized moments from a source image to a target image are expressed as a function of the displacement field. The appareent displacement field is then computed iteratively by a projection method which utilizes the functional derivatives of the linearized moment equations. This method is demonstrated using a pair of sequential heart images. For comparative evaluation, we applied Horn and Schunck's method, a standard multigrid method, and our proposed algorithm to sequential image.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.480-490
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• 2013

As technology evolves into the deep submicron level, synchronous circuit designs based on a single global clock have incurred problems in such areas as timing closure and power consumption. An asynchronous circuit design methodology is one of the strong candidates to solve such problems. To verify the feasibility and efficiency of a large-scale asynchronous circuit, we design a fully clockless 32-bit processor. We model the processor using an asynchronous HDL and synthesize it using a tool specialized for asynchronous circuits with a top-down design approach. In this paper, two microarchitectures, basic and enhanced, are explored. The results from a pre-layout simulation utilizing 0.13-${\mu}m$ CMOS technology show that the performance and power consumption of the enhanced microarchitecture are respectively improved by 109% and 30% with respect to the basic architecture. Furthermore, the measured power efficiency is about 238 ${\mu}W$/MHz and is comparable to that of a synchronous counterpart.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.02a
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• pp.368-372
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• 2009

The method to get the feature have been proposed to recognize the user activity by setting specific action for making the user independent result in previous research. However, it was only applied in specific environment and it was difficult to implement because it regarded only some specific feature as the recognized object. To improve this problem we detected the normality/abnormality of the activity based on the repetition and the continuity of the past activity pattern. We applied the unsupervised learning method, not supervised, and clustered the data which was collected within a certain period of time and we regarded it as the basis of the evaluation of the repetition. We demonstrated to be able to detect the abnormal activity based on wether the data was generated repeatedly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.440-443
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• 2010

We report a top-down approach based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) local anodic oxidation for the fabrication of the nano-pattern field effect transistors (FETs). AFM anodic oxidation is relatively a simple process in atmosphere at room temperature but it still can result in patterns with a high spatial resolution, and compatibility with conventional silicon CMOS process. In this work, we study nano-pattern FETs for various cross-bar distance value D, from ${\sim}0.5\;{\mu}m$ to $1\;{\mu}m$. We compare the optical characteristics of the patterned FETs and of the reference FETs based on both 2-dimensional simulation and experimental results for the wavelength from 100 nm to 900 nm. The simulated the drain current of the nano-patterned FETs shows significantly higher value incident the reference FETs from ${\sim}1.7\;{\times}\;10^{-6}A$ to ${\sim}2.3\;{\times}\;10^{-6}A$ in the infrared range. The fabricated surface texturing of photo-transistors may be applied for high-efficiency photovoltaic devices.