• 복식
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• 제30권
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• pp.295-306
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• 1996

A large quantity of exhumed clothing found for recent 20 years has becom-e the material for making a concrete clarification of the structure of clothing in the Chosun dynasty. Exhumed clothing means the clothing found in the coffin when the grave of the ancestor buried several hundred several hundred years ago is removed to another pla-ce and it is almost comprised of ordinary clothes of the grave-owner not mourning clothes as well as clothing and ornaments in the period between the 15th cen-tury and th 19th century. This research is intended to inquire into the kind of chimas in the 16th century before the Imjin Japancese Invasion of Korea during 1592-1598. The after effect of the Imjin Japanese In-vasion was generally reflected in clothing them and the structure of clothing in the Chosun dynasty began to overshadew its di-chotomy with the Imjin Japanese I vasion of Korea as the point. Accordingly this research is concerned with the study of the chima system of the early Chosun dynasty which shows that there is a common point of the identical form though clothing was exhumed in different graves. Therefore it was possible to grasp women's clothing that was fashionable at that time The object for research is the women in the upper class of the 16th century whose representative characteristics are depicted as follows: 1. Women in the upper class wore the splendid clothing similar to the ordinary clothing of court ladies. 2. The division of ordinary chima and ceremonial chima appeared in the concrete. 3. Ceremonial chima had its extra width and length and exhibited its exaggerated silhouette. in particular it had a various forms of over-pleats made at its center front which play a role in supplementing discomfort in walking. This associate bustle and crinolin styles through which the modern design of clothing can be glimpsed. 4. The opposite phenomenon was shown that has been perceived up to now such as folding at the right plain seam the treatment of the edge-and the like. 5. The elaboration of manual needlework shows the culmination of women's workmanship.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.120-131
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• 2014

조선 개국 시 영조된 사직단은 일제강점기를 거치면서 사직공원으로 고착화되었고, 최근 복원에 대한 노력이 진행되고 있다. 통시적으로 분석된 사직단의 변화 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한 나라의 중요 국가제사를 지내던 장소로의 입지를 확보하고 강화되었던 조선시대 태조에서 일제강점기 이전까지의 시기이다. 태조대에 인왕산 자락에 축조했으며 임진왜란 시 소실된 후 영조 대에 제례시설이 완비되었다. 그러나 1908년 일제의 간섭이본격화되자 공간 멸실과 제사가 폐지되었다. 둘째, 일제에 의해 공원화가 진행되어 고착화된 1910년부터 1944년까지이다. 공원 관련 시설과 경계부에 이질적인 건축물이 들어섰고, 단 영역 재실 사직단문이 고적과 보물로 지정되기도 하였다. 셋째, 해방 이후 1984년까지 이질적 성격의 동상과 기념비, 건축물이 축조되어 혼재된 장소성을 지니게 된 시기이다. 사직터널의 개설로 사직단 문이 2번에 걸쳐서 이축되기도 하였다. 넷째, 사직단의 역사성과 상징성을 회복하기 위한 노력이 진행되고 있는 1985년부터 현재까지이다. 사직단 권역의 복원 계획이 진행되고 있으나 주민에 대한 반발로 난항을 겪고 있는 시기이기도 하다. 향후, 사직단의 원형 회복을 위한 복원을 위해서는 발굴조사를 통한 면밀한 고증과 주민의 이해가 함께 진행되어야 한다.

• 복식
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• 제57권10호
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• pp.24-34
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to examine the pieces of 100 fabrics excavated from unknown woman's tomb Incheon, by analyzing woven methods, names of the fabrics, the kinds and the shapes of the patterns. The characteristics to assume the period of the fabrics are as follows. The geumsundan which was woven peacock insignia at chest and back area was excavated for the first time from the tomb of Joseon. Peacock insignia woven with satin weave using supplementary golden wefts, wrapped gold thread. These kind of fabrics were usually imported in the $15^{th}$ century, according to the old documents, 'Nogeoldae' 'Joseonwangjosilrok' written at the end of Goryeo or early in Joseon. Thus, these relics are from about $15^{th}$ century. From this tomb, the mixture fabric of cotton and ramie are excavated. According to another excavated cases, the mixture fabric of cotton and ramie appears from the period before the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592, and after the invasion, there are usually mixture fabric of cotton and silk. This also tells that these fabrics show the characteristics of those from the early period of Joseon Dynasty. The rounded patterns of Jangot is only shown from the fabrics of late Goryeo Dynasty, and the cloud pattern of an upper garment with a squared neckline is shown from the early Joseon Dynasty. So, the patterns from these excavated costumes are ranged from the late Goryeo Dynasty to the early Joseon Dynasty. To assume the period through the overall study above, these relics show the characteristics of the $15^{th}$ century fabric.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.45-60
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• 2001

The Tongdo temple have been transformed continuously since its first establishment about 1300 years ago. Nevertheless three critical elements specified by 'Jajangyulsa', founder of the temple have not varied over the times but rather strengthened and strongly combined. All elements and doctrines of the religion coexist and form a harmony within the whole of the temple. This researcher examined what changes, or combinations, in spatial formation were sought for such unique structures of the Tongue temple by focusing mainly on the Sangrojun area of the temple to obtain the following findings. First. unlike a work by a Japanese researcher 'Sekino Tadashi', the east yard of the main building was found located on the section line which corresponded to the separation line of Yungkuncheokdo(營建尺度=measure running) from the edge of the Keumkangkyedan(金剛戒壇 =Buddhist platform) embankment to the corner column of the Kamrodang. This was confirmed as a result of the review of photos shown in [Chosun Kojukdobo]. Second, the number of stairs used for the Keumkangkyedan was thought to become three when the temple was firstly restored in 1379 as a result that this researcher reviewed Chinese literature 'DoSun' and [Kyedandokyung(戒壇圖經)], records by 'Lee saek' and 'Jung Shihan', studies of Yungkun measure and actual changes in the temple. Then the temple was forth restored in 1705 when the second of the stairs was changed in area and height and at the same time grounded hard for a space for a Buddhist service. Third, the roof of the main building was probably changed in shape during the Koryo period when the plane structure, furnish arrangement, emphasized front, stone lanterns of the building and political factors of that time were all considered. Fourth, the main building was Initially designed to provide a Buddhist sermon service which was assumedly followed by a similar service at a Keumkangkyedan. Thus the main building had a small window on the northern side which might be opened up to look out or otherwise go outside like a door. However, the window was probably locked up like a surrounding wall since the main building was entirely repaired after the end of Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592.

• Strategy21
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• 통권44호
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• pp.177-212
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• 2018

The purpose of this article is to examine the 'Discussion of maritime defense' which began to be discussed from the late Goryeo dynasty to the early Joseon dynasty and the process of establishing a maritime defense system. Also it can identify changes in the aspects of the naval ship operation and their strategic tactics during the reign of King Sejong. Japanese raiders began a full-scale invasion from 1350 at the late Goryeo Dynasty, So the government realized the need to raise the 'Sea power' and to organize the maritime defense system for defending enemy invasion. for example, the reinforcement of naval forces, construction of warships, develoment of weapon systems and so on. which have achieved remarkable growth while continuing, have also been used to carry out a three-time 'Conquest of Daemado' in 1389, 1396, 1419. Until then, however, it is difficult to interpret that the naval forces had a systematic and organizational combat operation system. According to fighting patterns on combat reports before the early days of King Sejong's reign, Our naval forces had no advantage over the Japanese raiders in terms of their capabilities and tactics. Then, the period of King Sejong marked a watershed in maritime defense history. Based on accumulated experience of naval battles and force Projections, The paradigm shift of the naval strategic tactics for maritime defense has occurred. First, the capability of the naval vessels has improved. for example, ship speed, durability, and weather resistance. Through these efforts, navy forces were able to pursue and attack, destroy enemy's ships by taking advantage of the 'Ship speed superiority'. This has led to tactical shifts from defensive to offensive. Second, purpose to support offensive tactics, the government put a strategic plan into practice that is the forward depolyment of naval bases from the inland to the coast, considering the 'sea environment' and 'threat'. By doing so, Joseon dynasty was able to secure 'the command of the sea'. This may be a little different from the perception of the so-called 'peace period' that King Sejong's era. We need to remember that Joseon dynasty was working hard for its defense. When studying history of maritime defense, these strategic and tactical elements must be fully considered. Only then we can have a coherent understanding of the many naval battles in the past, including the Imjin War(1592-1598).

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.186-205
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• 2013

간송미술관 소장 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$은 조선 중기 문인 화가인 탄은(灘隱) 이정(李霆)이 매화, 난초, 대나무를 그리고, 시를 지어 함께 장첩한 시화첩(詩畵帖)이다. 조선 묵죽화의 전범(典範)을 세운 화가로 평가받는 이정의 시화(詩畵)를 한 곳에서 감상할 수 있다는 점만으로도 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$의 미술사적 가치는 매우 높다. 그러나 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$의 가치는 여기에 국한되지 않는다. ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$의 이력(履歷)이라 할 수 있는 제작배경, 성첩(成帖)과정, 전래시말 등에는 제작 당시의 시대상은 물론, 통시대적인 다양한 역사상들이 투영되어 있다. ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$은 이정이 임진왜란시 왜적에게 칼을 맞는 수난을 겪은 후, 필생의 역작을 남기려는 의도 하에 만들어졌다. 이후 최립(崔?), 차천로(車天輅), 한호(韓濩) 등 시서(詩書) 각 분야에서 당대 최고의 성가를 구가하던 문인들이 동참하여 성첩되었다. 그리고 유근(柳根), 이안눌(李安訥), 유몽인(柳夢寅) 등이 찬문과 제시를 지어 상찬하였다. 그야말로 '일대교유지사(一代交遊之士)'가 동참하여 만들어낸 '일세지보(一世之寶)'였던 것이다. 이런 점들을 고려할 때, ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$은 이정 개인의 작품을 넘어 조선 중기 문예의 지향과 역량이 한 자리에 모인 종합예술품이며, 조선 중기 문화의 표상이라 할 수 있다. ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$은 이정이 세상을 뜬 후, 선조의 부마인 홍주원(洪柱元)에게 넘어갔고, 병자호란 시 소실(燒失)될 위기를 겪는다. 현재까지도 그때의 화흔(火痕)이 역력하게 남아 있어, 당시의 급박한 상황을 생생하게 전해주고 있다. 호란이 끝나고 홍주원은 동서(同壻)인 윤신지(尹新之)의 도움으로 훼손된 일부 제발문(題跋文)들을 복원하였고, 이후 풍산 홍씨(豊山洪氏) 집안에서 7대를 이어가며 가보(家寶)로 전해진다. 홍중기(洪重?)의 요청에 의해 쓰여진 송시열(宋時烈)의 발문과 홍상한(洪象漢)의 요청에 의해 쓰여진 어유봉(魚有鳳)의 발문 등을 통해 이를 확인할 수 있다. 그런데 이정 생존시 문인들이 이정과 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$의 지닌 작품성에 대해 상찬한 것과는 달리 후대 문인들의 글은 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$의 전래과정과 그와 관련된 인물들에 초점을 두고 있어 대조적이다. 후대의 문인들은 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$ 자체의 작품성보다는 그에 얽힌 일화와 그 속에 등장하는 인물들에 흥미를 느끼고 의미를 부여하고 있는 것이다. 특히 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$을 다시 복원한 홍주원에 대해 높이 평가하고 있다. 이는 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$의 소장자로 글을 부탁한 홍주원의 후손들인 홍중기, 홍상한 등의 정치적, 사회적 입지를 강화시켜 주고자 하는 의도가 없지 않을 것이다. 홍주원의 후손들에게는 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$이 가문의 조상을 추숭(追崇)하는 기재인 동시에, 정치적 정통성과 가격(家格)을 담보하는 역할을 했던 것으로 보이기 때문이다. 미술품의 미적 가치 못지않게 그 안에 내재된 역사성을 중시했던 동아시아 특유의 예술 인식의 근인(根因)을 엿볼 수 있는 대목이다. 그러나 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$은 조선 말기 외세 침탈의 와중에서 일본인 츠보이 코우소(坪井航三)에게 넘어가는 비운을 맞게 된다. 다행히도 일제시기 심혈을 기울여 우리 문화재를 수호했던 전형필(全鎣弼)이 이를 되찾아왔고, 현재 간송미술관에 수장되어 전해오고 있다. ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$은 임진왜란과 병자호란, 일제 침탈로 이어지는 조선시대 국난과 이를 극복하는 과정이 그 안에 고스란히 담겨 있으며, 우리 문화재의 수난과 보존의 역사를 여실히 보여주고 있다. 또한 그를 통해 하나의 미술품이 유전과정에서 또 다른 역사성을 지속적으로 축적하며 그 의미와 가치를 강화시켜가는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이렇듯 중층적인 시의성(時宜性)과 지속적인 역사성(歷史性)을 지닌 ${\ll}$삼청첩${\gg}$은 미술품이 미적 가치와 더불어 사료적 가치를 얼마나 풍부하게 지니고 있는지를 보여주는 전형적인 사례라 생각된다. 이를 계기로 향후 미술품의 이력과 그 역사적 의미를 찾는 고찰들이 활성화되기를 기대해 본다.

• 한국철학논집
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• 제36호
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• pp.101-133
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• 2013

이 글은 조선 후기에 편찬된 대표적 병서와 지식인들의 논의를 중심으로 병학사상을 살펴본 것이다. 조선은 개국 이래 200여년의 태평성대를 구가하다가 양대 전란(戰亂)을 거치면서 지식인들을 중심으로 조선 병학의 한계를 각성하였다. 유성룡(柳成龍)의 "징비록(懲毖錄)"에 반영된 왜적(倭賊)에 대한 대비책과 전란의 경험은 후기 병학 사상의 토대가 되었다고 평할 수 있을 것이다. 그러나 안타깝게도 선초의 병서에는 이에 대한 대비책이 별도로 제시된 일이 없었다. 한편 선초의 진법(陣法) 논쟁과 마찬가지로 후기 병학의 정립과정은 순탄하지 못하였다. 임란 직후 명(明)나라 군대를 통해서 척계광의 "기효신서(紀效新書)"와 "연병실기(練兵實紀)"가 유입되었는데, 처음에는 원본 내지는 초록본의 형태로 군사훈련에 활용되다가 후에 "병학지남(兵學指南")"과 "연병지남(練兵指南)"으로서 출간되었다. 이 책들은 중국에서와 마찬가지로 우리나라에서도 왜구와 북방 오랑캐를 대응하는 데 있어서 상당한 효과를 거두었다. 그러나 선초 이래의 오위진법과 상충되기도 하고 중국과 우리나라의 지형이 차이가 있으므로 획일적으로 적용할 수 없다는 지적이 제기되었다. 영조(英朝) 정조(正祖) 때에는 "속병장도설(續兵將圖說)", "병학통(兵學通)", "병학지남연의(兵學指南演義)", "무예도보통지(武藝圖譜通志)" 등 조선 후기의 대표적 병서를 출간함으로써 군사훈련의 통일성을 기하고자 하였다. 정조는 당시 논쟁에 대해 적극적으로 참여하여 해명하였으며, 이로써 선조 때부터 200여년 지속된 논쟁은 종료되었다. 조선 전기와 후기의 병학적 특징을 개괄하자면, 선초에는 "무경칠서(武經七書)"를 바탕으로 문신(文臣)의 주도하에 병학의 윤리화(倫理化)가 진행되었다면, 후기에는 "기효신서"가 계기가 되고 상대적으로 다수의 武臣이 논쟁에 참여하면서 병학의 실학화(實學化)가 진행되었다고 할 수 있다. 한편 조선 병학의 정립 과정에서 주도적 역할을 한 것은 세조(世祖)와 정조(正祖)인데, 양자는 모두 왕위계승 과정이 순조롭지 못했다는 공통점을 지니고 있다. 이것은 클라우제비츠의 "전쟁은 정치 행위의 연속이다"라는 명제가 생각나는 대목이다.

• 한국의사학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.37-41
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• 2010

There are two transcriptions of "ChiJongBang" in Korea at the moment. The first is the Jangseo-gak ibrary transcription(K3-380). The title is "ChiJongBang(治腫方)" and it starts with the contents of "ChiJongBang(治腫方)", followed by "HoeChunYoGyeol(回春要訣)", "NoInSeopYangBang(老人攝養方)", "SoABang(小兒方)". "ChiJongBang(治腫方)" does not even take up a large portion of the book. The other transcription is "ChiJongBang(治腫方)" in Geojil's "Uihui(宜彙)", which was presented into the worldin 1871(the 8th year of King Go-jong)by GeumRiSanIn(錦里山人). The contents of the two transcriptions are the same, and both are left by ImEonGuk. The latter part is identical to the contents of "ChimGuGyeongHeomBang". It was common fora medical book to have additional useful information attatched in the end, so it was thought that somebody added a part of "ChimGuGyeongHeomBang" at the end of "ChiJongBiBang". But the discovery of a woodcut "ChiJongBang" in Korean annotation confirmed that the making of this book was led by the government, and the fact that abscess was a big part of healthcare around the ImJinWaeRan(Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592) period.

• 천문학논총
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.115-127
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• 2011

Since the thirteenth century, large scale facilities and various instruments for astronomical observation were built and installed in East Asia. During the Yuan Dynasty, S. ti.ntai (Beijing astronomical observatory in the Yuan Dynasty, 司天臺) was built in Beijing in 1279. Various astronomical instruments, including Ganui (Jianyi, simplified armillary sphere, 簡儀), Yang-yi (upward hemisphere, 仰儀) and Gyupyo (gnomon, 圭表) were installed in this observatory. These astronomical instruments were modified and improved by researchers of the Joseon Dynasty. Ganuidae (Joseon astronomical observatory, 簡儀臺) was built in Gyeongbokgung (or Gyeongbok palace, 景福宮), Seoul. Its scale was 31 Cheok (Korean feet in the Joseon Dynasty, 尺) in height, 47 Cheok in length and 32 Cheok in width. Lee, Cheon (李蕆, 1376~1451), a responsible leader of Ganuidae project, set up various astronomical instruments with his colleagues. Ganui and Jeongbangan (direction-determining board, 正方案) were installed at the top of this observatory. Gyupyo was installed at the west side of this observatory and Honui (armillary sphere, 渾儀) and Honsang (celestial globe, 渾象) were installed in a small pavilion which was located next to Gyupyo. A decade after installation, this observatory was moved to the north-west side of the palace but almost destroyed during Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592 except Ganuidae. We have analyzed documents about Ganuidae and investigated Chinese remains of astronomical observatories and artifacts of astronomical instruments. In this paper, we suggest the appearance, structure, arrangement and scale of Ganuidae, which are expected to be used for the restoration of Ganuidae at some day in the near future.

• 천문학논총
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.141-154
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• 2010

In the beginning of the Joseon dynasty, the Royal Astronomical Bureau (觀象監, shortly RAB) was established. After the double RAB had settled down by King Sejong (世宗), it continued to function until 1907. Before the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592, the Joseon court had the Inner RAB in the Gyeongbok Palace (景福宮) and the Outer RAB in the Northen District Gwangwha-Bang (北部廣化坊) at the western side of the Changdeuk Palace (昌德宮). In the reign of King Sukjong (肅宗) the double system of the RAB was transformed into the Geumho-Gate (金虎門) Outer RAB and the Gaeyang-Gate (開陽門) Outer RAB. During the reconstruction of the Gyeongbok Palace in the early reign of King Gojong (高宗), the Gaeyang-Gate Outer RAB was replaced by the Yeongchu-Gate (迎秋門) Outer RAB in 1865. All RAB had the Royal Astronomical Observatory (觀天臺, RAO hereinafter), so called the Soganui-platform (小簡儀臺) on which the Soganui (小簡儀) has been put. The Soganui (小簡儀) is a small simplified armillary sphere. While the Gwangwha-Bang RAO handed down from the reign of King Sejong still exists, other RAOs, such as Gyeongbok Palace RAO, Gaeyang-Gate and Yeongchu-Gate RAOs, do not remain. According to our study, the Changgyeong Palace (昌慶宮) RAO was not indeed the RAO with the Soganui.