• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.4.1-4.15
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• 2023

Th cells, which orchestrate immune responses to various pathogens, differentiate from naive CD4 T cells into several subsets that stimulate and regulate immune responses against various types of pathogens, as well as a variety of immune-related diseases. Decades of research have revealed that the fate decision processes are controlled by cytokines, cytokine receptor signaling, and master transcription factors that drive the differentiation programs. Since the Th1 and Th2 paradigm was proposed, many subsets have been added to the list. In this review, I will summarize these events, including the fate decision processes, subset functions, transcriptional regulation, metabolic regulation, and plasticity and heterogeneity. I will also introduce current topics of interest.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.237-242
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• 1994

One of the most well-known geometric lattices is a partition lattice. Every upper interval of a partition lattice is a partition lattice. The whitney numbers of a partition lattices are the Stirling numbers, and the characteristic polynomial is a falling factorial. The set of partitions with a single non-trivial block containing a fixed element is a Boolean sublattice of modular elements, so the partition lattice is supersolvable in the sense of Stanley [6]. In this paper, we rephrase four results due to Heller[1] and Murty [4] in terms of matroids and give several characterizations of partition lattices. Our notation and terminology follow those in [8,9]. To clarify our terminology, let G, be a finte geometric lattice. If S is the set of points (or rank-one flats) in G, the lattice structure of G induces the structure of a (combinatorial) geometry, also denoted by G, on S. The size vertical bar G vertical bar of the geometry G is the number of points in G. Let T be subset of S. The deletion of T from G is the geometry on the point set S/T obtained by restricting G to the subset S/T. The contraction G/T of G by T is the geometry induced by the geometric lattice [cl(T), over ^1] on the set S' of all flats in G covering cl(T). (Here, cl(T) is the closure of T, and over ^ 1 is the maximum of the lattice G.) Thus, by definition, the contraction of a geometry is always a geometry. A geometry which can be obtained from G by deletions and contractions is called a minor of G.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.289-300
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• 2011

Let T(X) denote the semigroup (under composition) of transformations from X into itself. For a fixed nonempty subset Y of X, let S(X, Y) = {${\alpha}\;{\in}\;T(X)\;:\;Y\;{\alpha}\;{\subseteq}\;Y$}. Then S(X, Y) is a semigroup of total transformations of X which leave a subset Y of X invariant. In this paper, we characterize when S(X, Y) is isomorphic to T(Z) for some set Z and prove that every semigroup A can be embedded in S($A^1$, A). Then we describe Green's relations for S(X, Y) and apply these results to obtain its group H-classes and ideals.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.161-173
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• 2013

This paper is concerned with the space $\mathcal{K}_{w^*}(X^*,Y)$ of $weak^*$ to weak continuous compact operators from the dual space $X^*$ of a Banach space X to a Banach space Y. We show that if $X^*$ or $Y^*$ has the Radon-Nikod$\acute{y}$m property, $\mathcal{C}$ is a convex subset of $\mathcal{K}_{w^*}(X^*,Y)$ with $0{\in}\mathcal{C}$ and T is a bounded linear operator from $X^*$ into Y, then $T{\in}\bar{\mathcal{C}}^{{\tau}_{\mathcal{c}}}$ if and only if $T{\in}\bar{\{S{\in}\mathcal{C}:{\parallel}S{\parallel}{\leq}{\parallel}T{\parallel}\}}^{{\tau}_{\mathcal{c}}}$, where ${\tau}_{\mathcal{c}}$ is the topology of uniform convergence on each compact subset of X, moreover, if $T{\in}\mathcal{K}_{w^*}(X^*, Y)$, here $\mathcal{C}$ need not to contain 0, then $T{\in}\bar{\mathcal{C}}^{{\tau}_{\mathcal{c}}}$ if and only if $T{\in}\bar{\mathcal{C}}$ in the topology of the operator norm. Some properties of $\mathcal{K}_{w^*}(X^*,Y)$ are presented.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제20권1_2호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2006

In this paper, we introduce the concept of an interval-valued fuzzy left (right, two-sided, interior, bi-) ideal generated by an interval-valued fuzzy subset in semigroups. Some characterizations of such generated interval-valued fuzzy ideals are also discussed.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제1권
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• pp.89-100
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• 1985

A mapping f: X$\rightarrow$Y is introduced to be weakly irresolute if, for each x $\varepsilon$ X and each semi-neighborhood V of f(x), there exists a semi-neighborhood U of x in X such that $f(U){\subset}scl(V)$. It will be shown that a mapping f: X$\rightarrow$Y is weakly irresolute iff(if and only if) $f^{-1}(V){\subset}sint(f^{_1}(scl(V)))$ for each semiopen subset V of Y. The relationship between mappings described in [3,5, 6,8] and a weakly irresolute mapping. will be investigated and it will be shown that every irresolute retract of a $T_2$-space is semiclosed.

• 전자공학회논문지T
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• 제35T권2호
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• pp.13-19
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• 1998

가산잡음으로 훼손된 영상을 복원하는 Filter Algorithm 중 Mean Filter Algorithm은 화소들의 묶음을 산술평균한 값을 화소로 삼는다. 그러나 산술평균은 화소간의 편차를 고려하지 않으므로 편차가 심한 화소-윤곽선이 훼손되고, 화소들에 포함되지 않은 값이 화소로 채택될수 있다. 이를 보완한 Median Filter Algorithm은 화소들의 묶음을 정렬하여 중앙값을 화소로 삼아 편차가 심한 화소를 보존하고, 화소들에 포함되지 않은 값이 화소로 선택되는 오류를 방지한다. 그러나 Median Filter Algorithm은 화소들의 묶음을 정렬하고, 중위수를 구하는데 소모되는 시간이 Mean Filter Algorithm의 화소들의 평균을 구하는 시간보다 상대적으로 많이 소모되고, 잡음이 화소로 선택될 오류가 발생한다. 이러한 단점을 보완한 Fast Median Filter Algorithm을 제안한다. Fast Median Filter Algorithm은 훼손영상을 전체집합으로, 국부영상을 부분집합 1, 2로 두어 Median Filter Algorithm보다 효율적으로 화소들을 정렬한다. 시험결과는 IBM 기종(80586)에서 구동되었으며 기존의 Filter Algorithm들과 비교분석한 결과 Mean Filter Algorithm과 대등한 속도와 Median Filter Algorithm의 결과영상을 얻음으로서 Fast Median Filter Algorithm의 우수성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 2002

In this paper, we introduce the notion of T-part of BCI-algebras relative to a subset. We show that if A is a subalgebra of a BCI-algebra X, then so is the T-part $T_A(X)$ of X relative to A. We provide equivalent conditions that the T-part of X relative to A is an ideal.

• 충청수학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.103-110
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• 1990

Let K be a nonempty weakly compact convex subset of a Banach space X and T : K ${\rightarrow}$ C(X) a nonexpansive mapping satisfying $P_T(x){\cap}clI_K(x){\neq}{\emptyset}$. We first show that if I - T is semiconvex type then T has a fixed point. Also we obtain the same result without the condition that I - T is semiconvex type in a Banach space satisfying Opial's condition. Lastly we extend the result of [5] to the case, that T is an 1-set contraction mapping.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.176-180
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• 1996

In order to develop new bioactive functions ginseng extract, it was studies whether the ginseng extracts on the induction of immunological tolerance In mice. Oral immunologic tolerance was induced by the secondary exposure of egg albumin + alum following gastrointestinal exposure nth egg albumin In mice, and the effect on anti EA antibody in blood, 7 cell subset in spleen were Investigated. The results obtained were as follows. EA group and EA + GE group was capable of conferring tolerance, contained a profound for 5 weeks experimental but saline group restricted to induce tolerance. GE group did not show the activity of tolerance by the first immunogens exposure, but induced the tolerance by the secondary exposure. And also spleen T cells, CD 8+ and CD 4+ were decreased. These results suggested that ginseng may affect the induction of immunological tolerance, which may be associated proliferative response of CD 4+ and CD 8+ in splenocyte.