• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 2018

Background: This present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne (AL). Methods and Results: We measured cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) content, mRNA expression (iNOS, IL-1${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$), protein expression (iNOS, COX-2, and $I{\kappa}B$) and phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Male BALB/c mice were fed 100 mg/kg AL (Aucklandia lappa Decneon 70% ethanol extract) and 250 mg/kg AL for 4 weeks; thereafter, we observed B/T or $CD4^+/CD8^+$ lymphocyte subpopulation change, and expression patterns of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ lymphocytes by immunohistochemical staining in mouse splenocytes and/or thymocytes. To determine the experimental concentration of AL, cell viability was measured by MTT assay and tested at $12.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ or less. AL inhibited the levels of NO, lymphokine production (IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$), and mRNA (iNOS, IL-1${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and TNF-${\alpha}$) and protein (iNOS, and COX-2) expression. Additionally, the levels of $I{\kappa}B$, phagocytic activity, and splenic and thymic T lymphocytes, especially $T_H$ and $T_C$ cells were significantly increased in AL administered mice. The immuno-reactive density of $CD4^+$ and $CD8^+$ lymphocytes was stronger in AL groups than in the normal group. AL stimulated NO, iNOS, and COX-2, and regulated IL-1${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and $I{\kappa}B$ in macrophages treated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide). In addition, AL increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages and the immunity of mouse T ($T_H$, and $T_C$) cells. Conclusions: These results suggested that AL might show anti-inflammatory activity via the suppression of various inflammatory markers and immuno-regulatory activity.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.428-435
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• 2006

Cortex Mori radicis has been used as a components of antidiabetics, antiasthma and diuresis in Oriental Medicine. This experiment examined the effect of an extracts, obtained from the acetone(CM-A) and aqueous(CM-W) extracts of Cortex Mori radicis, on hair growing activity of the C57BL/6N mice after topical application to skin. We investigated the number of hair follicle and mast cells, and changes of subpopulation of splenocytes and thymocytes in skin for 16 day. The results were as follows : The Hair growing effect in experimental groups was more increased in 85%(CM-A) and 90%(CM-W) than control group(10%) in hair depilated area. The number of hair follicle in experimental groups(CM-A and CM-W) was more increased than control group. Splenic B/T lymphocytes of CM-A group were decreased compare to control group. CD4/CD8 positive TH cells in splenic T lymphocytes of CM-W group were increased compare to control group. These results suggest that CM-A and CM-W may be used in treatment of alopecia areata.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.327-332
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the immuno-regulatory effect and apoptosis of L1210 and HL60 leukemia cells of methanol-extracts of Cornus kousa Burg(CKB). The proliferation of mouse splenocytes and thymocytes enhanced by the addition of $10\;{\mu}g/ml$ of CKB. CKB were administered p.o. once a day for 7 days in adult male BALB/c mice. CKB increased the splenic and thymic T lymphocytes, especially the number of $T_H$ cells markedly increased by the treatment of CKB. CKB treatment induced the apoptotic cell death in L1210 mouse leukemia and HL60 human leukemia cells. In addition, CKB also accelerated the phagocytic activity in peritoneal macrophages and increased the production of plaque forming cells. These results suggest that CKB have an various immuno-regulatory property.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1996

A Recent discovery of surface antigens in cells has led to the success of quantitative measurement of T-cell subpopulations, and this has especially opened the way for an epoch-making development in the understanding and classification of cellular immune mechanisms. It is known that phenotypes of T-cell subpopulations exist in many forms according to the variation of species or animal experimental models. In Korea, Clonorchis sinensis still gives rise to public concern as it infects more than eighty million people and threatens the public by causing cirrhosis of the liver, or liver cancer when liver infection becomes prolonged and chronic. Up until now there has been much progress in research and improvement in the classification system of Clonorchis sinensis in the area of humoral immunity, but as for research in the area of cellular immune mechanisms, there is almost none. Knowing all these circumstances, the authors delved for the characterization of Iymphocyte subpopulations with mice as Clonorchis sinensis in the area of cellular immunity, and obtained the following results. That is, we injected Clonorchis sinensis antigens mixed in Freund's ajuvant solution intraperitoneally in mice and measured the T-cell subpopulation characterization of spleen lymphocytes with flow cytometry. The results of these measurements showed that CD2, CD5 and CD8 decreased early following injections but then in-creased again seven weeks after the injections. CD4, however, showed a slight increase shortly after the injection but then a fair increase seven weeks after the injection.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.123-127
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• 2007

We investigated effect of small black soybean fraction (SBSF) T cell-mediated responses for tumor surveillance and proliferation in leukemia cells in vitro. Each SBSF butanol fraction (SBSFBu) and SBSF chloroform fraction (SBSFCh) was administered p.o. once a day far 21 days in BALB/c mice and then levels of serum cytokines and subpopulation of lymphocytes were measured. Moreover, SBSF fraction was treated into the cultured various cell lines for proliferation in leukemia cell lines, NO production by RAW264.7 cells, and expression of p53 gene in U937 leukemia cells. These results showed that SBSFBu increased levels of serum IL-4but not IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$, and increased expression of CD4$^+$ T cells and CD8$^+$ T cells in splenocytes in vivo, while SBSFCh increased levels of serum IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$ but decreased IL-4, and increased CD8$^+$ T cells but not CD4$^+$ T cells. Moreover, both of SBSFBu and SBSFCh inhibited proliferation of HL60, U937, and L1210 leukemia cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, up-regulated NO production by RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and enhanced expression of p53 gene in U937 leukemia cells. Our findings indicate that SBSFBu and SBSFCh may enhance T cell-dependent immune responses, and that both of SBSFBu and SBSFCh may inhibit proliferation of leukemia cells by up-regulation of NO production and expression of p53 gene.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2004

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of Sabaek-San(SBS) on the activity of immune cell and leukemia cell. The addition of SBS(1 ㎍/㎖) enhanced the proliferation of cultured-splenocytes and thymocytes. And also, administration of SBS(250, 500 mg/kg) accelerated subpopulation of splenic T lymphocytes in BALB/c mice. Administration of SBS eminently enhanced the production of IFN-γ, and IL-4. The treatment of high dose of SBS inhibit the proliferation of Jurkat cells and dose-dependently increased the apoptosis of cultured-Jurkat leukemia cells. These results suggest that SBS have a cell mediated immuno-regulatory effect.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2010

The present study was undertaken to establish reference values for the composition blood lymphocyte populations and compare forty three Hanwoo neonatal calves (KC) with twenty one Holstein calves (HC) by blood cell count and immunophynotying. The percentages of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, CD26+, ACT2+, MHC class, MHC class II and WC1+ T cells, B cells were determined by flow cytometry. The number of lymphocyte and monocyte in HC were higher than those of KC. However, the number of neutrophils was higher in HC than KC. The proportions of CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, MHC class, and WC1+ lymphocytes remained relatively stable during the study period, while there was a moderate increase in the relative percentage of CD26+, ACT2+, MHC class II and B cell from birth to approximately 3 weeks of age. Marked differences in the relative proportions of the lymphocyte subpopulations were noted between the individual calves. The present study shows that the T-cell subpopulations are present in peripheral blood of KC at levels comparable with HC, while the MHC class II and B cell population of KC increases significantly with age. The absolute number of WBC in KC was due to the decrease of absolute number of neutrophil rather than the increase of lymphocyte. The results indicated that KC have significantly higher number of neutrophils, and proportion of MHC class II and B cell than HC.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1975

Despite a number of recent studies on appendix its function appears to remain unknown. The present studies were undertaken in order to extend and confirm the previous studies concerning the role of appendix in immune response. An early hemagglutinin response of mercaptoethanol sensitive antibody(IgM antibody) in rabbit injected intravenously(i.v.) with 200mcg of bovine gamma globulin(BGG) was abolished by lethal whole body irradiation(900 r), but preserved in animals whose appendix and bone marrow were shielded during irradiation. Late formation of mercaptoethanol resistant antibody(IgG antibody) and the development of memory in bone marrow shielded animals were not affected by irradiation of the appendix. Formation of either IgM or IgG antibody to sheep red blood cells(SRBC) injected i.v. as determined by direct plaque forming cell(DPFC) technique in spleen were effectively abolished by appendectomy, thymectomy, or both followed by irradiation. When bone marrow was shielded in combination with autologous appendix reconstitution, DPFC response was about 5 times greater than the sum of two. Lysed appendix cells failed to restore the response. Lethally irradiated rabbits restored with combination of autologous appendix and thymus cells showed DPFC responses which were essentially normal. Three pools of appendix were obtained by manual separation technique and were stimulated with soluble concanavalin A(Con A), phytohemagglutinin-P(PHA) and pokeweed mitogen(PWM). Rabbit appendix cells responded to Con A, PHA and PWM. Cells of thymus dependent area(TDA) of the appendix were relatively enriched in their response to T cell mitogens compared to dome and follicle cells. The PHA/Con A responsive ratio of appenix TDA subpopulation was high, indicating that Con A responsive cells have a wider distribution among appendix. This finding showed that interfollicular area of the appendix is thymus-dependent. The present studies confirmed other evidence that the rabbit appendix cells itself are unable to form antibody and T lymphocytes in appendix TDA may be heterogenous, and that the appendix cells are synergistic with either bone marrow or thymus cells in the early hemagglutinin on splenic antibody response to BGG or SRBC.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.90-98
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• 1998

Background : The CD4+ T-helper cells comprise functionally distinct subsets of Th1 and Th2 cells that are distinguished on the basis of differential cytokines production Th1 cells secrete interferon-$\gamma$, lymphotoxin, interleukin-2. Th2 cells produce interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-10. A previous study shown that Th2 cells and their cytokines increased in patients with atopic asthma. We compared cytokines(IL-4, IFN-$\gamma$) activity and subpopulation of T-lymphocytes in peripheral blood from atopic asthmatics versus non-asthmatics. Method: Fifteen patients with atopic asthma(nine men, six women), twelve patients with chronic bronchitis(six men, six women), five healthy persons(three men, two women) were studied. Activity of IL-4, IFN-$\gamma$ and T-cell subpopulation in peripheral blood were estimated. Results: Patients had a median age of 55yr. The mean activity of IL-4 of asthmatics was significantly increased(control $0.75{\pm}1.1pmol/L$, atopic asthmatics $3.50{\pm}0.75pmol/L$, chronic bronchitis $2.01{\pm}1.2pmol/L$), but IFN-$\gamma$ was not significantly increased. In the T lymphocyte sunsets the percent of CD62L+ T-lymphoeytes of asthmatics was not significantly increased (control $16.7{\pm}16.4%$, atopic asthmatics $24.8{\pm}23.6%$, chronic bronchitis $17.0{\pm}16.9%$). Conclusion: In this study elevated production of IL-4 was observed in atopic asthmatics. CD62L+T-lymphoeytes was not increased in atopic asthma.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.667-675
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• 2021

Streptococcus agalactiae is an important bacterial pathogen and causative agent of diseases including neonatal sepsis and meningitis, as well as infections in healthy adults and pregnant women. Although antibiotic treatments effectively relieve symptoms, the emergence and transmission of multidrug-resistant strains indicate the need for an effective immunotherapy. Effector T helper (Th) 17 cells are a relatively newly discovered subpopulation of helper CD4⁺ T lymphocytes, and which, by expressing interleukin (IL)-17A, play crucial roles in host defenses against a variety of pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. However, whether S. agalactiae infection can induce the differentiation of CD4⁺ T cells into Th17 cells, and whether IL-17A can play an effective role against S. agalactiae infections, are still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the responses of CD4⁺ T cells and their defensive effects after S. agalactiae infection. The results showed that S. agalactiae infection induces not only the formation of Th1 cells expressing interferon (IFN)-γ, but also the differentiation of mouse splenic CD4⁺ T cells into Th17 cells, which highly express IL-17A. In addition, the bacterial load of S. agalactiae was significantly increased and decreased in organs as determined by antibody neutralization and IL-17A addition experiments, respectively. The results confirmed that IL-17A is required by the host to defend against S. agalactiae and that it plays an important role in effectively eliminating S. agalactiae. Our findings therefore prompt us to adopt effective methods to regulate the expression of IL-17A as a potent strategy for the prevention and treatment of S. agalactiae infection.