• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.59-78
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• 2008

분수의 개념에 대해 아직 배우지 않은 학생들이 가지고 있는 비형식적 지식을 조사하고 분석하여, 이러한 비형식적 지식이 분수 개념 지도에 어떻게 활용될 수 있는지를 살펴보기 위해 등분할, 동치분수, 단위 분수의 크기 비교에 대한 면담 문항을 제시하여 분석한 결과, 첫째, 분수를 배우지 않은 학생들은 분수와 관련된 활동을 할 때 비형식적 지식을 가지고 문제를 해결하며, 그 형태는 매우 다양하다는 것과 둘째, 분수의 기초 개념에 대한 학생들의 비형식적 지식 중에는 올바른 지도를 통하지 않을 경우 오개념을 유도할 수 있는 것도 존재한다는 것, 그리고 셋째, 분수의 개념에 대한 확고한 이해를 위해 학생들의 다양한 비형식적 지식을 분수 개념 지도에 활용해야 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈C:초등수학교육
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.97-113
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to develop instructional methods for the formalized algorithm through informal knowledge in teaching division of fractions. The following results have been drawn from this study: First, before students learn formal knowledge about division of fractions, they knowledge or strategies to solve problems such as direct modeling strategies, languages to reason mathematically, and using operational expressions. Second, students could solve problems using informal knowledge which is based on partitioning. But they could not solve problems as the numbers involved in problems became complex. In the beginning, they could not reinvent invert-and-multiply rule only by concrete models. However, with the researcher's guidance, they can understand the meaning of a reciprocal number by using concrete models. Moreover, they had an ability to apply the pattern of solving problems when dividend is 1 into division problems of fractions when dividend is fraction. Third, instructional activities were developed by using the results of the teaching experiment performed in the second research step. They consist of student's worksheets and teachers' guides. In conclusion, formalizing students' informal knowledge can make students understand formal knowledge meaningfully and it has a potential that promote mathematical thinking. The teaching-learning activities developed in this study can be an example to help teachers formalize students' informal knowledge.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.145-174
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• 2009

아동들이 형식 교육을 받기 이전에도 수학을 이해하고 있으며 학습능력에 따라 이런 이해에 차이가 있을 것이라는 가정을 검증하기 위해서 본 연구를 실시하였다. 이를 위해서 초등학교 1, 2, 3 학년 학생들이 분수를 학습하기 전에 형성하고 있는 분수에 대한 개념 그리고 학년 및 학습능력에 따른 분수 개념들의 이해 정도를 알아보았다. 학습능력은 추론능력 및 학업성취도를 조합한 것으로 조작적 정의를 하였으며, 학습능력에 따라 학년별로 6명씩(상, 중, 하 각 2명)을 연구 대상으로 선정하였다. 분수개념에 대한 과제를 개발하고, 구조화된 면담을 실시하였으며, 질적 분석을 위해 비디오 녹화, 면담 프로토콜, 관찰 등을 통해 아동의 반응을 수집하고, 아동들의 반응은 유형에 따라 분석하였다. 분석 결과로부터 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 아동들은 형식 교육을 받기 이전에 분수에 대한 다양한 비형식적 지식을 형성하고 있었으며, 이 중에는 분수의 형식적 학습에 바탕이 될 수 있는 것과 오개념을 유도할 수 있는 것이 존재하였다. 또한 아동이 형성한 비형식적 지식에는 학년, 학습 수준에 따라 차이가 존재하였다. 이는 비형식적 지식이 다양한 학습 경험과, 일상생활의 경험에 영향을 받기 때문인 것으로 분석되었다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈D:수학교육연구
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.283-304
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• 2019

This paper investigates what informal knowledge and strategies fifth-grade students brought to a classroom and how much they had potential to solve fraction division story problems. The findings show that most of the participants were engaged to understand the meaning of fraction division prior to their formal instruction at school. In order to solve the story problems, the informal knowledge related to fractions as well as division was actively utilized in student's strategies and justification. Students also used various informal strategies from mental calculation, direct modeling, to relational thinking. Formal instructions about fraction division at schools can be facilitated for sense-making of this complex fraction division conception by unpacking informal knowledge and thinking they might bring to the classrooms.

• 한국초등수학교육학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.221-242
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• 2006

자연수의 나눗셈에 관해 초등학생이 가진 비형식적 지식을 조사하고 그 결과를 학교에서 지도하는 형식적 지식과 연계하여 의미 있는 시사점을 찾고자 하였다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 자연수의 나눗셈과 관련하여 형식적 지식을 배우지 않은 학생이 가진 비형식적 지식은 무엇이고, 문제를 해결하는 과정에서 형식적 지식을 학습한 학생과 형식적 지식을 학습하지 쟈은 학생의 사고 전략의 차이를 분석하였다. 이를 위해 1, 2, 3학년 학생을 대상으로 질적 연구를 하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, 자연수의 나눗셈에 관한 초등학생의 비형식적 지식은 구체물에 의한 전략에서부터 사칙연산에 이르기까지 다양하다. 둘째, 형식적 지식을 학습한 학생은 형식적 지식에 문제 해결방법이 한정되어 있어 다양한 전략을 사용하지 못한다. 셋째, 나눗셈 지도가 전혀 이루어지지 않은 1, 2학년 학생이 스스로 비형식적 지식을 사용하여 문제를 해결할 수 있다는 것은 알고리즘의 습득이 문제 해결의 전제조건이 아니라는 것을 보여 준다. 넷째, 수학적 지식을 가르칠 때. 비형식적 지식과 연계하여 형식적 지식을 가르칠 필요가 있다. 다섯째, 수학과의 연산 영역에서도 알고리즘에 치중한 지도가 아닌, 다양한 전략의 지도가 필요하다.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈E:수학교육논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.345-363
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• 2010

본 연구는 비례 개념을 배우지 않은 초등학생들이 가지고 있는 비형식적 지식을 조사 분석하여, 비례 개념 지도에 대한 시사점을 얻는데 목적이 있다. 이 연구를 위해 정비례, 반비례에 관한 선행학습을 하지 않은 6학년 학생 117명을 연구대상으로 본 연구에서 개발한 정비례 7문항, 반비례 4문항을 이용하여 조사 연구를 시행하였다. 또 학생들이 문제를 해결하는 과정에서 보인 비례에 관한 비형식적 지식을 심층적으로 알아보기 위하여 문제해결 전략별로 9명의 학생들을 선정한 후 면담을 시행하였다. 연구 결과, 학교에서 정비례, 반비례 개념을 배우지 않은 6학년 학생들은 정비례 문제와 반비례 문제를 해결할 때 곱셈추론전략, 비례추론 전략, 한 단위 전략 등을 사용하여 해결하였다. 학생들이 비례에 관한 비형식적 지식을 적극 활용한다는 사실은 이를 형식화하여 의미 있는 비례 개념 지도가 가능하다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.185-193
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to explore high school students' environmental literacy and from its result, to suggest ways to reform environmental education. 1047 students from Seoul and Kyeongki province participated in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of four criteria of environmental literacy including knowledge, skill, attitude and behavior. The result was analyzed and the factors which affect high school students environmental literacy were explored. From this result, we made suggestions to improve environmental education as follows. First, environmental education in school should focus on knowledge criterion. Though school environmental education has been helpful for students to build environmental literacy in attitude and behavior criteria, its effect has not been good enough in knowledge criterion. Second, science education can enhance students' environmental literacy. Students who like science best and students who belong to science major classes were reported to possess better understanding in knowledge criterion. Also, students who like life science appeared to have a more positive attitude in environmental literacy. Third, informal education must be considered to form students' environmental literacy. In particular, the effect of mass media is inarguable. Thus, we should find a way to link formal education and informal education to improve environmental education. Fourth, high school students' interest in the environment must be encouraged since it is evident that higher interest would result in better outcome in environmental education.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.247-262
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• 2009

Permutation and combination are the part of mathematics which can be introduced the pliability and diversity of thought. In prior studies of permutation and combination, there treated difficulties of learning, strategy of problem solving, and errors that students might come up with. This paper provides the method so that meaningful teaching and learning might occur through the systematic approach of permutation and combination. But there were little prior studies treated counting numbers that basic of mathematics' action. Therefore this paper tries to help the understanding of permutation and combination with the process of changing from informal knowledge to formal knowledge.

• 한국환경교육학회지:환경교육
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.19-32
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• 2005

This paper examines procedure of informal institute-public school collaboration in an elementary school and analysis environmental effects of informal institute-public school collaboration that follows up curriculum based environmental education programs. The purpose of this program is to improve environmental knowledge, attitudes of elementary students. Partnership between informal environmental Institute(NGO's) and public elementary school teachers established through program. Teachers are encouraged to be involved in student's activities and program assesment. The program we discuss here is a community collaboration project that combines environmental and outdoor education based on school curriculum and student's regional properties. The aim of the study was to describe environmental educational-based school-community partnerships and to examine the advantages and limitations for such collaborations. Qualitative and Quantitative Data are collected and analysed. Outcomes of this program are very positive. Students who were participated in this program gained more environmental awareness, attitude, knowledge, skills and affection to their region. More this programs were helpful to teachers who were participated. Further study needs to practice an exemplary collaboration and development of local school-community partnerships, which yields a blueprint for more productive collaboration in other communities.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.253-266
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• 2009

This study was focused on analyzing students' informal reasoning patterns and their considerations in decision-making on socioscientific issues. This study involved 20 undergraduate students (10 biology majors and 10 non-biology majors) and showed how the two groups responded on socioscientific issues. Semi-structured interviews were conducted twice respectively based on six scenarios of gene therapy and human cloning. The result showed 93% of the total number of participants' decisions were made by rationalistic reasoning, whereas emotional reasoning was 49%, and intuitive reasoning was 27%. Students usually used two or three informal reasoning patterns together. Most of the students took more consideration on social factors. Some perceived ethical and moral implications of the issues, but they did not consider them seriously. They made their decisions depending on their own values, etc. 65% of the participants got their information on socioscientific issues from the mass media. Biology majors hardly used intuitive reasoning compared to non-biology majors. The Biology major group took into deep considerations on socioscientific issues while the non-biology major group seemed to interpret the given scenarios simply. This implied that the content knowledge was a significant factor of their decision-making. Therefore, it is necessary to develop proper science courses for non-major students to improve their decision-making on socioscientific issues. So, when we develop educational materials or programs, we should consider students' reasoning patterns, their considerations in decision-making, and their content knowledge. And because the mass media has the potential to play a key role for an effective education, we need to make a plan to make a practical application.