• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.111-128
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• 2005

This study was conducted under the theory of hermitage ever built from buddhist belief. Directing to hermitages within temples of Korea Jogye Order, we focused on the layout correspondence relationship among them. and 161 hermitages were the first object of the investigation. For the accomplishment of the research purpose, the general epitome and spatial specification through various literature studies, on-the-spot survey and personal communications with a lot of priests were made. As one of the basic surveys, the foundation year were thoroughly investigated, followed by the form of building, main buddha and hermitage name. The results obtained were summarized as follows : Forty five hermitages which are equivalent to twenty eight percent of total hermitages within the parish-level temples of Korea Jogye Order, were built in shilla Dynasty and twenty hermitages that are 12.4 percent of the total were constructed in Koryo Dynasty and thirty seven percent of the total were founded during both of dynasties. This fact makes us to consider that many of hermitages in those days were constructed with the simultaneity of principal temple foundation which means hermitage had responded the spirit of the times. Every hermitage has its main Buddha and this thing happened that each hermitage enshrines its main Buddha according to the thought which was developed with the Buddhism expansion and sutra that is in accordance with their own intention. .Basically a capital temple has differed in its central sanctum in accordance with resourceful sutra, and, at the same time, twenty seven in avatamsk sectenshrine for Sakyamuni as their sanction and eight for the Merciful Goddess and 42.7 percent for Chajang's hermitages. The name of hermitage not only represents its symbol but comprises the characteristic meaning of ascetic practice. 31.7 percent of the hermitages studies was found to have the names of relating to 'ascetic practice' or 'thought' followed by the 'nature' or 'environment' to 21.7 percent.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.9A no.2
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• pp.259-266
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• 2002

In this paper we implemented various image processing filtering using the format converter. This design method is based on realized the large processor-per-pixel array by integrated circuit technology. These two types of integrated structure are can be classify associative parallel processor and parallel process DRAM (or SRAM) cell. Layout pitch of one-bit-wide logic is Identical memory cell pitch to array high density PEs in integrate structure. This format converter design has control path implementation efficiently, and can be utilize the high technology without complicated controller hardware. Sequence of array instruction are generated by host computer before process start, and instructions are saved on unit controller. Host computer is executed the pixel-parallel operation starting at saved instructions after processing start. As a result, we obtained three result that 1) simple smoothing suppresses higher spatial frequencies, reducing noise but also blurring edges, 2) a smoothing and segmentation process reduces noise while preserving sharp edges, and 3) median filtering may be applied to reduce image noise. Median filtering eliminates spikes while maintaining sharp edges and preserving monotonic variations in pixel values.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.41-51
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• 2020

As there are the elderly who have difficulty in evacuating themselves, it is necessary to develop architectural and institutional planning for nursing homes that can minimize disaster damage. The purpose of this study was to suggest the improvement plan by grasping the current status of nursing homes on planning aspects such as floor plan type, spatial layout, and evacuation route through 14 case studies in Cheongju city in terms of disaster safety. The results of this study were as follows; the most common plan type was the grouped-corridor type difficulty in securing evacuation routes. The circulation corridor type is need to be considered because it is possible not only to secure evacuation and nursing routes, but also to create a hanging around corridor for the elderly with dementia. Second, if there is a risk of flooding due to the location, the living room should be placed on the 2nd floor or more. In particular, a kitchen should be placed not adjacent to the entrance and the vertical evacuation route. Third, the horizontal evacuation route should be arranged differently depending on the floor plan type. For vertical evacuation routes, it is necessary to install outdoor stairs or ramps considering the evacuation characteristics of the elderly. In addition, the institutional aspects should be considered to ensure the safety of disasters.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.3-12
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the radius of influence of effluent of water treatment system developed for the purpose of improvement of reservoir water quality using fluorescent dye (Rhodamine-WT) tracer experiment and 3-D numerical model. The tracer experiment was carried out in a medium-sized agricultural reservoir with a storage capacity of $227,000m^3$ and an average depth of 1.6 m. A guideline with a total length of 160 m was installed at intervals of 10 m in the horizontal direction from the discharge part, and a Rhodamine measurement sensor (YSI 6130, measurement range $0-200{\mu}g/L$) was used to measure concentration changes in time, distance, and depth. Experimental design was established in advance through Jet theory and the diffusion process was simulated using ELCOM, a three dimensional hydraulic dynamics model. As a result of the study, the direct effect radius of the jet emitted from the applied water treatment system was about 50-70 m, and the radius of physical effect by the advection diffusion was judged to be 100-120 m. The numerical simulations of effluent advection-diffusion of the water treatment system using ELCOM showed very similar results to those of the impact radius analysis using the tracer experiment and jet flow empirical equations. The results provide valuable information on the spatial extent of the water quality improvement devices installed in the reservoir and the facility layout design.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.281-289
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• 2020

This paper reports a slim mobile lens design using a hybrid refractive/diffractive optical element. Conventionally a wide field of view (FOV) camera-lens design adopts a retrofocus type having a negative (-) lens at the forefront, so that it improves in imaging performance over the wide FOV, but with the sacrifice of longer total track length (TTL). However, we chose a telephoto type as a baseline design layout having a positive (+) lens at the forefront, to achieving slimness, based on the specification analysis of 23 reported optical designs. Following preliminary optimization of a baseline design and aberration analysis based on Zernike-polynomial decomposition, we applied a hybrid refractive/diffractive element to effectively reduce the residual chromatic spherical aberration. The optimized optical design consists of 6 optical elements, including one hybrid element. It results in a very slim telephoto ratio of 1.7, having an f-number of 2.0, FOV of 90°, effective focal length of 2.23 mm, and TTL of 3.7 mm. Compared to a comparable conventional lens design with no hybrid elements, the hybrid design improved the value of the modulation transfer function (MTF) at a spatial frequency of 180 cycles/mm from 63% to 71-73% at zero field (0 F), and about 2-3% at 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 fields. It was also found that a design with a hybrid lens with only two diffraction zones at the stop achieved the same performance improvement.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.54-63
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• 1999

Considering that rural village had evolved through a long-sustained effort of harmnization with nature, there should be the wisdom not only to reflect the level of rural resident's housing demand, but also to conserve the traditional characteristics of high-valuation in the modern rural housing. In Korea , standard design proposals of rural houses had been made public three times ; in 1972 , 1984 and 1995. so , firstly, this study analysed the inner-space layouts of design proposals mentioned above, from which changes and problems in the past housing design were derived. And also, through, the positive acceptance of residents' opinion living inthe houses built by standard design proposals in 1970 ~1980's, improved design principles and an alternative model were proposed , finally. The inner-space structed of standard design proposals in 1970s was originated from small-scaled and low-priced one, basically under the " open system". In 1980s, the basic design principle changed to the 'closed system' in which the living room being the focus of indoor family life, and , in 1990s, progressively, therural housing developed to the high qualified type by the spatial enlargement and with increased equipements. However, this structural change of rural house brought about the problem of functional separatioon between farming and daily living activities. In details, limited spaces of multipurpose spaces and sanitary facility would be mentioned as problems for improvement. conclusively in this study, newoly arranged "open system" was recommended , as a basic design principle for theinner space structure formation of rural house, which easily links the constituent inner-house spaces to outer one. Based on this principle, the detailed design criterial was proposed as follows ; 1. The living room be directly linked to the front-yard and centrally placed, the addtional space of which could be secured for the special family events by the flexibleuse of its adjacent room or by the housing of male quarters(separated from main building quarter). 2. The kitchen also be directly linked to side-yard and to livng room , for the convenience of farming activities and the shortening of path flow housewife. 3. The expanded toilet-and-bathroom be placed in the directly connected left-hand side to the living room and also be allowed access through multipurpose spaces to out door. 4. The multipurpose spaces be directly connected to the kitchen and the toilet and-bathroom , of which function would be for undressing of working clothes, quickwashing and ordinary working.nd ordinary working.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.254-269
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to propose guidance for wall renewal that is appropriate for an ancient city wall through application of advanced research and theories in wall design. It is a streetscape improvement project which forms part of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project". Study methods consist of advanced research classification, wall design theory contemplation, and analysis of the significance of designated ancient city areas and the "Ancient City Image Finding Project" status. Based on these methods, case study candidates were selected, case status and problems were identified, and improvement proposals were analyzed by comparing various features. Advanced wall research was classified into six categories including analysis of wall characteristics; wall design principle applications; wall structure, color, shape, and application; modern reinterpretation; palace walls; and house, temple, and village walls. The wall is an element of the streetscape improvement component of the "Ancient City Image Finding Project", with the characteristic of providing preceding experience in visual and cognitive awareness than interior structure. Case candidates for ancient city wall improvement are based on the composition distribution of the special conservation district in each ancient city as well as the conservation promotion district. Ultimately, the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil, adjacent to the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong, was selected as the candidate. The "Ancient City Image Finding Project" of the surrounding village of Gongju-si Geumseong-Dong Songsanri-gil began with new Hanok construction. However, wall maintenance did not begin concurrently with that new Hanok construction. Support and maintenance took place afterwards as an exterior maintenance project for roadside structures. If the Hanok and wall were evaluated and constructed at the same time, the wall would have been built in unison with the size and design of the Hanok. The layout of the main building and wall of the Hanok is deemed to be a structure that is closed tightly because of its spatial proximity and tall height. Songsan-ri-gil's wall design should create a calm, subtle, and peaceful atmosphere with shapes, colors, and materials that express ancient city characteristics, but it is in an awkward position due to its sharpness and narrowness. The cause of the problem at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the case candidate, is that it is lacking significantly in terms of the aesthetic factors that traditional walls should possess. First, aesthetic consciousness seems to have disappeared during the selection and application process of the wall's natural materials. Second, the level of completion in design and harmony is absent. Maintenance guidance after analyzing the cause of problems in ancient city wall maintenance at Gongju-si Geumseong-dong Songsanri-gil, the subject area of research, is as follows: First, the Hanok design and layout of the wall and main gate should be reviewed simultaneously. Second, the one-sided use of natural stone wall in the Hanok wall design should be reexamined. Third, a permanent system to coordinate the opinions of citizens and experts during the planning and design phases should be employed. Fourth and finally, the Hanok's individuality shall be collectivized and its value as a cultural asset representing the identity of the community shall be increased.

• Journal of KIBIM
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.19-23
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• 2011

The planning stage of an architectural project has much more significant effects on the cost or outcome of the project than other stages of the project. In addition, the importance of architectural planning has been further increasing according to the recent trend of construction projects becoming larger in scale and more complex. In spite of this, the current situation is that the planning stage work is not being systematically managed. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to develop a BIM-based simulation system for providing support during architectural planning stage such as spatial planning & review, cost review, project owner requirements management, etc. It is easy to review various alternatives using this system that allows not only the modeling of space object modeling but also the instantaneous review of spatial area & layout, cost, etc. based on object information. In addition, it can be used as a communication tool with the project owner as it provides the visualized information and quantitative data of the building model, and the information created through this system can be delivered to the following stage for usage. It is thought that using this system, the entire project work including the architectural planning stage can be supported and even contributing to the advancement of architectural process.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.19-29
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• 2012

It is very necessary to know about child recognition of residential environment to plan and design an environment proper for children's growth and development. The research method using Cognitive Map, which may be defined as "an overall mental image of representation of the space and layout of a setting" can be a good tool for studying child recognition of residential environment. This study analyzed the child recognition of the size of home range, the number of residential environment elements, the types of Cognitive Map and the levels of Cognitive Map to understand the contents of child recognition about their residential environment. Subjects were 206 children in age6, 8 and 10 in Gwanju and Jeonnam area. As the result of the study, we found that 70% of child recognized 100~500 M as the size of home range, and that the number of the elements of residential environment was 7, average. And we also found that sequential map was more popular than spatial map in child's Cognitive Map type and that almost 60% of child respondents drew the Cognitive Map of level 1 complexity type. As the result of this study, we could know that the research method using Cognitive Map was very useful for understanding the child recognition of residential environment.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.7-25
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• 2009

Hakbongjongtaek(The head house of Uisong Kim family, 鶴峯宗宅), firstly built in the early 17th century, was moved to its neighboring place in the late 18th century. The man who led the relocation(移建) of the house was the eldest grandson of the family, Jong-soo, Kim. He made and overall plan and also participated in building the house. There remain four Gados(family paintings, 가도(家圖)) related to the relocation plan. This paper aims to make an analysis of these Gados, and through analysis, to find what was the essential poing of the relocation plan and how the point was represented in the paintings. The result of analysis is as follows: 1. The main focus of relocation plan was the form of Anchae(the inner house). Anchae was designed as asymmetrical form, and restricted to four kan. Only Andaechung needed to be 6 kan size for religious ceremonies. 2. For the design of Sarangchae, the displacement of large Sarangbang and small Sarangbang was an important issue. There were two ways of layout: parallel type and facing type. The latter was chosen. 3. The representation and techniques of Gado is quite concrete, in spite of differences among them. The expression of doors, windows, attic and kitchen was based on the understanding of space. Also the spatial division, which was expressed line on the grid, was based on the scaled ruler. As we've seen before, painting the relocation plan was a kind of endeavors to make the housing type as a realization of Garye. Also, we can find out that role of the eldest grandson of the family was quite important to carry out the plan. As well as, it was meaningful to examine Sadaebu (the aristocrat of Chosun)'s perception of housing.