• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.21-28
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• 2020

Objectives : The objective of this study was to investigate the improvement effect of Sprout of Coix lacryma-jobi var. mayuen Stapf water extract (SC) on the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis mice. Methods : The antioxidant activity of SC was measured through total polyphenol and total flavonoid content in vitro. The experiment was conducted with seven-week-old male Balb/c mice. After 1 week adaptation, acute colitis was induced by oral administration of 5% DSS dissolved in drinking water, for 7 days. And normal mice received drinking water without DSS throughout the entire experimental period. For each experiment, the mice were divided into 4 groups and 24 colitis mice were arbitrarily allocated into 3 groups (n = 8/group); Normal group, Control group, SC 100 mg/kg treated group (SCL), SC 200 mg/kg treated group (SCH). Serum and colon tissues were collected after one weeks of drug administration. Results : ROS levels, ONOO^- levels, AST, and ALT in serum were decreased in SC treated groups compared to the control group. Western blotting measurements of Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, catalase, GPx-1/2, IL-4, IL-10, and Bcl2 showed that the SC treated groups was increased compared to the Control group. Also, western blot measurements of NF-κBp65, p-IκBα, COX-2, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, Bax, and Caspase-3 showed that the SC treated groups was reduced compared to the Control group. Conclusion : Taken together, these results suggest that SC treatment can attenuate the DSS-induced colitis though inhibiting NF-κB pathway and enhancing Nrf2 pathway. Therefore, SC was the potential to be used as a natural therapeutic drug.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2018

Underwater acoustic communication can be applied to various area such as scientific, commercial and military survey using Autonomous Underwater Vehicles and Unmanned Underwater Vehicles. Underwater communication is studying very actively by advanced country like United States. But differ from wireless communication in the air, underwater acoustic communication has some difficult problems, ISI(Inter Symbol Interference) due to multipath and limit of transmission bandwidth due to slow propagation of sound wave. In this paper, SC-FDE and OFDM transmission system for the cancellation of ISI in conjunction with underwater acoustic channel modeling are applied to the underwater simulation of communication. The performance of these methods in the simulation guide to possibility of adopting in underwater acoustic communication algorithm. For this purpose, we compare SER performance of SC-FDE with that of OFDM for modelled underwater channel. Underwater channel is generated by Bellhop model. Simulation results show above 5dB SNR gain at 10-3 SER. And it demonstrate SC-FDE is efficient method for underwater acoustic communication.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

Since recently only an auto-correlated superposition coding (SC) scheme for non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has been investigated, this paper proposes a cross-correlated SC scheme for NOMA. First, we derive the closed-form expression of the sum rate of the proposed cross-correlated SC scheme. Then, numerical analyses demonstrate that the sum rate of the proposed cross-correlated SC scheme is larger than that of the conventional auto-correlated SC scheme. We also show that for the stronger channel gain user, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) gain of the proposed cross-correlated SC scheme is about 15, compared with the conventional auto-correlated SC scheme. As a result, the proposed cross-correlated SC scheme could be a promising technology for 6G ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC).

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.26-29
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• 2012

In this paper, we propose a Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access(SC-FDMA) scheme with greatly enhanced tolerance of timing offset among the users. The type of the proposed scheme is similar to code spread Multiple Carrier Direct Spread Code Division Multiple Access(MC DS CDMA). The proposed scheme performs partial Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT) in order to solve high Peak to Average Power Ratio(PAPR) of the MC DS CDMA before Inverse Fast Fourier Transform(IFFT). Exploiting the property Properly Scrambled Walsh-Hadamard(PSW) code has zero correlation despite ${\pm}1$ chip timing offset, the proposed scheme achieves Multiple Access Interference free performance with the timing offset up to ${\pm}1$ OFDM symbol duration with low PAPR. In contrast, the other existing schemes in comparison undergo severe performance degradation even with small timing offset in multipath fading channel.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.263-276
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• 2020

Purpose: This paper systematically reviewed the effects of smoking cessation (SC) intervention among female smokers. Methods: A systematic search was performed targeting articles published on eight electronic databases, from January 1, 2010, to February 25, 2020. Nine studies were included in the systematic review. The risk of bias (RoB) tool was used to evaluate the quality of scientific evidence. Results: A randomized controlled trial (RCT) was performed in all nine studies. Interventions were classified as exercise (n=4), cognitive behavioral counseling (n=2), motivational counseling (n=1), group counseling with self-help group (n=1), and pharmacotherapy (n=1). The SC rates were measured using a 7-days point prevalence abstinence in 55.6% of the studies. Exercise studies showed higher SC rates in the experimental groups than control groups after the intervention, but the differences were not significant. Other interventions were employed in two or fewer studies or did not conduct long-term follow-up, thus we were unable to examine effects of these interventions. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop SC programs for female smokers by carefully considering the characteristics of female smokers. Further research will be needed to confirm the effects of SC programs in certain subgroups among females. Also more experimental studies on SC intervention should be carried out with scientific rigor.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.881-893
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• 2020

CFI(Control Flow Integrity) is a mitigation mechanism that protects programs by verifying control flows. IFCC(Indirect Function Call Checks) and SCS(Shadow Call Stack), CFI supported by LLVM Clang compiler, were introduced to protect applications in Android. IFCC protects function calls and SCS protects function returns. In this paper, we propose attacks to bypass CFI on the application environment with IFCC and SCS. Even if IFCC and SCS were applied to user applications, it was confirmed that there were many code segments not protected by IFCC and SCS in the application memory. We execute code in CFI unprotected segments to construct 1) bypassing IFCC to call a protected function, 2) modulating return address via SCS bypass. We identify code segments not protected by IFCC and SCS in Android10 QP1A. 191005.007.A3. We also implement proof-of-concept exploits to demonstrate that modulation of control flow is possible in an environment where IFCC and SCS are applied.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.14-21
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• 2021

Purpose: Premature infants have immature respiratory control and cerebral autoregulation. We aimed to investigate changes in cerebral oxygenation during apnea with and without peripheral oxygen desaturation in premature infants. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at Inha University Hospital. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)-monitored regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO₂) and pulse oximeter-monitored peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO₂) were assessed during the first week of life in 16 stable, spontaneously breathing preterm infants. Apneic episodes that lasted for ≥20 seconds or were accompanied by desaturation or bradycardia were included for analysis. The average rScO₂ value during the 5-minute prior to apnea (baseline), the lowest rScO₂ value following apnea (nadir), the time to recover to baseline (recovery time), the area under the curve (AUC), and the overshoot above the baseline after recovery were analyzed. Results: The median gestational age and birth weight of the infants were 29.2 weeks (interquartile range [IQR], 28.5 to 30.5) and 1,130 g (IQR, 985 to 1,245), respectively. A total of 73 apneic episodes were recorded at a median postnatal age of 2 days (IQR, 1 to 4). The rScO₂ decreased significantly following apneic episodes regardless accompanied desaturation. There were no differences in baseline, nadir, or overshoot rScO₂ between the two groups. However, the rScO₂ AUC for apnea with desaturation was significantly higher than that for apnea without desaturation. Conclusion: Cerebral oxygenation can significantly decrease during apnea, especially when accompanied by reduced SpO₂. These results add the evidence for the clinical utility of NIRS in monitoring premature infants.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3358-3365
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Sorbus commixta (SC), Geranium thunbergii (GT) and their mixture (SC:GT=1:1, MIX) on inhibition of bone loss and chondral defect. To examine their activities, we measured the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells and performed tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) staining in osteoclast differentiated from Raw264.7 cells. To investigate the influence on chondrocyte differentiation, we performed alcian-blue staining in chondrocyte differentiated from ATDC5 cells. All of SC, GT and MIX did not increase ALP activity in MG-63 cells. However, SC and mixture (SC:GT=1:1, MIX) significantly inhibited osteoclastic differentiation. And they also induced chondrocyte differentiation. These results suggest that SC and GT may have a potential for the treatment of bone loss and chondral defect by suppression of osteoclast differentiation and stimulation of chondrocyte differentiation. Therefore, clarification of their mechanisms and active components will be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.1302-1313
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• 2021

In this study, Gami-Sumiwon (GS; Cynanchi wilfordii R., Angelica gigantis R., Lycium chinense M., Betula platyphylla S., Cryptotympana atrata F. and Carthamus tinctorius L.) and/or Sinomenium acutum R. (SC) was extracted with 70% ethanol or water. And We investigated the antioxidant activity effect of GS±SC. The following experimental techniques were used to evaluate the antioxidant efficacy of GS±SC. HPLC chromatogram, heavy metal content, ABTS/DPPH radical scavenging analysis, SOD-like activity assay, FACS, and NO assay. As a result of the experiment, the sinomenine content was found to be higher in DW extracts, and decursin was found to be higher in 80% ethanol extracts. And, the amount of heavy metals in all extracts was below the standard value. ABTS, and DPPH radical scavenging activity was identified that GS±SC(EtOH) was found to have a higher scavenging activity than GS±SC(DW). But, SOD showed the opposite result. No cytotoxicity of GS was observed on Raw 264.7 cells at concentration of 1~100 ㎍/㎖. The ROS production was significantly decreased that GS±SC(DW) was found to have a higher scavenging activity than GS±SC(EtOH). However, NO production showed the opposite result. Looking at the results of SOD and ROS analysis, SC does not seem to have a function of prevention. SC is thought to have an effect on the removal of free radicals generated after oxidative stress. This result objectively confirmed the antioxidant effect of GS±SCs. We will continue to conduct in-depth research. Therefore, it is believed that the possibility of using GS±SCs as a functional material can be established. The more diverse the objectives, the higher the value of GS utilization is thought to be.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1708-1715
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether water extracts of Sparassis crispa (SC) have anti-obesity effects. Treatment of mature adipocytes with SC caused a decrease in lipid accumulation (assessed by Oil Red O staining) and an increase in glycerol release. Mice were induced to obesity by a high fat diet (45% fat in total kcal) and experimental groups were treated with two different dosages of SC extracts, a low SC (LSC, 100 mg/kg/day) or high SC (HSC, 300 mg/kg/day). SC extracts were administered by gavages for 10 weeks in the experimental groups, while the control group was fed with distilled water. The body weight gain of mice fed SC was significantly reduced (11.88% lower in LSC, 14.54% lower in HSC) compared to the control group. Additionally, there were significantly reduced serum levels of triglycerides (13.57% lower in LSC, 19.46% lower in HSC), total cholesterol (32.22% lower in LSC, 24.67% lower in HSC) and glucose (28.85% lower in LSC, 25.82% lower in HSC) in mice fed SC compared to the control group. Hepatic triglycerides in mice fed SC were lower (9.68% lower in LSC, 14.24% lower in HSC) than the control group and total cholesterol levels were also lower in mice fed SC (38.72% lower in LSC, 35.20% in HSC). These results demonstrate that the water extract of SC may enhance lipolysis and up-regulate the expression of lipolytic enzymes in vitro and reduce body weight in vivo. These significant effects were found for both low and high doses of SC treatment, and suggest SC can be used as potential therapeutic substances for the prevention and treatment of obesity.