• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제31권5_6호
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• pp.651-659
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• 2013

A graph is $s$-regular if its automorphism group acts regularly on the set of its $s$-arcs. In this paper, the cubic $s$-regular graphs of order 12p, 36p, 44p, 52p, 66p, 68p and 76p are classified for each $s{\geq}1$ and each prime $p$. The number of cubic $s$-regular graphs of order 12p, 36p, 44p, 52p, 66p, 68p and 76p is 4, 3, 7, 8, 1, 4 and 1, respectively. As a partial result, we determine all cubic $s$-regular graphs of order 70p except for $p$ = 31, 41.

• 대한수학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.783-801
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• 2006

Let A be the mod p Steenrod algebra for p an arbitrary odd prime and S the sphere spectrum localized at p. In this paper, some useful propositions about the May spectral sequence are first given, and then, two new nontrivial homotopy elements ${\alpha}_1{\jmath}{\xi}_n\;(p{\geq}5,n\;{\geq}\;3)\;and\;{\gamma}_s{\alpha}_1{\jmath}{\xi}_n\;(p\;{\geq}\;7,\;n\;{\geq}\;4)$ are detected in the stable homotopy groups of spheres, where ${\xi}_n\;{\in}\;{\pi}_{p^nq+pq-2}M$ is obtained in [2]. The new ones are of degree 2(p - 1)($p^n+p+1$) - 4 and 2(p - 1)($p^n+sp^2$ + sp + (s - 1)) - 7 and are represented up to nonzero scalar by $b_0h_0h_n,\;b_0h_0h_n\tilde{\gamma}_s\;{\neq}\;0\;{\in}\;Ext^{*,*}_A^(Z_p,\;Z_p)$ in the Adams spectral sequence respectively, where $3\;{\leq}\;s\;<\;p-2$.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.383-394
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• 2022

In Japan, the P1 protein (S-type) encoded by leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) isolates detected in Honshu and southward is shorter than the P1 (N-type) of LYSV isolates from garlic grown in Hokkaido due to a large deletion in the N-terminal half. In garlic fields in Hokkaido, two types of LYSV isolate with N- and S-type P1s are sometimes found in mixed infections. In this study, we confirmed that N- and S-type P1 sequences were present in the same plant and that they belong to different evolutionary phylogenetic groups. To investigate how LYSV with S-type P1 (LYSV-S) could have invaded LYSV with N-type P1 (LYSV-N)-infected garlic, we examined wild Allium spp. plants in Hokkaido and found that LYSV was almost undetectable. On the other hand, in Honshu, LYSV-S was detected at a high frequency in Allium spp. other than garlic, suggesting that the LYSV-S can infect a wider host range of Allium spp. compared to LYSV-N. Because P1 proteins of potyviruses have been reported to promote RNA silencing suppressor (RSS) activity of HC-Pro proteins, we analyzed whether the same was true for P1 of LYSV. In onion, contrary to expectation, the P1 protein itself had RSS activity. Moreover, the RSS activity of S-type P1 was considerably stronger than that of N-type P1, suggesting that LYSV P1 may be able to enhance its RSS activity when the deletion is in the N-terminal half and that acquiring S-type P1 may have enabled LYSV to expand its host range.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.522-529
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• 2019

M1/M2 polarization of immune cells including microglia has been well characterized. It mediates detrimental or beneficial roles in neuroinflammatory disorders including cerebral ischemia. We have previously found that sphingosine 1-phospate receptor subtype 1 ($S1P_1$) in post-ischemic brain following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) can trigger microglial activation, leading to brain damage. Although the link between $S1P_1$ and microglial activation as a pathogenesis in cerebral ischemia had been clearly demonstrated, whether the pathogenic role of $S1P_1$ is associated with its regulation of M1/M2 polarization remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to determine whether $S1P_1$ was associated with regulation of M1/M2 polarization in post-ischemic brain. Suppressing $S1P_1$ activity with its functional antagonist, AUY954 (5 mg/kg, p.o.), attenuated mRNA upregulation of M1 polarization markers in post-ischemic brain at 1 day and 3 days after tMCAO challenge. Similarly, suppressing $S1P_1$ activity with AUY954 administration inhibited M1-polarizatioin-relevant $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation in post-ischemic brain. Particularly, $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation was observed in activated microglia of post-ischemic brain and markedly attenuated by AUY954, indicating that M1 polarization through $S1P_1$ in post-ischemic brain mainly occurred in activated microglia. Suppressing $S1P_1$ activity with AUY954 also increased mRNA expression levels of M2 polarization markers in post-ischemic brain, further indicating that $S1P_1$ could also influence M2 polarization in post-ischemic brain. Finally, suppressing $S1P_1$ activity decreased phosphorylation of M1-relevant ERK1/2, p38, and JNK MAPKs, but increased phosphorylation of M2-relevant Akt, all of which were downstream pathways following $S1P_1$ activation. Overall, these results revealed $S1P_1$-regulated M1/M2 polarization toward brain damage as a pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia.

• 대한예방한의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.141-153
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• 2006

In order to study the changes in hematology and serum chemistry of rats injected with glycerol, Sprague-Dawley albino rats weighing 240 to 260 gm were injected intramuscularly with a 50% solution of glycerol(8ml/kg). We measured the values of hematology and serum chemistry, and compared the measured values of S1 group(passed for 1day after injection of glycerol), S2 group(passed for 2days after injection of glycerol), S3 group(passed for 3days after injection of glycerol), S4 group(passed for 3days after injection of glycerol) and S5 group(passed for 4days after injection of glycerol) with those of Normal group(non-treated group). The results are summarized as follows : 1. In body temperature, S1, S2, S4 groups showed significantly higher compared with Normal group, especially S2 group was higher than S1 group(p<0.05). But S5 group was lower than Normal group(p<0.05). 2. In RBC, S1 group was lower than Normal group(p<0.05). And in Hct, S1, S2, S3 groups were lower than Normal group(p<0.05), in Hb, S1 and S3 groups were lower than Normal group(p<0.05). 3. In WBC, S1, S2 groups were higher than Normal group(p<0.05). and in WBC differential count, S2, S3, S5 groups were higher than N, S1, S4 groups in monocyte(p<0.05). 4. In GOT, S1 group was higher than Normal group(p<0.05), and S2, S3, S4, S5 groups were lower than S1 group(p<0.05). In GPT, S1 group was higher than Normal group(p<0.05), and S2, S3 groups were lower than S1 group(p<0.05), S4, S5 groups were lower than N, S1, S2, S3 groups(p<0.05). 5. In total cholesterol and creatinine, S4 group was higher than Normal group(p<0.05). According to the above experimental results, we could find the anemia, inflamation, damage of renal function for 4 days by intramuscularly injection with a 50% solution of glycerol(8ml/kg) in rat.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.318-326
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• 2019

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) levels are often found to be elevated in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage, and lung tissue of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients and experimental mouse models. Although the roles of sphingosine kinase 1 and S1P receptors have been implicated in fibrosis, the underlying mechanism of fibrosis via Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 ($S1P_2$) has not been fully investigated. Therefore, in this study, the roles of $S1P_2$ in lung inflammation and fibrosis was investigated by means of a bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis model and lung epithelial cells. Bleomycin was found to induce lung inflammation on day 7 and fibrosis on day 28 of treatment. On the $7^{th}$ day after bleomycin administration, $S1P_2$ deficient mice exhibited significantly less pulmonary inflammation, including cell infiltration and pro-inflammatory cytokine induction, than the wild type mice. On the $28^{th}$ day after bleomycin treatment, severe inflammation and fibrosis were observed in lung tissues from wild type mice, while lung tissues from $S1P_2$ deficient mice showed less inflammation and fibrosis. Increase in TGF-${\beta}1$-induced extracellular matrix accumulation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition were inhibited by JTE-013, a $S1P_2$ antagonist, in A549 lung epithelial cells. Taken together, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic functions of $S1P_2$ were elucidated using a bleomycin-induced fibrosis model. Notably, $S1P_2$ was found to mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition in fibrotic responses. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that $S1P_2$ could be a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.80-90
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• 2017

Initial discovery on sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) as an intracellular second messenger was faced unexpectedly with roles of S1P as a first messenger, which subsequently resulted in cloning of its G protein-coupled receptors, $S1P_{1-5}$. The molecular identification of S1P receptors opened up a new avenue for pathophysiological research on this lipid mediator. Cellular and molecular in vitro studies and in vivo studies on gene deficient mice have elucidated cellular signaling pathways and the pathophysiological meanings of S1P receptors. Another unexpected finding that fingolimod (FTY720) modulates S1P receptors accelerated drug discovery in this field. Fingolimod was approved as a first-in-class, orally active drug for relapsing multiple sclerosis in 2010, and its applications in other disease conditions are currently under clinical trials. In addition, more selective S1P receptor modulators with better pharmacokinetic profiles and fewer side effects are under development. Some of them are being clinically tested in the contexts of multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, such as, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis, liver failure, renal failure, acute stroke, and transplant rejection. In this review, the authors discuss the state of the art regarding the status of drug discovery efforts targeting S1P receptors and place emphasis on potential clinical applications.

• 한국독어학회지:독어학
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• 제4집
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• pp.1-27
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• 2001

이 글의 목적은 독일어 신체어휘 관련 관용구들 가운데 ${\lceil}$Duden Band 11${\rfloor}$에 수록된 108개의 $\lceil$손$\rfloor$ 관련 관용구를 대상으로 이들의 형태$\cdot$통사구조를 파악하고, 그들을 모형화하는 것이다. 우리는 연구 대상을 문장에서 결합가 보유어로서 술어의 기능을 하는 관용구에 한정했다. 우리는 $\lceil$손$\rfloor$ 관련 관용구를 보충어의 수와 형태에 따라 크게 세 가지 부류, 즉 1가, 2가, 3가의 관용구로 구분하였다 보충어의 형태는 명사구(Sn, Sd, Sa)와 전치사구(pS)에 한정했으며 문장형태의 보충어, 예를 들어 부문장(NS)과 부정사문(Inf) 형태는 고려하지 않았다. 이들이 보충어로 간주될 수 있는지의 여부는 아직 더 많은 연구를 필요로 하기 때문에 다음 과제로 남겨두었다. 일차적으로 외적 결합가($\"{a}u{\beta}ere\;Valenz)$에 따라, 이차적으로는 내적 결합가(innere Valenz)에 따라 108개의 $\lceil$손$\rfloor$ 관련 관용구를 분석한 결과 우리는 다음과 같은 형태$\cdot$통사적 문형을 얻을 수 있었다. $\cdot$ 1가 동사 관용구: 1) PL-Sn : (1) PL[VPL - Sa] - Sn (2) PL(VPL - pS) - Sn (3) PL[VPL - Sa - pS] - Sn (4) PL[VPL - pS - pS] - Sn Sondergruppen: PL[VPL - Sa - Inf] - Sn PL[VPL - pS - Inf] - Sn 2) PL - Sd: (1) PL[VPL - Sn] - Sd (2) PL[VPL - Sn(es) - pS] - Sd $\cdot$ 2가 동사 관용구1) PL - Sn - Sd: (1) PL[VPL - Sa] - Sn - Sd (2) PL[VPL - pS] - Sn - Sd (3) PL[VPL - Sa - pS) - Sn - Sd 2) PL - Sn - pS: (1) PL[VPL - Sa] - Sn - pS (2) PL[VPL - pS] - Sn - pS (3) PL(VPL - Sa - pS) - Sn - pS 3) PL[VPL - pS) - Sn -Sa $\cdot$ 3가 동사 관용구: (1) PL[VPL - pS] - Sn - Sd - Sa (2) PL[VPL - pS] - Sn - Sa - pS (3) PL[VPL - Sa] - Sn - Sd - pS 이러한 분류가 보여주듯이, 독일어에는 1가, 2가, 3가의 관용구가 있으며, 구조 외적으로 동일한 통사적 결합가를 갖는다 하더라도 구조 내적 성분구조가 다르다는 것을 알 수 있다. 우리는 이 글이 외국어로서의 독일어를 배우는 이들에게 독일어의 관용구를 보다 올바르게 이해할 수 있는 방법론적인 토대를 제공함은 물론, (관용어) 사전에서 외국인 학습자를 고려하여 관용구를 알기 쉽게 기술하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있기를 바란다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.235-243
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• 2007

본 연구는 조사료인 호맥 사일리지를 배합사료와 혼합급여 시 비육돈의 성장, 혈액성상 및 도체특성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 시험을 실시하였다. 3원 교잡종($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) 비육돈 18두를 공시하였으며 시험개시시 평균체중은 $74.22{\pm}0.71kg$이었고 28일간 개체별 사양시험을 실시하였다. 시험설계는 호맥 사일리지 첨가에 따라 1) Con(basal diet), 2) S1(basal diet+1.66% rye silage), 3) S2(basal diet+3.32% rye silage)로 3처리로 하여 처리당 6반복, 반복당 1마리씩 $1.8{\times}1.8m$ 크기의 돈방에 개별 수용하였다. 생산성에서 $4{\sim}7$주 동안 일당사료 섭취량에서는 CON구가 S1구와 S2구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 전체 사양시험기간 동안($0{\sim}7$주) 일당사료섭취량에서는 CON구와 S2구가 S1구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 혈중 스트레스 관련 호르몬인 코티졸 함량의 변화는 대조구와 비교하여 호맥 사일리지를 급여한 S1구와 S2구에서 유의적으로 감소하였다(p<0.05). 육색에서 명도를 나타내는 $L^*$값은 S2구가 CON구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났고(p<0.05) 황색도를 나타내는 $b^*$값은 S1구와 S2구가 CON구와 비교하여 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 도체 등지방 두께는 CON구가 S1구와 S2구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 살코기 내 지방산 조성에서는 포화지방산 중 palmitic acid와 stearic acid의 함량은 CON구가 S1구와 S2구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 불포화 지방산에서는 eicosenoic acid와 linolenic acid의 함량이 S2구가 CON구와 S1구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 총 포화지방산 함량은 CON구가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 가장 높았으며(p<0.05) 포화지방산과 불포화지방산 비율에서는 S1구와 S2구가 CON구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 지방 내 지방산 조성에서는 불포화지방산 중 linolenic acid의 함량은 S2구가 S1구와 CON구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.05). 건물 소화율에서는 S1구와 S2구가 CON구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났고(p<0.05) 질소 소화율에서는 S1구가 처리구중에서 가장 높은 결과를 보였다(p<0.05). 분변 내 휘발성 지방산 발생량에서는 분을 1일간 발효 후 측정한 결과 S1구와 S2구가 CON구와 비교하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 결론적으로, 비육돈 사료 내 3.32%의 호맥 사일리지의 혼합급여는 혈액 내 코티졸 함량, 도체육의 명도와 황색도, 지방산 조성 및 영양소 소화율에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료되나 이에 대한 보다 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제17권1_2_3호
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• pp.245-258
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• 2005

In this paper we prove that the alternating groups A_n, for n = p, p+1, p+2 and symmetric groups $S_n$, for n = p, p+1, where p$\ge$3 is a prime number, can be uniquely determined by their order components. As one of the important consequence of this characterization we show that the simple groups An, where n = p, p+1, P+2 and p$\ge$3 is prime, satisfy in Thompson's conjecture and Shi's conjecture.