• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

In most of hearing aids, amplification algorithms are used to compensate hearing loss, noise and feedback reduction algorithms are used and to increase the perception of speeches contrast enhancement algorithms are used. However, acoustic masking effect is occurred between formants if contrast is enhanced excessively. To confirm the masking effect in speeches, the experiment are composed of 6 tests; test pure tone test, speech reception test, word recognition test, pure tone masking test, formant pure tone masking test and speech masking test, and for objective evaluation, LLR is introduced. As a result of normal hearing subjects and hearing impaired subjects, more making is occurred in hearing impaired subjects than normal hearing subjects when using pure tone, and in the speech masking test, speech reception is also lower in hearing impaired subjects than in normal hearing subjects. This means that acoustic masking effect rather than distortion influences speech perception. So it is required to check the characteristics of masking effect before wearing a hearing aid and to apply this characteristics to fitting curve.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.88-98
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• 1995

The Fluid and electrolytes balance in the body is of critical importance in maintaining good health. When the fluid and electrolyte imbalance is present, patients are in great danger. They must be assessed immediately by a nurse so that appropriate treatment can be started as soon as possible. Patients' fluid intake and output records contain highly important information for the diagnosis and treatment of fluid imbalance, but, these records are often inaccurate and the method of recording the fluid intake is not universal for every hospital. Be-cause they are few quantitative measurements of a patient's hydration, the need to improve the accuracy of fluid intake records is very important. However, very few studies have been done to investigate the accuracy of measurements of patients' fluid intake and output. The purpose of this study was to investigate the methods used for calculation of fluid intake which is most similar to fluid output in normal adults and hospitalized patients. This study focused on three different calculation methods for fluid intake and compared these to fluid output and developed suggestions as to the ideal way to record fluid in-take. Data for 43 hospitalized patients and 37 normal adults were analyzed. The findings of this study are as follows ; 1) In normal adults, the daily intake of water which enteres by the oral route was 2415m1 (the first method of calculation). The daily intake of water in the form of pure water or some other beverage was 1365m1 (the third method of calculation) The daily intake of water including fresh fruits and vegetables, rice, porridges, and Me m which have water content more than 80% were 2186m1 (the second method of calculation). 2) The urine output of the normal adults was 1350m1. This apprroximates the amount of fluid an adult takes in the form of pure water. 3) In patient group, the total intake of water was 2550m1 (the first method of calculation). The in-take of water in the form of pure water or as some other beverage and IV fluid was 1661m1 (the third method of calculation). The daily in-take of water including foods which have high water content was 2356m1 (the second method of calculation). 4) The urine output of the patient's group was 1728m1. This approximates the amount of fluid an adult takes in the form of pure water. 5) Investigation of the method of calculation of the patient fluid intake showed that among the 31 hospitals studied, only eight use the third method of calculation which reflects the most close value to urine output. From the results obtained in this study, it was indicated that the amount of fluid taken in the form of pure water reflects the most close value to urine output. Therefore, it can be suggested that the third method of calculation which includes water in-take only in the form of pure water or beverage should be used as patients' fluid intake record.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.121-139
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• 2001

Investigating the past and present literatures of west and east about pediatric constitutions and Dong-Eu-Su Se-Bo-Won $\ll$東醫壽世保元$\gg$, we obtained such conclusions : 1. In ancient literatures about pediatric constitution, physiologic and histologic characteristics are considered as pediatirc constitution. 'Pure Yang(純陽)' 'Yang is overabundant, Yin is insufficient(陽有餘陰不足)' are used for definitions of pediatric characteristics. 2. In recent literatures about pediatric constitution, adding to definitions of ancient constitution, more scientific, objective and rational criterion are intrduced. 3. In Sa-Sang(四象), limits of pediatrics is defined to children below sixteen years. 'Yu(幼)' in Dong-Eu-Su-Se-Bo-Won $\ll$東醫壽世保元$\gg$. 4. In Dong-Eu-Su-Se-Bo-Won $\ll$東醫壽世保元$\gg$, the writings about 'So-Yang-In(少陽人)' is most, those about 'So-Eum-In(少陰人)', 'Tae-Eum-In(太陰人)' and 'Tae-Yang-In(太陽人)' are in sequence. 5. In conclusion, Je-Ma Yi(李濟馬), inventor of Sa-Sang(四象), consider that pediatric constitutions are not different from those of adult.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.383-396
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• 2012

In this paper, we investigate a fuzzy version of stability for the functional equation $$f(x+2y)-3f(x+y)+3f(x)-f(x-y)-3f(y)+3f(-y)=0$$ in the sense of M. Mirmostafaee and M. S. Moslehian.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.267-276
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• 2019

In this paper, we investigate the stability of an additive-cubic-quartic functional equation f(x + 2y) - 4f(x + y) + 6f(x) - 4f(x - y) + f(x - 2y) - 12f(y) - 12f(-y) = 0 by applying the fixed point theory in the sense of L. Cădariu and V. Radu.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.247-254
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• 2019

In this paper, we investigate Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of the functional equation f(x + ky) - k²f(x + y) + 2(k² - 1)f(x) - k²f(x - y) + f(x - ky) - k²(k² - 1)(f(y) + f(-y)) = 0, where k is a fixed real number with |k| ≠ 0, 1.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.13 no.1 s.31
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• pp.11-18
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• 2006

Let f : (X, A) ${\rightarrow}$ (Y, B) be a map of pairs of compact polyhedra. A surplus Nielsen root number $SN(f;X\;{\backslash}\;A,\;c)$ is defined which is lower bound for the number of roots on X \ A for all maps in the homotopy class of f. It is shown that for many pairs this lower bound is the best possible one, as $SN(f;X\;{\backslash}\;A,\;c)$ can be realized without by-passing condition.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 2012

In this paper, we prove the stability in random normed spaces via fixed point method for the functional equation $$f(x+y+z)-f(x+y)-f(y+z)-f(x+z)+f(x)+f(y)+f(z)=0$$. by using a fixed point theorem in the sense of L. C$\breve{a}$dariu and V. Radu.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.207-215
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• 2004

Let W(z) be a power series with operator coefficients such that multiplication by W(z) is contractive in extC(z). The overlapping space $\varepsilon$(W) of D(W) in C(z) is a Herglotz space with Herglotz function $\varphi$(z) which satisfies $\varphi$(z) + ${\varphi}^*(z^{-1})$ = 2[1-W$^*(z^{-1})W(z)]$.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2012

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate $h$-stability of the nonlinear perturbed differential systems using the notion of $t_{\infty}$-similarity. As results, we generalize some previous $h$-stability results on this topic.